Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-03-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:01:40Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 kina_jf_dr_arafo.pdf: 2110836 bytes, checksum: 08ad560b8fcc1aedd6d562d28b44eb82 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi avaliar comparativamente, através de análise histopatológica, as respostas de polpas humanas após confecção de cavidades de classe I, utilizando-se turbina de alta velocidade ou sistema laser de Er:YAG. Pré-molares inferiores hígidos recomendados para extração devido ao tratamento ortodôntico foram selecionados, sendo que os pares de dentes pertencentes aos mesmos pacientes foram aleatoriamente divididos de acordo com os seguintes grupos experimentais (n=6): Grupo 1 – alta velocidade; e Grupo 2 – laser de Er:YAG. As cavidades com profundidade média de 2,5mm tiveram a parede pulpar forrada com material biocompatível, sendo então restauradas com resina composta e sistema adesivo. No Grupo 3 (controle), os dentes não receberam qualquer tipo de tratamento. Quinze dias após a confecção e restauração das cavidades, os dentes foram extraídos, fixados em formalina tamponada, descalcificados em solução de Morse e processados em laboratório para inclusão em parafina. Cortes histológicos com 6μm de espessura foram corados com H/E, Tricrômico de Masson e pela técnica de Brown & Brenn e então avaliados em microscopia de luz. Para o Grupo 1 (alta velocidade), 5 dentes não apresentavam reação inflamatória, porém 3 deles exibiam discreta ruptura da camada de odontoblastos com degeneração hidrópica destas células pulpares. Em apenas 1 espécime, cuja espessura de dentina remanescente (EDR) entre o assoalho da cavidade e a polpa coronária era de 214μm, foi observado significante degeneração de odontoblastos, associado à ampla área de hialinização da matriz extracelular. Neste Grupo 1, as cavidades profundas apresentavam, em média, EDR de 909,5μm. Para o Grupo 2 (laser), exposição acidental da polpa ocorreu em 1 espécime, o qual foi descartado do experimento. / The aim of this in vivo study was to evaluate and to compare the histopathological response of human pulps after cavity preparation by using high speed or Er:YAG laser systems. Sound premolars were selected and randomly divided into two experimental groups (n = 6) as following: Group 1: High speed; and Group 2: Er:YAG Laser. Class I cavities, 2.5mm deep, were prepared and their pulpal walls were lined with a biocompatible dental material. The cavities were restored with adhesive system and composite resin. Intact premolars were used in Group 3 (control). Fifteen days after the clinical procedures of cavity preparation, the teeth were extracted, fixed in 10% formalin, decalcified in Morse solution, and processed for paraffin embedding. The histological sections, 6μm thick, were stained with H/E, Masson´s trichrome and Brown & Brenn technique and evaluated in light microscope. In Group 1 (High Speed), 5 specimens did not present inflammatory reaction. However, 3 of them exhibited odontoblast layer disruption as well as hydropic degeneration of these pulp cells. In only 1 specimen, which presented remaining dentin thickness (RDT) between the cavity floor and the coronary pulp of 214μm, notable odontoblast degeneration associated with hyaline alteration of the extracellular matrix was observed. In this Group 1 the mean of the RDT was 909.5μm. In Group 2 (Er:YAG Laser), unexpected pulp exposure occurred in 1 specimen, which was took out of the experiment. Four specimens exhibited normal histological characteristics of the pulp tissue. Only 1 specimen (RDT = 413μm) showed moderate tissue disorganization characterized by odontoblast layer disruption. The odontoblast cells exhibited hydropic degeneration. In this Group 2 the mean of the RDT was 935.2μm.