A neutral atom interacting with a single mode of a high finesse cavity provides an opportunity to study uncharted quantum mechanical systems and to explore the field of quantum computing and networking. Ranging from being a deterministic single photon source to a coherent storage unit for quantum information, a strong coupling cavity QED system has proven to be a powerful tool. In this thesis, single atoms are deterministically delivered over long distances and probed in an optical cavity. Once in the cavity, a single atom is stored and continuously observed for over 15 seconds. Progress towards using atoms in the cavity to produce entangled photon pairs is presented. Dual 1D optical lattices are implemented to create a foundation for advancements in two qubit quantum operations and entanglements.

In this thesis, intrinsic Josephson junctions, naturally formed in the strongly anisotropic high-temperature superconductor Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 (Bi-2212), are studied experimentally. For this purpose, small mesa structures are fabricated on the surface of single crystals using micro- and nano-fabrication tools, focused ion beam is used to reduce the area of the mesa-structures down to ≈ 1 × 1 μm2. The properties of charge transport across copper-oxide layers inside the mesas are studied by intrinsic tunneling spectroscopy. Temperature, bias and magnetic field dependences of current-voltage characteristics are examined. In the main part of the thesis, the behavior of intrinsic Josephson junctions in magnetic fields B parallel to the copper-oxide planes is studied. Parallel magnetic fields penetrate the junctions in the form of Josephson vortices (fluxons). At high magnetic fields, fluxons are arranged in a regular lattice and are accelerated by a sufficient high transport current. As the fluxon lattice is moving through the mesa, it emits electromagnetic waves in the important THz frequency range. Properties of Bi-2212 mesas in this flux-flow regime are studied in this thesis. The following new observations were made during the course of this work: a crossover from thermal activation above Tc to quantum tunneling below Tc is seen in the interlayer transport-mechanism, the Fraunhofer pattern of Ic(B) is observed clearly in Bi-2212, superluminal electromagnetic cavity resonances and phonon-polaritons are observed in Bi-2212. It is argued that the employed technique for miniaturization of mesas and the obtained results can be useful for a better understanding of fundamental properties of high-temperature superconductors and for the realizations of coherent flux-flow oscillators and coherent phonon-polariton generators in the important THz frequency range. / At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 6: Manuscript.

Flow separation is a source of aerodynamic in-efficiency; however by using vortex generators the issue of flow separation can be controlled. This is of particular benefit to flows around bluff bodies which are susceptible to large scale separated flows, such as bodies in ground effect. Previous studies concerning heat transfer applications focused on the ability of low aspect ratio spherical wells (dimples) to produce vortices for flow mixing. Dimpled surfacing on an inverted Tyrrell026 airfoil in ground effect (indicative of high performance automotive aerodynamic applications e.g. Formula One) has been investigated for similar vortex enhanced wake reductions. Experimental measurements using Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA) and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) were taken inside a dimple to provide validation and verification of numerical analyses of dimple flows. The k-ω SST turbulence model showed good agreement to the experimental measurements. Additionally experiments were conducted using LDA and PIV with various configurations of dimple arrays placed from a fixed separation point of a 16˚ rearward facing ramp to determine how the array configuration influenced the large scale separation. The airfoil wake with numerous dimple configurations and placements were measured using LDA. Results showed that an array of dimples with close dimple to dimple spacing there was flow recovery in the airfoil wake from the velocity deficit with no dimples of u/Uo,min=-0.1, to u/Uo,min=0.4 with a dimple array, (at α=10˚, ground clearance h/c=0.313). At α=10˚ reductions in the wake size of 30%, 33%, 58% and 68% were found for the ground clearances of h/c=0.112, 0.134, 0.224 and 0.313 respectively. For numerous dimple array configurations, closely spaced dimple arrays were more effective in reducing the wake size, turbulence intensity and Reynolds stresses than those where dimple spacing was further apart. The chord wise location of the array on the wing affected the angle of incidence of the wing for which the wake was able to be reduced. Arrays placed towards the trailing edge improved wake losses at lower angles of incidence. Dimples placed further forward yielded the most improvement at higher angles of incidence, in part due to the increased venturi effect under the wing.

