Ce travail explore la dualité telle qu’elle se présente dans deux ouvrages d’André Gide, Les Caves du Vatican et Les Faux-Monnayeurs. Thème majeur de la littérature, le double ne cesse d’illustrer les différentes tensions qui se créent et se combattent chez une seule et même personne. Souvent représenté physiquement dans la littérature du XIXe siècle à la suite de la figure du Doppelgänger, le double chez Gide se complexifie : plus subtil, il se manifeste de manière psychologique. La dualité se présente de deux manières dans les écrits d’André Gide : chez les personnages et à travers la narration. Par l’étude des contradictions et des inconséquences des personnages, de la représentation de la dualité chez différents personnages, de leur dédoublement et de leurs doubles discours, il sera possible de constater à quel point les personnages structurent la dualité. L’analyse de l’identité des narrateurs, de leurs interventions et des figures de rhétorique qu’ils emploient permettra également de comprendre que plus ils se révèlent, plus ils se complexifient. / This work explores duality as it is portrayed in two books by André Gide, Les Caves du Vatican (translated as Lafcadio’s Adventures and The Vatican Cellars) and Les Faux-Monnayeurs (The Counterfeiters). The concept of the double is a major literary theme which sheds light on the various tensions lashing against each other within individuals. Often depicted in physical form in 19th century literature following the use of the Doppelgänger figure, the double found in Gide’s writings is more complex: subtler, it remains psychological but is not visible. There are two major ways in which duality appears in Gide’s books: through the characters, and through the narrative. Studying the characters’ contradictions and inconsistencies, the representation of duality in various characters, their ability to become another character’s double, and their double discourses enables us to establish the extent to which the characters structure duality. An analysis of the narrators’ identities, of their interventions, and of the rhetorical figures they use also shows that the more they reveal themselves, the more complex they become.

Underground its continental shelf and economic zone territory in the Baltic Sea starting with the surface of subsoil rocks on land and the surface of the bottom sediments in land waters and the sea. In this work you can survey the situacion of mining minerals of Lithuania, the natural resourses of minerals. This dissertation also includes analyses of the underground law, its management and mining. The serious consideration has been paid to drinking-water in Lithuania its management, quality, this quality control problems and also all the ways of the water exploitation has been discussed. You will get all the information about “Vilniaus vandenys” company’s quality management system, which passed international ISO 9001:2000 quality standarts requirements.

L’objectif général de cette thèse est d’étudier et d’analyser l’effet du rayonnement UV-C comme méthodealternative aux produits chimiques dans la lutte et le contrôle de la prolifération des micro-organismesphotosynthétiques dans les grottes touristiques. Dans un premier temps, l’effet des UV-C a été analysé surdifférentes souches cavernicoles de micro-algues cultivées au laboratoire. Des analyses à l’échelle moléculaire,cellulaire et à l’échelle du biofilm d’algues ont permis de mettre en évidence un ensemble de dommages causépar l’irradiation aux UV-C (diminution de la viabilité et de l’activité photosynthétique, dégradation desmembranes, décoloration des cellules par destruction des pigments chlorophylliens, fragmentation de l’ADN,diminution de la surface d’occupation des biofilms d’algues cultivés sur support solide). Ceux-ci sont soit directs(réactions de photooxydation) soit indirects (liés à un stress oxydatif important). L’ensemble de ces résultats ontservi à la sélection de différentes durées d’exposition aux UV-C (traduites en doses d’UV-C) efficaces en termesd’éradication et de décoloration des micro-algues. Ces doses d’UV-C ont dans un deuxième temps été testées enconditions réelles sur le site d’étude de la grotte des Moidons (Jura, France). Une étude préalable à ces tests a étémenée afin de comprendre les dynamiques et les facteurs favorisant l’installation et la prolifération des biofilmsde micro-organismes photosynthétiques dans la grotte. L’étude des facteurs environnementaux mesurés àl’échelle du biofilm (quantité de lumière, type de support, localisation dans la grotte) ainsi que ceux mesurés àl’échelle de la cavité (circulation horizontale et verticale des eaux, vitesse des courants d’air, temps d’allumagedes lampes et temps de présence des visiteurs) ont permis de distinguer des zones de colonisation préférentielle.Plusieurs biofilms ont ensuite été sélectionnés pour tester l’efficacité des UV-C. Selon les caractéristiques desbiofilms (intensité de colonisation) et en fonction de leur emplacement dans la grotte (variations des facteurspréalablement déterminés), nous