[pt] Esta dissertação discute a utilização de sistemas de tradução automática em ambientes de memória de tradução (CAT), uma modalidade de trabalho cada vez mais presente no mercado de tradução especializada atual. Foi realizado um estudo experimental envolvendo quatro tradutores profissionais especializados na área de informática. Cada um dos profissionais traduziu dois textos, um deles de marketing de tecnologia e o outro altamente técnico, utilizando diferentes modalidades de trabalho. O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a existência de diferenças entre o uso de tradução automática com pós-edição no nível de segmento e o uso de tradução automática como sugestão no nível de subsegmento. As traduções foram analisadas utilizando recursos de linguística computacional por meio das seguintes métricas: variedade lexical, densidade lexical, distância de edição, considerando sequências de classes gramaticais, e produtividade. Para efeitos comparativos, foram incluídas no estudo experimental traduções 100 por cento humanas e traduções automáticas sem pós-edição. As métricas utilizadas permitiram observar diferenças nos resultados atribuíveis às modalidades de trabalho, bem como comparar os efeitos nos diferentes tipos de textos traduzidos. Finalmente, as diversas traduções de um dos textos foram submetidas à avaliação de leitores para determinar as preferências. / [en] This dissertation addresses the use of automatic translation in translation memory systems (CAT), a fast-growing modality of work in today s specialized translation market. An experimental study was conducted with four professional translators specializing in the field of computing. Each professional translated two texts, one about technology marketing and the other, a highly technical document, using different modalities of work. The purpose of the study was to identify any differences resulting from the use of automatic translation, with segment-based post-editing, and the use of automatic translation as sub-segment translation suggestions. The resources of computational linguistics were employed to analyze the translations, considering the following metrics: lexical diversity, lexical density, edit distance, taking into account grammatical sequences, and productivity. For comparative purposes, the experimental study included 100 percent human translations and automatic translations that were not submitted to post-editing. The metrics employed turned out differing results attributable to the modalities of work, and allowed for the comparison of the effects on the different types of texts translated. Finally, the multiple translations of one of the texts were submitted to the evaluation of the readers, to determine their preferences.

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Translation Environment Tools (TEnTs) became popular in the early 1990s as a partial solution for coping with ever-increasing translation demands and the decreasing number of translators available. TEnTs allow the creation of repositories of legacy translations (translation memories) and terminology (integrated termbases) used to identify repetition in new source texts and provide alternate translations, thereby reducing the need to translate the same information twice. While awareness of the important role of terminology in translation and documentation management has been on the rise, little research is available on best practices for building and using integrated termbases. The present research is a first step toward filling this gap and provides a set of guidelines on how best to optimize the design and use of integrated termbases. Based on existing translation technology and terminology management literature, as well as our own experience, we propose that traditional terminology and terminography principles designed for stand-alone termbases should be adapted when an integrated termbase is created in order to take into account its unique characteristics: active term recognition, d one-click insertion of equivalents into the target text and document pretranslation. The proposed modifications to traditional principles cover a wide range of issues, including using record structures with fewer fields, adopting the TBX-Basic’s record structure, classifying records by project or client, creating records based on equivalent pairs rather concepts in cases where synonyms exist, recording non-term units and multiple forms of a unit, and using translated documents as sources. The overarching hypothesis and its associated concrete strategies were evaluated first against a survey of current practices in terminology management within TEnTs and later through a second survey that tested user acceptance of the strategies. The result is a set of guidelines that describe best practices relating to design, content selection and information recording within integrated termbases that will be used for translation purposes. These guidelines will serve as a point of reference for new users of TEnTs, as an academic resource for translation technology educators, as a map of challenges in terminology management within TEnTs that translation software developers seek to resolve and, finally, as a springboard for further research on the optimization of integrated termbases for translation.