[Truncated abstract] Infrared (IR) detectors have many applications, from homeland security and defense, to medical imaging, to environmental monitoring, to astronomy, etc. Increasingly, the wave- length dependence of the IR radiation is becoming important in many applications, not just the total intensity of infrared radiation. There are many types of infrared detectors that can be broadly categorized as either photon detectors (narrow band-gap materials or quantum structures that provide the necessary energy transitions to generate free car- riers) or thermal detectors. Photon detectors generally provide the highest sensitivity, however the small transition energy of the detector also means cooling is required to limit the noise due to intrinsic thermal generation. This thesis is concerned with the tech- nique of resonant-cavity-enhancement of detectors, which is the process of placing the detector within an optically resonant cavity. Resonant-cavity-enhanced detectors have many favourable properties including a reduced detector volume, which allows improved operating temperature, or an improved signal to noise ratio (or some balance between the two), along with a narrow spectral bandwidth. ... Responsivity of another sample annealed for 20 hours at 250C in a Hg atmosphere (ex-situ) also shows resonant performance, but indicates significant shunting due the mirror layers. There is good agreement with model data, and the peak responsivity due to the absorber layer is 9.5×103 V/W for a 100 'm ×100 'm photoconductor at 80K. An effective lifetime of 50.4 ns is extracted for this responsivity measurement. The responsivity was measured as a function of varying field, and sweepout was observed for bias fields greater than 50 V/cm. The effective lifetime extracted from this measurement was 224 ns, but is an over estimate. Photodiodes were also fabricated by annealing p-type Hg(1x)Cd(x)Te for 10 hours at 250C in vacuum and type converting in a CH4/H2 reactive ion etch plasma process to form the n-p junction. There is some degradation to the mirror structure due to the anneal in vacuum, but a clear region of high reflection is observed. Measurements of current-voltage characteristics at various temperatures show diode-like characteristics with a peak R0 of 10 G measured at 80K (corresponding to an R0A of approximately 104 cm2. There was significant signal from the mirror layers, however only negligible signal from the absorber layer, and no conclusive resonant peaks.

Thesis (Ph.D. in Neuroscience) -- University of Colorado Denver, 2007. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 129-151). Free to UCD affiliates. Online version available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations;

Thesis (M.S.)--Miami University, Dept. of Physics, 2005. / Title from first page of PDF document. Document formatted into pages; contains [1], ix, 93 p. : ill. Includes bibliographical references (p. 88-93).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005. / Madhavan Swaminathan, Committee Chair ; Sung Kyu Lim, Committee Member ; Abhijit Chatterjee, Committee Member ; David C. Keezer, Committee Member ; C. P. Wong, Committee Member. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Universiẗat, Diss., 2004--Heidelberg.