avons pu mettre en évidence une efficacité des UV-C variable dans le temps.Avec l’appui de résultats complémentaires obtenus sur deux souches de champignons et sur plusieurs types dematières picturales, l’ensemble des données collectées au cours de la thèse souligne l’intérêt et l’applicabilité destraitements aux UV-C dans divers contextes de conservation des matériaux du patrimoine / The aim of this thesis is to study and analyze the effect of UV-C radiation as an alternative method tochemicals to combat phototrophic microorganisms’ proliferation in show caves. First, the effect of UV-C wasanalyzed on several cave-dwelling unicellular green algae sub-cultured in laboratory conditions. Analysis at themolecular, cellular and biofilm scale highlighted several damages (decrease of viability and photosyntheticactivity, membrane degradation, chlorophyll bleaching, DNA fragmentation, decrease of the biofilms’ colonizedarea…) both direct (photooxydation reaction) or indirect (oxidative stress). These results helped to selectefficient UV-C exposure times (traduced in UV-C doses) both to eradicate and bleach green micro-algae.Second, these efficient UV-C doses were used to test the efficiency of UV-C treatments on natural phototrophicbiofilms proliferating in the Moidons Cave (Jura, France). Previous study to the UV-C tests was performed tounderstand the dynamics and factors that promote algal proliferation in this cave. Factors measured at the biofilmscale (quantity of light, type of the physical support, localization in the cave…) and at the cavity scale(horizontal and vertical circulation of waters, air currents, illumination time and visitors’ presence time) allowedto distinguish several preferential areas where growth-supporting conditions were present for algal proliferation.Then, several biofilms were selected to test the efficiency of UV-C treatments. According to the characteristicsof the biofilms (colonization intensity) and their localization in the cave (variations of the factors promotingcolonization) UV-C efficiency varied over time. Supplementary results obtained on filamentous fungi andmineral pigments used for prehistoric paintings, emphasize the interest and the applicability

O Sistema de Monção Sul-americana (SMSA) e a Zona de Convergência Intertropical (ZCIT) são dois dos mais importantes sistemas de circulação que afetam o clima da América do Sul (AS). Enquanto houve um grande progresso no número de registros paleoclimáticos relacionados com a precipitação do SMSA nos Andes tropicais e nas porções sudeste, centroleste e nordeste do Brasil, ainda pouco se sabe sobre mudanças de paleo-pluviosidade na região do Centro-Oeste do Brasil. Na presente tese, foram estudados novos registros de paleo-precipitação baseados em mais de 5000 análises isotópicas de oxigênio e carbono em estalagmites coletadas em cavernas da região Centro-Oeste que cobrem os últimos ~33 mil anos, cuja cronologia se baseia em aproximadamente 200 análises U/Th. Esse estudo mostrou que a região do Mato Grosso do Sul foi mais úmida durante o Último Máximo Glacial (LGM - do inglês Last Glacial Maximum) em relação ao Holoceno médio. A correspondência desse cenário paleoclimático com o que foi documentado em outras áreas da AS indica a presença de um corredor de umidade durante o período do LGM que se estende desde o oeste amazônico até o sudeste do Brasil. Os eventos milenares caracterizados por oscilações na temperatura das regiões das altas latitudes do globo claramente afetaram a precipitação na região. O registro isotópico mostra que a região esteve mais úmida durante os eventos frios do Hemisfério Norte (Younger Dryas e Heinrich events) e mais seca durante os eventos quentes (Bolling-Allerod e Dansgaard-Oeschger). Essa relação teve como provável causa o fortalecimento/enfraquecimento do SMSA em função do posicionamento da ZCIT em resposta ao gradiente térmico inter-hemisférico. Durante o evento Heinrich 1 a região teve a presença de uma proeminente fase seca entre duas úmidas, esse fato foi reportado em outras regiões do Brasil e não parece estar conectado com as condições de temperatura das altas latitudes. A partir dos dados de alta resolução temporal das estalagmites coletadas no estado do Mato Grosso, foi realizado o estudo da variabilidade climática associada com atividade do SMSA ao longo nos últimos milênios que inclui os períodos de anomalias climáticas da Pequena Idade do Gelo e da Anomalia Climática Medieval, caracterizados na região como úmido e seco, respectivamente. Com o uso de técnicas de análises espectrais foi identificada uma persistente periodicidade de aproximadamente 210 anos na variabilidade do SMSA, a qual foi associada a influência da variabilidade solar no clima Em complemento, foi realizado um monitoramento isotópico e ambiental durante 4 anos nos sistemas cársticos onde as estalagmites foram coletadas. A comparação entre o \'delta\'\'POT.18\'O da água da chuva com a quantidade de precipitação e temperatura do ar evidencia o efeito quantidade (amount effect) como o principal modulador da