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2001-05-07Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:41:17Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 orbegosoflores_vh_dr_arafo.pdf: 838219 bytes, checksum: 839e8fda83a571e900cce3e586d69abb (MD5) / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a formação de fendas marginais cervicais através da microscopia eletrônica de varredura, assim como, a microinfiltração marginal em preparos de classe V. foram utilizadas duas técnicas de preparo: P1 utilizando fresa carbide no 245 e P2 que utilizou o jato de ar abrasivo Mach 4.0 (80psi de pressão, 27 æm de tamanho de partícula). O tamanho das cavidades foi padronizado com 1,5 mm de profundidade, 2,0 mm de altura e 3,0 mm de largura. Os materiais utilizados foram: G1 -Optibond solo Plus, G2 - Prime & BondNT e G3 - Scotchbond Multiuso Plus (grupo controle), a resina composta Point 4 utilizada para restaurar as cavidades foi padronizada para todas as restaurações. Foram utilizados 42 dentes molares hígidos divididos em 3 grupos de 14 cada, utilizando a face vestibular e lingual sendo que os preparos mostraram a margem oclusal em esmalte e a margem cervical em cemento/dentina. Após as restaurações serem confeccionadas foram armazenadas em água deionizada durante 24 horas, para posteriormente realizar os procedimentos de acabamento e polimento, a seguir os dentes foram isolados com araldite e esmalte para unha e submetidos a testes de ciclagem térmico (400 ciclos)e imediatamente imersos numa solução de nitrato de prata, durante 2 horas, removidos, lavados e colocados numa solução fotoreveladora durante 16 horas. Nessas condições os dentes foram limpos e seccionados no sentido mésio/distal obtendo duas metades as quais por sua vez foram seccionadas no sentido vestíbulo lingual dividindo as restaurações pela metade. Assim, uma metade da restauração foi avaliada através da lupa esteroscópica para observar a microinfiltração e a outra metade preparada e metalizada para ser avaliada através da microscopia eletrônica de varredura. A análise estatística aplicada aos resultados permite concluir que... . / The aim of this study was to evaluate the formation of cervical gap with SEM, and the marginal microleakage in cavities class V. There were used two techniques for the preparations: P1 using a carbide # 245 and P2 using abrasive air Mach 4.0 (80 psi of preasure, 27nm measurement of the particle). The measurements of the cavities were standardized in 1.5mm of deepness, 2,0mm of highness and 3,0mm of lengthiness. The materials used were: G1 Optibond Solo Plus, G2 Prime & Bond NT and G3 Scotchbond Multiuso Plus (control group), it was used the composite Point 4 as the restorative material for all cavities. Forty-two healthy molars, divided in three groups of 14 each one, were used. Cavities were prepared in the buccal and lingual faces, its occlusal margin was in enamel and its cervical margin was in dentin/cement. After that finishing and polishing was made. Teeth were isolated with analdite and nail varnish and thermocycled (400 times). The preparations were dyed with silver nitrate for two hours. Preparations were stored in a photo developing solution for 16 hours. After that time teeth were cleaned and cut (buccal/lingual) Half of the preparation was observed in a stereoscopic microscope and the other half in a SEM. Results: 1.Preparations with abrasive air had a bigger gap; 2.Adhesive systems do not eliminate the formation of gaps; 3.Best results were found in the group prepared with bur and the adhesive Optibond Solo Plus, with a cervical gap 0,84nm, and in the other hand Scotchbond Multiuso Plus showed marginal gaps of 6,36nm; 4.In the occlusal margin Optibond Solo Plus had more microleakage tha Scotchbond Multiuso Plus and Prime & Bond NT.; 5. In the cervical margin, Optibond Solo Plus had good behavior controlling the marginal microleakage, compared with Scotchbond Multiuso Plus and Prime & Bond that had similar leakage between... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below).