Translation Environment Tools (TEnTs) became popular in the early 1990s as a partial solution for coping with ever-increasing translation demands and the decreasing number of translators available. TEnTs allow the creation of repositories of legacy translations (translation memories) and terminology (integrated termbases) used to identify repetition in new source texts and provide alternate translations, thereby reducing the need to translate the same information twice. While awareness of the important role of terminology in translation and documentation management has been on the rise, little research is available on best practices for building and using integrated termbases. The present research is a first step toward filling this gap and provides a set of guidelines on how best to optimize the design and use of integrated termbases. Based on existing translation technology and terminology management literature, as well as our own experience, we propose that traditional terminology and terminography principles designed for stand-alone termbases should be adapted when an integrated termbase is created in order to take into account its unique characteristics: active term recognition, d one-click insertion of equivalents into the target text and document pretranslation. The proposed modifications to traditional principles cover a wide range of issues, including using record structures with fewer fields, adopting the TBX-Basic’s record structure, classifying records by project or client, creating records based on equivalent pairs rather concepts in cases where synonyms exist, recording non-term units and multiple forms of a unit, and using translated documents as sources. The overarching hypothesis and its associated concrete strategies were evaluated first against a survey of current practices in terminology management within TEnTs and later through a second survey that tested user acceptance of the strategies. The result is a set of guidelines that describe best practices relating to design, content selection and information recording within integrated termbases that will be used for translation purposes. These guidelines will serve as a point of reference for new users of TEnTs, as an academic resource for translation technology educators, as a map of challenges in terminology management within TEnTs that translation software developers seek to resolve and, finally, as a springboard for further research on the optimization of integrated termbases for translation.

A l’heure actuelle, la problématique de en vigueur est celle de la transition énergétique, des « smart cities », des objets connectés, des énergies renouvelables. Nous avons souhaité créer ce dictionnaire dans le but d’apporter des réponses concrètes aux multiples défis liés à ce secteur. L’objectif était de présenter l’utilisation de certains outils qu’utilise le traducteur ou le linguiste pour créer un dictionnaire bilingue disponible en ligne. Néanmoins, face à la multitude de logiciels présents sur le marché, nous avons fait un choix pour délimiter la phase expérimentale. Nous avons opté entre autres pour SDL Studio Trados 2011, Trados 7 Freelance, TermoStat, TerMine, Multiterm. Nous avons nourri notre réflexion des théories et des discours des linguistes de renom, notamment Wüster, Gouadec ou Nolet. Nous avons également opté pour une méthode à la fois explicative et expérimentale. Notre corpus de 130 pages nous a permis d’extraire en tout plus de 3000 termes sur deux logiciels différents. Les logiciels se sont avérés restrictifs en fonction du volume du projet et des spécificités recherchées. Il s’est avéré que l’automatisation de l’analyse du corpus permettait certes de gagner du temps, mais le choix des termes pouvait être remis en question. Le dictionnaire bilingue anglais français www.lexiterme.com est déjà disponible en ligne bien qu’il ne s’agisse que d’une version expérimentale.Mots-clés : terminologie, dictionnaire, base de données, analyse de corpus, lexicographie / At present, the key issue is that of energy transition, smart cities, connected objects, renewable energy... We wanted to create this dictionary in order to provide concrete answers to some challenges faced in this sector. The aim was to show some tools used by the translator or linguist to create a bilingual dictionary available online. Nevertheless, given the multitude of software in the market, we have decided to delimit the experimental phase. We opted for among other SDL Trados Studio 2011, Trados 7 Freelance, TermoStat, TerMine and Multiterm. The theories and books of renowned linguists, including Wüster, Gouadec or Nolet, inspired our thoughts. We also opted for a method that is both explanatory and experimental. Our corpus of 130 pages has allowed us to extract a total of over 3,000 terms on two different tools. Software proved to be restrictive depending on the volume of the project or even the editor of the Software. It turned out that the automation of the corpus analysis certainly helped to save time, but the choice of terms could be questioned. The English - French bilingual dictionary www.lexiterme.com is already available online although at this point, it is still a pilot version.Keywords: terminology, dictionary, database, corpus analysis, lexicography