variação isotópica na atmosfera. A relação isotópica entre o carbonato e a água meteórica, associados as condições do microclima da caverna, indica que o sinal isotópico da água da chuva foi preservado de forma suavizada nos espeleotemas, o que suporta o uso dos isótopos de oxigênio como indicador paleoambiental nas estalagmites dessas cavernas. / The South American Monsoon System (SAMS) and the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) are the two most important circulation systems affecting climate over tropical South America (SA). While an increasing number of paleoclimatic archives related to SAMS precipitation have recently been published, most of these paleoclimate reconstructions are located along the eastern slope of the tropical Andes or in southeastern SA. In central SA, most proxy records consist of pollen-based vegetation reconstructions, but these show significant disagreements when compared to precipitation records further to the east and west. Here we present a new paleo-rainfall record based in more than 5.000 oxygen and carbon isotope samples from speleothems collected on two study sites from mid-west Brazil (states of Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul), chronologically constrained by almost 200 U/Th ages that cover the last ~33.000 years BP. This study shows wet conditions in the regions of Mato Grosso do Sul during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) in relationship to mid-Holocene. The comparison of our new record with others paleoclimate records from SA indicates a wet corridor during the LGM over west Amazon and southeast Brazil. The millennial events documented in the high latitudes of the northern hemisphere were evident in paleoprecipitation of Mato Grosso do Sul, the isotopic record shows wet conditions for the region during could period of the northern hemisphere (Yonger Dryas and Heinrich events) and dry conditions during warm periods (Bolling-Allerod and Dansgaard-Oeschger). This was due to strengthening/weakening of SAMS, which is ITCZ position dependent. During the event Heinrich 1, our record shown a dry phase between two wet intervals. This was also documented in central-east of Brazil and seems decoupled of high latitude climate conditions. For stalagmites collected in Mato Grosso state, we focus on the climate variability over the last two millennia using high resolution sampling (approximately 1 years sample spacing). This new record shows abrupt fluctuations in rainfall tied to variations in the intensity of SAMS, including the periods corresponding to the Little Ice Age (LIA) and the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA). Using spectral analyses, we show that changes in SASM activity is linked to solar variability with a distinct periodicity of 210 years. We also show our isotope and environmental monitoring over 4 years at the cave site, in order to support our paleoclimatic interpretation of the isotopic profiles obtained from the stalagmites. The systematic measurement of the oxygen isotopic composition of rainfall, drip water and associated fresh calcite at the caves indicates that the stalagmites from this region can be used as a proxy of the SAMS activity. The effect of seasonal temperature variability in the atmosphere is suppressed by the \"amount effect\" on the \'delta\'\'POT.18\'O values of rainfall. Inside the cave, the microclimate variability has a small effect on calcite \'delta\'\'POT.18\'O, not being significant over long time scales.

Geomorphic features have been one of the major tools for sea-level change studies. The present work shows an example of sea-level change study on karst terrain in the tropics. Sea-level notches as well as flank margin caves were identified in the research area and their elevation measured. The time of formation of the sea-level indicators was constrained by lithology study and dating methods such as facies comparison and U-Th dating. Denudation and uplift were also studied for the same purpose. From this study it can be concluded that sea-level stands within the glacial cycle can cause the formation of flank margin caves and that the position of these sea-level stands can be determined. The research area was estimated to have cumulatively uplifted ~22 m in the past 125 ka years (~0.18 mm/yr) while the surface has been denuded some 8 m in the same span of time (~0.064 mm/yr).

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Die zu bearbeitende Aufgabe ist darauf ausgerichtet, das zur Prognose und Deutung von Erdfällen wichtige Grundlagenwissen zu erweitern und mit Hilfe der neu gewonnenen Erkenntnisse einige wichtige konkrete Probleme der Erdfallentstehung zu diskutieren. Dabei stützen sich die Untersuchungen auf die regionale Verkarstungs- und geologische Situation in der Mansfelder Mulde. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse werden erweiternd diskutiert (Verkarstung im Sangerhäuser Revier, Effektivität geophysikalischer Überwachungen, Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Erdfallprognose und -deutung).