abstract: The subject of this thesis is concerned with the amount of cooling air assigned to seal high pressure turbine rim cavities which is critical for performance as well as component life. Insufficient air leads to excessive hot annulus gas ingestion and its penetration deep into the cavity compromising disc life. Excessive purge air, adversely affects performance. Experiments on a rotating turbine stage rig which included a rotor-stator forward disc cavity were performed at Arizona State University. The turbine rig has 22 vanes and 28 blades, while the rim cavity is composed of a single-tooth rim lab seal and a rim platform overlap seal. Time-averaged static pressures were measured in the gas path and the cavity, while mainstream gas ingestion into the cavity was determined by measuring the concentration distribution of tracer gas (carbon dioxide). Additionally, particle image velocimetry (PIV) was used to measure fluid velocity inside the rim cavity between the lab seal and the overlap. The data from the experiments were compared to an 360-degree unsteady RANS (URANS) CFD simulations. Although not able to match the time-averaged test data satisfactorily, the CFD simulations brought to light the unsteadiness present in the flow during the experiment which the slower response data did not fully capture. To interrogate the validity of URANS simulations in capturing complex rotating flow physics, the scope of this work also included to validating the CFD tool by comparing its predictions against experimental LDV data in a closed rotor-stator cavity. The enclosed cavity has a stationary shroud, a rotating hub, and mass flow does not enter or exit the system. A full 360 degree numerical simulation was performed comparing Fluent LES, with URANS turbulence models. Results from these investigations point to URANS state of art under-predicting closed cavity tangential velocity by 32% to 43%, and open rim cavity effectiveness by 50% compared to test data. The goal of this thesis is to assess the validity of URANS turbulence models in more complex rotating flows, compare accuracy with LES simulations, suggest CFD settings to better simulate turbine stage mainstream/disc cavity interaction with ingestion, and recommend experimentation techniques. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Mechanical Engineering 2016

L’acier austénitique inoxydable 316L(N) et l’alliage 800 sont des candidats potentiels pour des éléments de structures des réacteurs nucléaires de génération IV. Les durées de vie envisagées peuvent atteindre 60 années sous chargement de fluage. Il est donc nécessaire de caractériser et de prendre en compte les mécanismes d’endommagement de fluage afin de proposer des prédictions de durées de vie. Le modèle de Riedel est basé sur la germination continue de cavités (loi de Dyson) et la croissance de cavités par diffusion des lacunes le long des joints de grains. Les durées de vie en fluage sont prédites par la combinaison des modèles de striction (court terme) et de Riedel (long terme), en accord avec les données expérimentales. Aucun paramètre ajusté n’a été utilisé dans le modèle de Riedel. Cependant, le préfacteur de la loi de Dyson devait être mesuré expérimentalement.Les cavités se forment aux interfaces entre particules de phase secondaire intergranulaires et matrice austénitique. Grâce à des calculs par éléments finis cristallins (logiciel Cast3M), les concentrations de contraintes aux interfaces matrice-précipité ont été calculées en considérant les hétérogénéités microstructurales. Les résultats des calculs nous permettent de proposer une formule multiplicative visant à calculer la distribution des contraintes normales d’interface, en prenant en compte toutes les hétérogénéités microstructurales. En appliquant un critère en contrainte et un critère énergétique de rupture, le préfacteur de la loi de Dyson prédit est du même ordre de grandeur que celui mesuré expérimentalement. Notre travail conduit à proposer un fondement théorique de la loi de Dyson. / Austenitic stainless steel 316L (N) and alloy 800 are potential candidates for structural components of Generation IV nuclear reactors. Their in-service lifetime may be extended up to 60 years under creep condition. It is thus necessary to characterize the dominant damage mechanisms during creep in order to propose long term lifetime predictions. The Riedel model is based on continuous cavity nucleation (the Dyson law) and cavity growth by vacancy diffusion along grain boundaries. The creep lifetimes are predicted by the combination of a necking (short-term) and the Riedel (long-term) models, agree well with numerous experimental data. No adjusted parameter was used as applying in the Riedel model. However, the Dyson law prefactor is evaluated experimentally. Cavities are produced at the interfaces of intergranular second phase particles and austenitic matrix. Using crystal viscoplasticity finite element computations (Cast3M software), the stress fields along the particle-matrix interfaces are calculated by considering the main microstructure heterogeneities. The Finite element calculation results allow us to propose a multiplication formula to compute the distribution of interface normal stresses, accounting for all microstructural heterogeneities. Applying an interface fracture stress criterion and a simplified energy balance equation, the predicted Dyson law prefactor is close to measured values. Our work provides a theoretical explanation of the phenomenological law of Dyson.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:53:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:09:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2014-11-10T11:35:55Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-10T11:35:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Orientador: Lourdes Aparecida Martins dos Santos-Pinto / Banca: Evaldo José Corat / Banca: Celso Luiz de Angelis Porto / Resumo: A tecnologia CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) aplicada à confecção de pontas odontológicas diamantadas possibilitou aderência do diamante à haste metálica suficiente para suportar o efeito do ultra-som, surgindo então uma técnica alternativa para corte de tecido dentário. O objetivo deste estudo in vitro foi avaliar a efetividade dos corte realizados com as pontas CVD cilíndrica e esférica para ultra-som (pontas CVDentUSÒ), em esmalte e dentina de dentes permanentes, variando-se o sentido de movimento (frontal e lateral). Foram utilizados 40 terceiros molares, num total de 80 preparos cavitários confeccionados por meio de um dispositivo padronizador. Os cortes foram realizados com 30 movimentos consecutivos da ponta sobre a superfície dentária, correspondendo a 27 segundos de utilização das pontas CVDentUSÒ. A profundidade e largura dos preparos cavitários foram analisadas em microscopia eletrônica de varredura e medidas por meio de uma análise cefalométrica modificada no programa Radiocef 4.0 (Radiocef Memory Ltda). A análise estatística pelo teste não paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis ao nível de significância de 5% mostrou que as maiores médias de largura e profundidade foram observadas nos preparos de dentina, sendo a ponta esférica responsável por cavidades mais profundas e a cilíndrica por cavidades mais largas, não havendo influência dos sentidos de movimento da ponta. / Abstract: The CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) technology applied in dental diamond burs manufacture allowed to the diamond to have enough adherence to the metallic stem supporting the ultrasound effect. This technique is bringing back an alternative method to cut dental tissue. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the cutting effectiveness of cylindrical and round CVD-coated diamond burs for ultrasound (CVDentUSÒ system), in enamel and dentine of permanent teeth, changing the movement sense (frontal and lateral). Forty third molars were used, in a total of 80 cavity preparations made using a standard device. The cuts were made with 30 consecutive movements of the bur on the dental surface, corresponding to 27 seconds of CVDentUSÒ tips use. The depth and width of the cavity preparations were analyzed by scanning electronic microscopy and the measures were made using a modified cefalometric analysis in a Radiocef 4.0 program (Radiocef Memory Ltda). The statistical analysis applying Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test, at 5% significance level, showed that the largest width and depth averages were observed in dentine cavities, being the round bur responsible for deeper cavities and the cylindrical for wider cavities. The movement senses had no influence on cavity size. / Mestre

