La nécessité de coordonner l’expression des gènes provenant de génomes différents chez les plantes a conduit à l’émergence de mécanismes imposant un contrôle nucléaire sur l’expression génétique de l’organelle. Des signaux antérogrades, exercés par des protéines reconnaissant des séquences spécifiques, existent en parallèle avec un contrôle des synthèses chloroplastiques dépendant de l’assemblage (CES). Ensemble, ils coordonnent la formation stoichiométrique des complexes photosynthétiques.La Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygénase (Rubisco) est une enzyme localisée dans le chloroplaste qui contient deux sous-unités. La grande sous-unité (LSU) et la petite sous-unité (SSU) sont codées par les génomes chloroplastique et nucléaire respectivement. Elles s’assemblent dans le stroma du chloroplaste pour former une holoenzyme hexadécamérique (LSU8SSU8). Pendant mon travail au laboratoire, j’ai tenté de décrire les étapes régulatrices majeures de la synthèse de la Rubisco chez Chlamydomonas reinhardtii en me focalisant sur la régulation post-transcriptionelle de la LSU.J’ai montré que la protéine PPR – MRL1 est un facteur limitant pour l’accumulation de l’ARN messager de rbcL. Bien qu’il ait été décrit précédemment comme un facteur stabilisateur du transcrit susnommé, MRL1 s’est révélé avoir un rôle dans la traduction.J’ai par ailleurs démontré que chez Chlamydomonas, l’expression de la Rubisco est contrôlée par la présence de la SSU. En son absence, la traduction de rbcL est inhibée par son propre produit – la grande sous-unité non assemblée. J’ai pu montrer qu’un intermédiaire d’assemblage, constitué de LSU en complexe avec sa chaperonne RAF1, est nécessaire pour cette régulation, ce qui prouve que ce processus dépend de l’état d’oligomérisation de la LSU. Parallèlement, j’ai caractérisé le devenir de la LSU non assemblée quand la régulation CES est perturbée, et grâce à cela ait contribué à améliorer la connaissance de son processus de repliement et d’assemblage. / The necessity to coordinate the expression of genes originating from different genomes within the plant cell resulted in the appearance of mechanisms imposing nuclear control over organelle gene expression. Anterograde signaling through sequence-specific trans-acting proteins (OTAFs) coexists in the chloroplast with an assembly dependent control of chloroplast synthesis (CES process) that coordinates the stoichiometric formation of photosynthetic complexes.Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) is a chloroplast-located carbon fixing enzyme constituted of two subunits. Large subunit (LSU) and small subunit (SSU) are encoded in the chloroplast and nuclear genomes respectively. In the stroma they assemble to form a hexadecameric holoenzyme (LSU8SSU8). In this study I tried to highlight major regulatory points of its synthesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii focusing on the posttranscriptional regulation of LSU.I showed that the MRL1 PPR protein is a limiting factor for rbcL mRNA accumulation. Whereas it has been previously designated as a stabilization factor for the abovementioned transcript, MRL1 appeared also to have a function in rbcL translation.Most notably, I have demonstrated that in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Rubisco expression is controlled by the small subunit (SSU) presence. In its absence rbcL undergoes an inhibition of translation through its own product – the unassembled Rubisco large subunit. This process depends on LSU-oligomerization state as I was able to show that the presence of a high order LSU assembly intermediate bound to the RAF1 assembly chaperone is essential for the regulation to occur. In parallel I shed light on the fate of unassembled LSU in a deregulated CES context, thereby improving our understanding of the process of its folding and assembly.

After contacting Ragnar Tengstrand, the supervisor, I was determined to develop a baby carriage that will have a fan that gives cold during the summer period and a heat sink that will provide heat during the winter period. Only the frame of the stroller appeared within the delimitation of this project, but consideration was given to the location of the fan, powerbank, and the heat sink.   The work began with information searching for prams, competitors, medical visits and consumer interviews. Then a number of sketches were developed and were shown to the supervisor. From these terms, the one who was called "Product development of cooling/heating system for baby carriage" was chosen. This was further developed as well as CAD files, sketches and drawings were made for.