Orientador: Carlos Alberto de Souza Costa / Banca: Elisa Maria Aparecida Giro / Banca: Marcelo Ferrarezi de Andrade / Banca: Marcelo Giannini / Banca: André Luiz Fraga Briso / Resumo: O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi avaliar comparativamente, através de análise histopatológica, as respostas de polpas humanas após confecção de cavidades de classe I, utilizando-se turbina de alta velocidade ou sistema laser de Er:YAG. Pré-molares inferiores hígidos recomendados para extração devido ao tratamento ortodôntico foram selecionados, sendo que os pares de dentes pertencentes aos mesmos pacientes foram aleatoriamente divididos de acordo com os seguintes grupos experimentais (n=6): Grupo 1 - alta velocidade; e Grupo 2 - laser de Er:YAG. As cavidades com profundidade média de 2,5mm tiveram a parede pulpar forrada com material biocompatível, sendo então restauradas com resina composta e sistema adesivo. No Grupo 3 (controle), os dentes não receberam qualquer tipo de tratamento. Quinze dias após a confecção e restauração das cavidades, os dentes foram extraídos, fixados em formalina tamponada, descalcificados em solução de Morse e processados em laboratório para inclusão em parafina. Cortes histológicos com 6μm de espessura foram corados com H/E, Tricrômico de Masson e pela técnica de Brown & Brenn e então avaliados em microscopia de luz. Para o Grupo 1 (alta velocidade), 5 dentes não apresentavam reação inflamatória, porém 3 deles exibiam discreta ruptura da camada de odontoblastos com degeneração hidrópica destas células pulpares. Em apenas 1 espécime, cuja espessura de dentina remanescente (EDR) entre o assoalho da cavidade e a polpa coronária era de 214μm, foi observado significante degeneração de odontoblastos, associado à ampla área de hialinização da matriz extracelular. Neste Grupo 1, as cavidades profundas apresentavam, em média, EDR de 909,5μm. Para o Grupo 2 (laser), exposição acidental da polpa ocorreu em 1 espécime, o qual foi descartado do experimento. / Abstract: The aim of this in vivo study was to evaluate and to compare the histopathological response of human pulps after cavity preparation by using high speed or Er:YAG laser systems. Sound premolars were selected and randomly divided into two experimental groups (n = 6) as following: Group 1: High speed; and Group 2: Er:YAG Laser. Class I cavities, 2.5mm deep, were prepared and their pulpal walls were lined with a biocompatible dental material. The cavities were restored with adhesive system and composite resin. Intact premolars were used in Group 3 (control). Fifteen days after the clinical procedures of cavity preparation, the teeth were extracted, fixed in 10% formalin, decalcified in Morse solution, and processed for paraffin embedding. The histological sections, 6μm thick, were stained with H/E, Masson's trichrome and Brown & Brenn technique and evaluated in light microscope. In Group 1 (High Speed), 5 specimens did not present inflammatory reaction. However, 3 of them exhibited odontoblast layer disruption as well as hydropic degeneration of these pulp cells. In only 1 specimen, which presented remaining dentin thickness (RDT) between the cavity floor and the coronary pulp of 214μm, notable odontoblast degeneration associated with hyaline alteration of the extracellular matrix was observed. In this Group 1 the mean of the RDT was 909.5μm. In Group 2 (Er:YAG Laser), unexpected pulp exposure occurred in 1 specimen, which was took out of the experiment. Four specimens exhibited normal histological characteristics of the pulp tissue. Only 1 specimen (RDT = 413μm) showed moderate tissue disorganization characterized by odontoblast layer disruption. The odontoblast cells exhibited hydropic degeneration. In this Group 2 the mean of the RDT was 935.2μm. / Doutor