O objetivo do presente estudo clínico foi compreender o efeito do uso prévio de agentes antimicrobianos na diversidade e a estrutura do microbioma procariótico de saliva, biofilme supragengival e canal radicular de dentes com infecção endodôntica aguda. Realizaram-se coletas microbiológicas de saliva (S), biofilme supragengival (BS) e canal radicular (CR) de pacientes que não utilizaram antibióticos (G1: n=6) e de pacientes que utilizaram antibióticos (G2: n=6). Para a caracterização das comunidades de procariotos por meio de sequenciamento de alto rendimento, foram produzidos pools de seis amostras para cada um dos sítios. A região hipervariável V3-V4 do gene 16S rRNA foi amplificada e a plataforma Illumina MiSeq foi empregada para análise das sequências geradas. Foram determinadas a presença e abundância relativa das unidades taxonômicas operacionais (OTUs) em cada amostra. Procedeu-se a análise de alfa-diversidade para cada amostra, considerando-se as métricas de Simpson, dominância, estimativa de riqueza de Chao-I e o Índice de Shannon. Os valores obtidos foram comparados por meio de testes estatísticos. Para a análise dos índices de beta-diversidade, empregou-se o método de agrupamento UPGMA, com jackknifing e método de comparação UniFrac com peso. A representação gráfica tridimensional da beta-diversidade foi realizada por meio de análise de coordenadas principais. A técnica de PCR gene específico foi empregada para determinar a presença de genes relacionados à resistência bacteriana para agentes beta-lactâmicos (blaTEM, blaZ, ampC, mecA), macrolídeos (ermB, ermC, mefA), tetraciclinas (tetM, tetQ, tetW), lincosamidas (lnuB, lsaB) e vancomicina (vanA, vanD, vanE). A similaridade para a presença/ausência de genes de resistência nas amostras de S, BS e CR em G1 e G2 foi determinada por meio de coeficiente de agrupamento, utilizando-se o método UPGMA com distância Euclidiana. Todos os pacientes apresentavam infecção endodôntica aguda, caracterizada pela presença de dor espontânea, necrose pulpar e dor à percussão vertical. Aumento de volume foi observado em 8/12 pacientes. Os pacientes do Grupo 2 utilizaram beta-lactâmicos previamente à consulta (amoxicilina = 5; cefalexina = 1). Há predomínio de integrantes do domínio Bactéria em todas S, BS e CR. Archaea pertencentes ao gênero Methanobrevibacter foram encontradas apenas em amostras de CR, constituindo menos de 1% do total de OTUs (G1-CR = 0,319%; G2-CR = 0,014%). Há predomínio de bactérias dos filos Firmicutes e Bacteroidetes em amostras de S, BS e CR. Há redução intensa no percentual de OTUs pertencentes ao Filo Firmicutes em amostras de saliva, quando antibiótico foi utilizado (G1-S = 75,371; G2-S = 35,242). Comportamento oposto ocorreu neste ecossistema para integrantes do Filo Bacteroidetes (G1-S = 12,657; G2-S = 33,947). Tanto em G1 quanto em G2, bactérias do gênero Streptococcus predominam em amostras de S e BS. Em canais radiculares, maiores percentuais de OTUs foram observados para os gêneros Porphyromonas e Prevotella. As métricas de alfadiversidade indicam que o uso prévio de antimicrobiano parece oportunizar o estabelecimento de espécies antes menos abundantes, especialmente em saliva (dominância: G1-S>G2-S; índice de Shanon: G1-S<G2-S; índice de Simpson: G1- S<G2-S; índice de Chao-1: G1-S<G2-S). A análise de beta-diversidade mostra proximidade entre G1-BS e G2-BS; há distanciamento entre G1-S e G2-S. As amostras G1-CR e G2-CR estão mais distantes de S e BS, sugerindo maior seleção imposta pelo ecossistema do CR aos procariotos. Os genes de resistência mais frequentemente detectados foram tetM, tetQ, tetM, ermB e mefA. Não foram detectados genes vanA, vanD, vanE, blaZ, mecA, lnuB e ermC. O gene ermB foi frequentemente detectado em amostras de S, BS e CR em ambos os grupos. Em pacientes que não utilizaram antibiótico, o gene tetM e o gene tetQ foram detectados simultaneamente em S, BS e CR (tetM = 4/6; tetQ = 3/6). A análise multivariada não demonstrou nível de agrupamento alto entre amostras de um mesmo paciente, de um mesmo ecossistema, ou de um mesmo grupo. A partir dos resultados do presente estudo, observou-se que a utilização de agente antimicrobiano betalactâmico parece alterar parâmetros composicionais de comunidades de procariotos na cavidade bucal. Entretanto, particularidades relativas a cada ecossistema podem modular a extensão deste efeito, parecendo ser mais intensos em amostras de S do que em BS e CR. / The present clinical study aimed to assess the effect of antibiotics over the diversity and structure in prokaryotic communities of saliva, supragengival biofilm and root canal of teeth with acute primary infections. Samples of saliva (S), supragengival biofilm (BS) and root canal of teeth with acute primary infections (CR) were collected from patients, and were grouped according with the previous use of antibiotic (G1 = no antibiotics; G2 = antibiotics). Pooled samples for each community were evaluated. DNA sequencing was performed with