Plasten Polyvinylklorid har under lång tid kritiserats ur miljösynpunkt på grund av plastens hälsofarliga beståndsdelar. PVC har medfört enorma miljöskador på ozonskiktet som orsakats av klorfluorkolväten men det som framförallt varit bekymrande på senare tid är mjukningsmedel som har skapat oro över deras möjliga hormonstörande effekter. Detta har medfört en politisk osäkerhet och otrygghet för företag som arbetar med PVC. Företaget HRD Carpets AB önskar utveckla ett alternativt ersättningsmaterial för PVC plastmattor och ser helst fram emot en biobaserad lösning. Syftet med denna studie är att finna ett lämpligt ersättningsmaterial för PVC plastmattor. Målet har varit att genomföra en studie som ger underlag för ett alternativt ersättningsmaterial som går att vidareutveckla i form av fortsatta studier. Kravspecifikationen har varit utgångspunkten i denna studie för att finna ett lämpligt ersättningsmaterial. De mekaniska egenskaperna för PVC plasten som används i fabriken har identifierats och tolkats genom ett dragprovningstest som genomförts. Dessa egenskaper har varit de elementära kraven tillsammans med övriga krav som framgår i kravspecifikationen. I denna studie undersöks alternativa biomaterial samt syntetiska material. Med hjälp utav programvaran Cambridge Engineering Selector har ett urval av material tagits fram och undersökts genom en urvalsprocess. Genom intervjuer, publikationer, journaler och litteraturer har biobaserade alternativ undersökts. Resultatet visade att den syntetiska plasten Polybutylentereftalat (PBT) tillsammans med färgämnen uppfyller de basala krav för det tillämpningsområdet som undersöks. Resultatet visade att biomaterialet Polymjölksyra (PLA) och Polybutensuccinat (PBS) uppfyller samtliga krav och kan lämpa sig som alternativa lösningar. Dessa material har dock en kort livslängd och att öka materialets hållbarhet är en utmaning med dessa biomaterial. / The Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) has been criticized from an environmental point of view due to the plastic's hazardous components for a long time. PVC has caused enormous environmental damage to the ozone layer caused by chlorofluorocarbons. The plasticizers used for PVC are concerning because of their possible endocrine disrupting effects. This has led to political uncertainty and insecurity for companies working with PVC. The company HRD Carpets AB wishes to develop an alternative replacement material for PVC plastic carpets and looks preferably towards a bio-based solution. The purpose of this study is to find a suitable replacement material for PVC plastic carpets. The goal of this study is to provide a basis for an alternative replacement material and can be further developed in the form of further studies. The requirements specifications have been the starting point in this study to find a suitable replacement material. The mechanical properties of PVC, which is used in the company, have been identified and interpreted through a tensile test. These properties have been the elementary requirements combined with other requirements that appear in the requirements specification. This study examines alternative biomaterials and synthetic materials. With the help of the Cambridge Engineering Selector software, a selection of materials was found through a selection process. Then through interviews, publications, journals and literature, bio-based alternatives have been explored. The results showed that the synthetic plastic Polybutylene Terephthalate (PBT) together with color additives meet the basic requirements specification being investigated. The results also showed that the biomaterial Polylactic Acid (PLA) and Polybutene Succinate (PBS) meet the requirements and can function as alternative solutions. However, these materials have a short lifespan, increasing the durability of the material is a challenge with these biomaterials.