Submitted by Lara Cristina Santos Talhaferro null (lara.talhaferro@hotmail.com) on 2018-03-07T01:06:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_LaraCSTalhaferro_2018.pdf: 4550332 bytes, checksum: 634c0356d3f9c55e334ef6a26a877056 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Elza Mitiko Sato null (elzasato@ibilce.unesp.br) on 2018-03-07T15:46:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 talhaferro_lcs_me_sjrp.pdf: 4550332 bytes, checksum: 634c0356d3f9c55e334ef6a26a877056 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-07T15:46:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 talhaferro_lcs_me_sjrp.pdf: 4550332 bytes, checksum: 634c0356d3f9c55e334ef6a26a877056 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-26 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O processo da globalização, que tem promovido crescente circulação de informações multilíngues em escala mundial, tem proporcionado notáveis mudanças no mercado da tradução. No contexto globalizado, para manterem-se competitivos e atenderem à demanda de trabalho, a qual conta com frequentes atualizações de conteúdo e prazos reduzidos, os tradutores passaram a adotar ferramentas de tradução assistidas por computador em sua rotina de trabalho. Duas dessas ferramentas, utilizadas principalmente por tradutores das áreas técnica, científica e comercial, são os sistemas de memórias de tradução e as tecnologias de tradução automática. O emprego de tais recursos pode ter influências imprevisíveis nas traduções, sobre as quais os tradutores raramente têm oportunidade de ponderar. Se os profissionais são iniciantes ou se lhes falta experiência em determinada ferramenta, essa influência pode ser ainda maior. Considerando que os profissionais novatos tendem a utilizar cada vez mais as ferramentas disponíveis para aumentar sua eficiência, neste trabalho são investigados os possíveis efeitos do uso de sistemas de memórias de tradução e tecnologias de tradução automática, especificamente o sistema Wordfast Anywhere e um de seus tradutores automáticos, o Google Cloud Translate API, nas escolhas de graduandos em Tradução. Foi analisada a aplicação dessas ferramentas na tradução (inglês/português) de quatro abstracts designados a dez alunos do quarto ano do curso de Bacharelado em Letras com Habilitação de Tradutor da Unesp de São José do Rio Preto, divididos em três grupos: os que fizeram o uso do Wordfast Anywhere, os que utilizaram essa ferramenta para realizar a pós-edição da tradução feita pelo Google Cloud Translate API e os que não utilizaram nenhuma dessas ferramentas para traduzir os textos. Tal exame consistiu de uma análise numérica entre as traduções, com a ajuda do software Turnitin e uma análise contrastiva da produção dos alunos, em que foram considerados critérios como tempo de realização da tradução, emprego da terminologia específica, coesão e coerência textual, utilização da norma culta da língua portuguesa e adequação das traduções ao seu fim. As traduções também passaram pelo exame de profissionais das áreas sobre as quais tratam os abstracts, para avaliá-las do ponto de vista de um usuário do material traduzido. Além de realizarem as traduções, os alunos responderam a um questionário, em que esclarecem seus hábitos e suas percepções sobre as ferramentas computacionais de tradução. A análise desses trabalhos indica que a automação não influenciou significativamente na produção das traduções, confirmando nossa hipótese de que o tradutor tem papel central nas escolhas terminológicas e na adequação do texto traduzido a seu fim. / Globalization has promoted a growing flow of multilingual information worldwide, causing significant changes in translation market. In this scenario, translators have been employing computer-assisted translation tools (CAT Tools) in a proficient way to meet the demand for information translated into different languages in condensed turnarounds. Translation memory systems and machine translation are two of these tools, used especially when translating technical, scientific and commercial texts. This configuration may have inevitable influences in the production of translated texts. Nonetheless, translators seldom have the opportunity to ponder on how their production may be affected by the use of these tools, especially if they are novice in the profession or lack experience with the tools used. Seeking to examine how the work of translators in training may be influenced by translation memory systems and machine translation technologies they employ, this work investigates how a translation memory system, Wordfast Anywhere, and one of its machine translation tools, Google Cloud Translate API, may affect the choices of Translation trainees. To achieve this goal, we present an analysis of English-to-Portuguese translations of four abstracts assigned to ten students of the undergraduate Program in Languages with Major in Translation at São Paulo State University, divided into three groups: one aided by Wordfast Anywhere, one aided by Google Cloud Translate API, and one unassisted by any of these tools. This study consists of a numerical analysis, assisted by Turnitin, and a comparative analysis, whose aspects examined are the following: time spent to perform the translation, use of specific terminology, cohesion and coherence, use of standard Portuguese, and suitability for their purposes. Apart from this analysis, a group of four experts were consulted on the translations as users of their content. Finally, the students filled a questionnaire on their habits and perceptions on CAT Tools. The examination of their work suggests that automation did not influence the production of the translations significantly, confirming our hypothesis that human translators are at the core of decision-making when it comes to terminological choices and suitability of translated texts to their purpose. / 2016/07907-0