MiSeq (Illumina). The V3-V4 hypervariable region from the 16S rRNA gene was amplified. The presence and relative abundance of the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) was determined for each sample. Alpha-diversity analysis was performed with the Simpson’s index, dominance, Chao-1 richness index and Shannon’s index. Statistical analysis was carried out to compare their values for each community.Beta-diversity was computed through UPGMA clustering and jackknifing. The principal coordinate analysis employed weighted UniFrac. Gene-specific PCR was employed to detect resistance genes to lactamics (blaTEM, blaZ, ampC, mecA), macrolides (ermB, ermC, mefA), tetracyclines (tetM, tetQ, tetW), lincosamides (lnuB, lsaB) e vancomycin (vanA, vanD, vanE). The UPGA clustering analysis with Euclidean distance was applied to investigate the existence of similar groups of samples. A dendrogram was constructed to show the arrangement of the sample groups produced by clustering. All the patients had primary acute endodontic infections, with spontaneous pain, pulp necrosis and tenderness on percussion. Swelling was observed for 8 out of 12 patients. Patients from G2 had lactamics before the urgency appointment (amoxicillin = 5; cephalexin = 1). Bacteria were predominant in S, BS and CR samples. Archaea belonging to the genus Methanobrevibacter were only detected in RC samples and comprised less than 1% of all the OTUs G1-CR = 0.319%; G2-CR = 0.014%). The great majority of the detected OTUs in S, BS, and CR belonged to the phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. Reduction in the percentage of Firmicutes was observed in G2-S (G1-S = 75.371%; G2-S = 35.242%). A distinct behavior was demonstrated by the Bacteroidetes (G1- S = 12.657%; G2-S = 33.947%). Components belonging to the genus Streptococcus were predominant in S and BS, for both G1 and G2. CR harbored high percentage of species belonging to the genus Porphyromonas and Prevotella. The alpha-diversity indexes demonstrated that the G2-S had an increase in low abundant species (dominance: G1- S>G2-S; Shanon index: G1-S<G2-S; Simpson index: G1-S<G2-S; Chao-1 index: G1-S<G2- S). Beta-diversity showed that G1-BS and G2-BS had close spatial distribution. G1-CR and G2-CR were more distant from S and BS samples. The RC may promote a most intense species selection, due to environmental conditions. The most frequently detected genes associated with resistance to antibiotics were tetM, tetQ, tetM, ermB, and mefA. The genes vanA, vanD, vanE, blaZ, mecA, lnuB, and ermC were not detected in the samples. The gene ermB was frequently detected in S, BS and CR samples. In patients from G1, tetM and tetQ were detected simultaneously in all the three environments (tetM = 4/6; tetQ = 3/6). There was no clustering behavior for samples belonging to different environments in the same patients and between the same environment samples from different groups. An overall analysis from the data allows for suggesting that the use of lactamic agents may alter compositional parameters from prokaryotic communities in the oral cavity to different extents. Specific environmental characteristics from each site may modulate the effect that seemed to be more intense for S than for BS and CR.

Introduction: Actually 0.7-1 percent of all deliveries can be followed by secondary uterine bleeding. There is a residual trophoblastic tissue diagnosed in most of these cases and it is often managed by repeat intrauterine interventions. These operations are connected with high risk of formation of intrauterine adhesions and their early diagnosis and management can be important for next fertility. Material and methods: There were generally 188 patients included into the study. All patients underwent ultrasound examination in 6 weeks after delivery and ambulant hysteroscopy after next 2 months without anesthesia. Described intrauterine pathologies (residual tissue and adhesions) were managed in one step. Results: In cases with suspect ultrasound finding, the retained trophoblastic tissue was diagnosed by hysteroscopy in 66 percent vs. in 96 percent with sensitivity 85 percent and specificity 85 percent. Patients with intrauterine adhesions had normal ultrasound finding in 74 percent and it did not recognized patients with severe adhesions in 94 percent. Clinical signs had generally 72 percent of patients with diagnosed left residual tissue. Number of severe residual tissue is increasing with delay of instrumental evacuation from delivery (10 vs. 30 percent). When is necessary to repeat the operation...