The first volume of the Academy project 'Buddhist Murals of Kucha on the Northern Silk Road' contains three studies that show what information can be gained from the paintings. The first study by Ines Konczak-Nagel, “Painted Buddhist Cosmology: The Pictorial Programme of Central Pillar Caves in Kizil”, demonstrates how Buddhist cosmology, always seen in connection with the Buddhist path of salvation, is represented in the selection of topics and the arrangement of paintings on the cave walls. The second study by the same author, “Representations of Architecture and Architectural Elements on the Wall Paintings of Kucha”, is part of an ongoing extensive analysis of the material culture depicted in the paintings. The architecture represented provides insights into the local Tocharian architecture of Kucha, which has since disappeared. The study of Monika Zin “The Monk Kāśyapa in Kucha, the First Council, and the Furtherance of Buddhist Teaching” examines interesting extensions within the paintings illustrating the events connected with Buddha’s death, the many-scenic representations of the first council in Rājagṛha. There are good reason to believe that the monk Mahākāśyapa who was supposed to convoke the summit was worshiped in Kucha as a saint and guarantor of the preservation of Buddhist teachings.:Foreword by the Series Editors (Eli Franco and Monika Zin) I. Painted Buddhist Cosmology: The Pictorial Programme of Central Pillar Caves in Kizil (Ines Konczak-Nagel) Bibliography List of Illustrations with Acknowledgements II. Representations of Architecture and Architectural Elements in the Wall Paintings of Kucha (Ines Konczak-Nagel) 1 City Fortifications in 1st Indo-Iranian Style Paintings: Kuśinagara 2 City Fortifications in 2nd Indo-Iranian Style Paintings: Rājagṛha and Kuśinagara 2.1 Representations of the City of Rājagṛha 2.2 Representations of the City of Kuśinagara 2.3 Analysis of the Architectural Elements of City Fortifications 2.3.1 Walls 2.3.2 Loopholes 2.3.3 Crenellated Wall Walks 2.3.4 Towers 2.3.5 Gates and Access Paths 2.3.6 Decorative Elements 2.4 Conclusion 3 Representations of Fortifications of Other Cities in Kuchean Paintings 3.1 Depictions of City Fortifications with Towers along the Wall 3.1.1 Depictions of the City of nirvāṇa 3.1.2 Depictions of the City of Gods on Mount Meru 3.2 Simplified Depictions of City Fortifications 3.2.1 A Wall Painting in the 1st Indo-Iranian Style Showing the Story of Śroṇakoṭikarṇa 3.2.2 Wall Paintings in the 2nd Indo-Iranian Style Showing the Story of Maitrakanyaka 3.2.3 Wall Paintings in the 2nd Indo-Iranian Style Showing a City Fortification Occupied by Demons 3.3 Conclusion 4 Representations of Isolated City Gates and Palace Gates 4.1 Exceptions 4.2 Décor 4.3 Conclusion 5 Architectural Elements in and on Residential Buildings 5.1 Pillars 5.2 Ceilings 5.3 Windows 5.4 Balustrades 5.5 Conclusion 6 General Conclusion Bibliography List of Illustrations with Acknowledgements III. The Monk Kāśyapa in Kucha, the First Council, and the Furtherance of Buddhist Teaching. With an Appendix of Primary Sources Concerning the First Council as Given by Przyluski, Compiled by Fang Wang (Monika Zin) The Cycle within the Cycle: The Council of Rājagṛha in Kizil The Wall for Monks and the Cremation The Characteristics and Worship of the Monk Mahākāśyapa Mahākāśyapa in Kucha Appendix Bibliography List of Illustrations with Acknowledgements Index Figures

English, Afrikaans and Zulu summaries / While there is increasing interest in the effect of landscape on ancient imagination, less attention has been paid to the impact of restless karst hydrology on ancient beliefs. By identifying shared themes, this study compares and contrasts the way Hittites and Aegean people in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages reshaped peripheral karst landscapes into physical and imagined transitional zones. Karst geology underpins much of the Aegean and Anatolian landscape, allowing subterranean zones to be visible and accessible above ground via caves, springs, sinking streams, sinkholes and other unusual natural formations. In both cultures, certain dynamic landscapes were considered to be sacred porous points