Submitted by Rodnei Dennis Rossoni (rodnei.rossoni@fosjc.unesp.br) on 2017-12-11T11:19:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Pronta.pdf: 4361864 bytes, checksum: 4e8e22ae0f0744e73ce578cec2fbcce4 (MD5) / Submitted by Rodnei Dennis Rossoni (rodnei.rossoni@fosjc.unesp.br) on 2017-12-11T18:47:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Pronta.pdf: 4361864 bytes, checksum: 4e8e22ae0f0744e73ce578cec2fbcce4 (MD5) / Submitted by Rodnei Dennis Rossoni (rodnei.rossoni@fosjc.unesp.br) on 2017-12-14T11:25:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Pronta.pdf: 4361864 bytes, checksum: 4e8e22ae0f0744e73ce578cec2fbcce4 (MD5) / Submitted by Rodnei Dennis Rossoni (rodnei.rossoni@fosjc.unesp.br) on 2017-12-14T13:50:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Pronta.pdf: 4361864 bytes, checksum: 4e8e22ae0f0744e73ce578cec2fbcce4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Silvana Alvarez null (silvana@ict.unesp.br) on 2017-12-18T15:12:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 rossoni_rd_dr_sjc.pdf: 4361864 bytes, checksum: 4e8e22ae0f0744e73ce578cec2fbcce4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-18T15:12:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rossoni_rd_dr_sjc.pdf: 4361864 bytes, checksum: 4e8e22ae0f0744e73ce578cec2fbcce4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-04 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O estudo da atividade inibitória de Lactobacillus pode contribuir na descoberta de novas estratégias terapêuticas nas infecções por Candida. Nesse contexto, o objetivo desse estudo foi isolar e identificar Lactobacillus da cavidade bucal de indivíduos livres de cárie e avaliar seu potencial de inibição de C. albicans por meio de estudos in vitro e in vivo. Primeiramente, foram avaliados os efeitos de 30 isolados clínicos de Lactobacillus sobre o número de células viáveis (UFC) em biofilme de C. albicans e sobre a formação de hifas. Os isolados que obtiveram os maiores efeitos inibitórios sobre C. albicans foram selecionados para os testes de determinação da biomassa total dos biofilmes pela absorbância do cristal violeta, análise da arquitetura dos biofilmes por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e quantificação da expressão de genes de C. albicans (ALS3, HWP1, EFG1 e CPH1) por qPCR. Esses isolados também foram submetidos a estudos in vivo usando os modelos de Galleria mellonella e Caenorhabditis elegans. Para o estudo em G. mellonella, a infecção experimental foi avaliada pela curva de sobrevivência, quantificação da carga fúngica na hemolinfa, densidade hemocitária, quantificação da expressão gênica de peptídeos antifúngicos (Gallerymicina e Galiomicina) e monitoramento da infecção de C. albicans por análise de bioluminescência. No modelo de C. elegans, a infecção foi avaliada por meio dos ensaios de curva de sobrevivência e estudo da filamentação de C. albicans. Os resultados dos ensaios in vitro demonstraram que L. paracasei 28.4, L. rhamnosus 5.2 e L. fermentum 20.4 foram as cepas com maior atividade antimicrobiana sobre os biofilmes de C. albicans. Nessas cepas, todos os genes analisados foram regulados negativamente na associação com Lactobacillus quando comparados com o grupo controle. No estudo in vivo, a injeção de L. paracasei 28.4 em G. mellonella infectadas com C. albicans aumentou a sobrevida das larvas, o número de hemócitos e a expressão de peptídeos antifúngicos, reduzindo assim a UFC de C. albicans. Em C. elegans, L. paracasei 28.4 também foi capaz de aumentar a sobrevida dos vermes infectados com C. albicans e reduzir a filamentação. Conclui-se que L. fermentum 20.4, L. paracasei 28.4 e L. rhamnosus 5.2 tem potencial para serem usados como probióticos na cavidade bucal devido sua ação anti-biofilme e sua regulação negativa dos genes de virulência de C. albicans. L. paracasei 28.4 foi capaz de prolongar a sobrevida nos dois modelos experimentais infectados com C. albicans por apresentarem ação antifúngica e imunomodulatória. / The study of the antifungal activity of Lactobacillus may contribute to the discovery of new therapeutic strategies for Candida infections. In this context, the objective of this study was to isolate and identify Lactobacillus from the oral cavity of caries-free subjects and to evaluate its effects through in vitro and in vivo studies. First, the effects of 30 clinical isolates of Lactobacillus on the number of viable cells (CFU) in biofilms of C. albicans and on hyphae formation were evaluated. The isolates that obtained the highest inhibitory effects on C. albicans were selected for biofilm biomass determination by violet crystal absorbance, analysis of biofilm architecture by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and quantification of the expression of C. albicans (ALS3, HWP1, EFG1 and CPH1) by real time PCR. These isolates were also submitted to in vivo studies using the Galleria mellonella and Caenorhabditis elegans models. For the study in the model of Galleria mellonella, the experimental infection was evaluated by the survival curve, quantification of the fungal load in the hemolymph, hemocitary density, the gene expression of antifungal peptides (Gallerymicin and Galiomicin) and monitoring of C. albicans infection by bioluminescence analysis. In the Caenorhabditis elegans model, the infection was evaluated by the survival curve assays and the study of C. albicans filamentation. The results of in vitro tests demonstrated that L. paracasei 28.4, L. rhamnosus 5.2 and L. fermentum 20.4 were the strains with the highest antimicrobial activity on the biofilms of C. albicans. In these strains, all analyzed genes were negatively regulated in association with Lactobacillus when compared to the control group. In the in vivo study, the injection of L. paracasei 28.4 into the G. mellonella increased survival of the larvae, the number of hemocytes and the expression of antifungal peptides, thus reducing the CFU of C. albicans. In C. elegans, L. paracasei 28.4 was also able to increase the survival of worms infected with C. albicans and reduce the filamentation. We conclude that L. fermentum 20.4, L. paracasei 28.4 and L. rhamnosus 5.2 have potential to be used as probiotics in the oral cavity due to their anti-biofilm action and their negative regulation of virulence genes of C. albicans. L. paracasei 28.4 was able to prolong survival of both experimental models infected with C. albicans for having antifungal and immunomodulatory action. / 13/25181-8 / 14/12458-4