Os diodos laser são amplamente usados em física atômica em configurações de cavidade externa com uma rede de difração (Configuração Littrow ou Littrow-Metcalf), que permite sintonizar o seu comprimento de onda e filtrar do seu espectro. Mesmo com este controle, eles apresentam um excesso de ruído por volta de 40 dB acima do ruído quântico padrão, dificultando seu uso em ótica quântica. Nosso propósito neste projeto é diminuir os valores típicos de ruído do diodo laser até níveis aceitáveis que permitam trabalhar em ótica quântica. Para conseguir isto, construímos um laser em estrutura em anel com o diodo semicondutor como o meio de ganho. Caracterizamos a potência de saída do laser em função da corrente de injeção no chip. Também introduzimos um mecanismo de controle das perdas da cavidade para caracterizar a potência de saída em função das perdas. Alcançamos uma potência máxima de 25 mW para 0, 8 A, com um limiar de oscilação de 0, 45 A, e uma potência máxima de 10 mW (a 0, 8 A) com um limiar de 0, 41 A. Para caracterizar as suas propriedades de ruído, usamos a técnica da rotação de elipse para diferentes valores da corrente de injeção e de perdas controladas. Finalmente, comparamos o ruído das quadraturas do nosso novo sistema com o ruído de um laser de diodo em configuração Littrow. Enquanto o laser Littrow apresenta excesso de 40 dB no ruído da fase, encontramos valores para o ruído de amplitude do nosso novo laser entre 10 e 15 dB e do ruído de fase entre 11 e 27 dB acima do nível do ruído quântico padrão. Assim, conseguimos diminuir o ruído da quadratura fase por volta de 20 dB, porém, também incrementamos o ruído de amplitude, fazendo com que o ruído das quadraturas esteja no nível de 11 dB acimo do nível do ruído quântico padrão. Este nível é compatível com laseres de estado sólido (Nd:YAG) e pode ser facilmente reduzido com ajuda de uma cavidade de filtro. / Laser diodes are widely used in atomic physics in configurations of external cavity with a diffraction grating (Littrow or Littrow-Metcalf configuration), that allows us to tune its wavelength and filter their spectrum. Even with this control they present an excess noise about 40 dB above the standard quantum level,limiting their uses for quantum optics. Our goal in this project is to decrease the typical noise level of the diode laser, to reasonable values for future work with quantum optics. In order to do that we built a ring laser using a semiconductor chip as the gain medium. We characterize the output power of the laser as a function of the injection current. We also introduce a mechanism for controlling the losses so that, we were able to characterize the output power by changing the controlled losses. We reach a maximum power of 25 mW at 0.8 A, with the threshold current value 0.45 A, and a maximum power of 10 mW (@ 0.8 A) for 0.41 A of threshold current. In order to characterize its noise properties, we performed the ellipse rotation technique for different values of the injection current and controlled looses. Finally, we compare the quadrature noise of our new system with the noise of a diode laser in Littrow configuration. While Littrow laser present excess of of 40 dB on the phase noise, we found noise levels for the amplitude noise of our new laser between 10 to 15 dB and its phase noise between 11 to 27 dB above the standard quantum level. So, we achieved a noise reduction of the phase quadrature in 20 dB, but, we also increase the amplitude noise, obtaining a quadrature noise around 11 dB above the standard quantum limit. This level is compatible with solid state lasers (Nd:YAG) and can be easily reduced with the help of a filter cavity.