where deities, daemons, heroes and mortals could transit between cosmic realms. Evidence suggests that Hittites and Aegean people interpreted dramatic karst landscapes as liminal thresholds and spaces situated between the world of humans and the world of deities. Part One investigates physical zones of transition via the karst ecosystems of rural sanctuaries. Part Two considers the creative interpretation in myth and iconography of karst phenomena into metaphysical zones of transition. The examples reveal the way in which Hittites and Aegean people built their concept of the sacred on the extraordinary characteristics of karst geology. Numinous karst landscapes provided validity and a familiar reference point for the creation of imagined worlds where mortal and divine could connect. / Vandag is daar toenemende belangstelling in die effek van die landskap op die verbeelding van die mensdom in die oudheid - maar minder aandag word bestee aan die impak van die rustelose karst landskap op die mens se gelowigheid in die oudheid. Deur die identifisering van sekere gemene temas, vergelyk hierdie verhandeling die manier waarop die Hetiete en die Egeïese volkere in die Laat Brons- en vroeë Ystertydperke die omliggende karstlandskap herskep het in fisiese en denkbeeldige oorgangszones. Die Egeïese en Anatoliese landskap bestaan grotendeels uit karst geologie, met tot gevolg dat ondergrondse zones bo die grond sigbaar en toeganklik is in die vorm van grotte, bronne, sinkgate en ander uitsonderlike natuurlike formasies. In beide bogenoemde kulture is sekere landskapstonele beskou as heilige en poreuse punte waar gode, demone, helde en sterwelinge tussen die kosmiese zones kon beweeg. Die getuienis van die tyd suggereer dat die Hetiete en die Egeïese volkere die dramatiese karst landskappe as grense of drempels tussen hulle wêreld en dié van die gode beskou het. Deel Een ondersoek die fisiese oorgangszones deur te kyk na die karst ecostelsels waarin plattelandse heiligdomme hulle bevind het. Deel Twee beskou die kreatiewe gebruik van karst verskynsels as voorstellings van metafisiese oorgangszones in die gekrewe bronne en ikonografie. Die geselekteerde voorbeelde dui aan die manier waarop die Hetiete en Egeïese volke hulle konsepte van heiligdom gebaseer het op die buitengewone verskynsels van karst geologie. Numineuse karst landskappe het hulle idees gestaaf en ‘n bekende verwysingspunt uitgemaak waar die menslike en die goddelike met mekaar in kontak kon kom. / Ngenkathi intshisekelo ekhulayo yethonya lokwakheka komhlaba emcabangweni wasendulo, kunakwe kancane umthelela we-karst hydrology engenazinkolelo ezinkolelweni zasendulo. Ngokukhomba izingqikithi okwabelwana ngazo, lo mqondo uqhathanisa futhi uqhathanise indlela amaHeti nabantu base-Aegean kweLate Bronze kanye ne-Early Iron Ages abuye abuye abumbe kabusha imigwaqo ye-karst yomngcele ibe yizingxenye zesikhashana zomzimba nezicatshangwe. I-Karst geology isekela kakhulu indawo yezwe i-Aegean ne-Anatolian evumela ukuthi izindawo ezingaphansi komhlaba zibonakale futhi zifinyeleleke ngaphezu komhlaba ngemigede, iziphethu, imifudlana ecwilayo, imigodi yokushona nokunye ukwakheka okungokwemvelo okungajwayelekile. Kuwo womabili amasiko izindawo ezithile eziguqukayo zazithathwa njengezindawo ezingcwele zokungena lapho onkulunkulu, amademoni, amaqhawe nabantu abafayo bengadlula phakathi kwezindawo zomhlaba. Ubufakazi bukhombisa ukuthi amaHeti nabantu base-Aegean bahumusha imidwebo emangazayo yekarst njengemikhawulo yemikhawulo nezikhala eziphakathi komhlaba wabantu nezwe lonkulunkulu. Ingxenye yokuqala iphenya izindawo eziguqukayo zomzimba ngokusebenzisa imvelo ye-karst yezindawo ezingcwele zasemakhaya. Ingxenye Yesibili ibheka ukutolikwa kokudala kunganekwane nakwizithonjana zezinto ze-karst kube izingxenye eziguqukayo zenguquko. Izibonelo ziveza indlela abantu abangamaHeti nabantu base- Aegean abawakha ngayo umqondo wabo ongcwele ngezimpawu ezingavamile ze-karst geology. Amathafa amahle we-karst ahlinzeka ngokusebenza kanye nephuzu elijwayelekile lesethenjwa lokwakhiwa kwamazwe acatshangelwe lapho abantu abafayo nabaphezulu bangaxhuma khona. / Biblical and Ancient Studies / M. A. (Ancient Near Eastern Studies)