Translation Environment Tools (TEnTs) became popular in the early 1990s as a partial solution for coping with ever-increasing translation demands and the decreasing number of translators available. TEnTs allow the creation of repositories of legacy translations (translation memories) and terminology (integrated termbases) used to identify repetition in new source texts and provide alternate translations, thereby reducing the need to translate the same information twice. While awareness of the important role of terminology in translation and documentation management has been on the rise, little research is available on best practices for building and using integrated termbases. The present research is a first step toward filling this gap and provides a set of guidelines on how best to optimize the design and use of integrated termbases. Based on existing translation technology and terminology management literature, as well as our own experience, we propose that traditional terminology and terminography principles designed for stand-alone termbases should be adapted when an integrated termbase is created in order to take into account its unique characteristics: active term recognition, d one-click insertion of equivalents into the target text and document pretranslation. The proposed modifications to traditional principles cover a wide range of issues, including using record structures with fewer fields, adopting the TBX-Basic’s record structure, classifying records by project or client, creating records based on equivalent pairs rather concepts in cases where synonyms exist, recording non-term units and multiple forms of a unit, and using translated documents as sources. The overarching hypothesis and its associated concrete strategies were evaluated first against a survey of current practices in terminology management within TEnTs and later through a second survey that tested user acceptance of the strategies. The result is a set of guidelines that describe best practices relating to design, content selection and information recording within integrated termbases that will be used for translation purposes. These guidelines will serve as a point of reference for new users of TEnTs, as an academic resource for translation technology educators, as a map of challenges in terminology management within TEnTs that translation software developers seek to resolve and, finally, as a springboard for further research on the optimization of integrated termbases for translation.

El propósito de este proyecto de investigación es explorar la autopercepción respecto al nivel de dominio de las herramientas de traducción asistida por computadora (TAC) de los traductores colegiados en las lenguas inglés y español en Lima, Perú. Por otro lado, se pretende identificar las necesidades y expectativas de un grupo de profesionales del presente estudio con relación al uso de las herramientas TAC. Esta investigación utiliza, como metodología, la técnica cuantitativa. Se encuestó a los miembros del Colegio de Traductores del Perú con la combinación de lenguas español- inglés con el fin de profundizar los resultados encontrados respecto al nivel de dominio de las herramientas TAC de los traductores certificados. / The purpose of this research project is to explore the self-perception of Spanish – English translators certified by the Peruvian Association of Professional Licensed Translators in Lima, Peru regarding their command of computer-aided translation (CAT) tools. On the other hand, we aim to identify the needs and expectations of the group of professionals of this study in regard to the application of CAT tools. This research uses a method with quantitative technique. The members of the Peruvian Association of Professional Licensed Translators with language pair combination Spanish – English were surveyed (representative sample), in order to deepen the results, found with regard to the certified translators' level of command of CAT tools. / Tesis

This thesis investigates the rate of translation errors in Czech legal texts published in the Official Journal of the European Union using automated quality assurance tools. In the theoretical part, the aim of the thesis-to determine the error rate of analyzed text-is set, and individual hypotheses are defined. Subsequently, individual reasons which make translation for the EU institutions specific and why it is a separate subcategory within legal translation are listed. The method used to achieve the set objective and to confirm or disprove proposed hypotheses is described as well as the corpus which has been created for the analysis is presented. The corpus is comprised of legally binding texts- regulations, directives, and decisions published in the Official Journal of the European Union between 2004 and 2018. In the theoretical part, a definition of an error established for the purpose of this thesis is also provided. The definition was created based on QA tools options and a comparative analysis of different metrics used to evaluate the error rate in translation. The empirical part focuses on the research itself and discuss various issues encountered. The results of the analysis-whether the hypotheses have been proven-are then presented, and future research is outlined.

Abstract This thesis handles special translation software, the mastery of which is becoming one of the basic requirements of successful translation work. The theoretical part describes the historical development, classification and main functions of translation memory systems. The thesis will further attempt to determine the criteria for the effective use of CAT tools and explore the text types and sorts for which the translation memory systems are most commonly used in the translation process. The functional view of the language-based text typology and the principles on which the translation memory systems work will also be handled. The practical part compares the result of a translation process (translation as a product) with and without CAT tools. The corpus of parallel texts (original translation) will be subjected to a translation analysis. This analysis concludes the levels which are affected by differences between translations made with and without CAT tools. The differences in the actual translation process with and without CAT tools which are not empirically verifiable will be analysed based on a survey conducted amongst translators. Then, the empirical part of the findings are summarized and systemized. The last chapter deals with the expected development in the translation market, the...