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Un des défis majeurs en traitement radar consiste à identifier une cible cachée dans un environnement bruité. Pour ce faire, il est nécessaire de caractériser finement les propriétés statistiques du bruit, en particulier sa matrice de covariance. Sous l'hypothèse gaussienne, cette dernière est estimée par la matrice de covariance empirique (SCM) dont le comportement est parfaitement connu. Cependant, dans de nombreuses applications actuelles, tels les systèmes radar modernes à haute résolution par exemple, les données collectées sont de nature hétérogène, et ne peuvent être proprement décrites par un processus gaussien. Pour pallier ce problème, les distributions symétriques elliptiques complexes, caractérisant mieux ces phénomènes physiques complexes, ont été proposées. Dans ce cas, les performances de la SCM sont très médiocres et les M-estimateurs apparaissent comme une bonne alternative, principalement en raison de leur flexibilité par rapport au modèle statistique et de leur robustesse aux données aberrantes et/ou aux données manquantes. Cependant, le comportement de tels estimateurs reste encore mal compris. Dans ce contexte, les contributions de cette thèse sont multiples.D'abord, une approche originale pour analyser les propriétés statistiques des M-estimateurs est proposée, révélant que les propriétés statistiques des M-estimateurs peuvent être bien approximées par une distribution de Wishart. Grâce à ces résultats, nous analysons la décomposition de la matrice de covariance en éléments propres. Selon l'application, la matrice de covariance peut posséder une structure particulière impliquant valeurs propres multiples contenant les informations d'intérêt. Nous abordons ainsi divers scénarios rencontrés dans la pratique et proposons des procédures robustes basées sur des M-estimateurs. De plus, nous étudions le problème de la détection robuste du signal. Les propriétés statistiques de diverses statistiques de détection adaptative construites avec des M-estimateurs sont analysées. Enfin, la dernière partie de ces travaux est consacrée au traitement des images radar à synthèse d'ouverture polarimétriques (PolSAR). En imagerie PolSAR, un effet particulier appelé speckle dégrade considérablement la qualité de l'image. Dans cette thèse, nous montrons comment les nouvelles propriétés statistiques des M-estimateurs peuvent être exploitées afin de construire de nouvelles techniques pour la réduction du speckle. / One of the main challenges in radar processing is to identify a target hidden in a disturbance environment. To this end, the noise statistical properties, especially the ones of the disturbance covariance matrix, need to be determined. Under the Gaussian assumption, the latter is estimated by the sample covariance matrix (SCM) whose behavior is perfectly known. However, in many applications, such as, for instance, the modern high resolution radar systems, collected data exhibit a heterogeneous nature that cannot be adequately described by a Gaussian process. To overcome this problem, Complex Elliptically Symmetric distributions have been proposed since they can correctly model these data behavior. In this case, the SCM performs very poorly and M-estimators appear as a good alternative, mainly due to their flexibility to the statistical model and their robustness to outliers and/or missing data. However, the behavior of such estimators still remains unclear and not well understood. In this context, the contributions of this thesis are multiple.First, an original approach to analyze the statistical properties of M-estimators is proposed, revealing that the statistical properties of M-estimators can be approximately well-described by a Wishart distribution. Thanks to these results, we go further and analyze the eigendecomposition of the covariance matrix. Depending on the application, the covariance matrix can exhibit a particular structure involving multiple eigenvalues containing the information of interest. We thus address various scenarios met in practice and propose robust procedures based on M-estimators. Furthermore, we study the robust signal detection problem. The statistical properties of various adaptive detection statistics built with M-estimators are analyzed. Finally, the last part deals with polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) image processing. In PolSAR imaging, a particular effect called speckle significantly degrades the image quality. In this thesis, we demonstrate how the new statistical properties of M-estimators can be exploited in order to build new despeckling techniques.

The elasticity of factor substitution between capital and labor is a crucial parameter in many economic fields. However, despite extensive research, there is no agreement on its value. Utilizing 738 estimates from 41 studies published between 1961 and 2016, this paper provides the first meta-regression analysis of capital-labor substitution elasticities for the U.S. economy. We show that heterogeneity in reported estimates is driven by the choice of estimation equations, the modeling of technological dynamics, and data characteristics. Based on the underlying meta-regression sample and a "best practice" specification, we estimate a long-run elasticity in the range of 0.6 to 0.7. For all estimated elasticities the hypothesis of a Cobb-Douglas production function is rejected.

This work deals with the classroom climate. The aim is to measure and compare the classroom climate at chosen South Bohemian primary and secondary schools. The work consists of two parts. The first part is theoretical and deals with the basic concepts related to the classroom climate. It deals with the school class as a social group, the position of students in the group, key players and climate determinants as well as with the developmental stages of adolescence, also with the differences between elementary and secondary grammar schools and the possibilities of measuring classroom climate. The second part, which is the fundamental for this work, defines the objectives, assumptions and research methods. In conclusion, the measurement results, their interpretation and verification of assumptions are set.

The goal of this diploma thesis is to provide basic orientation in the topic of the climate of classroom and key concepts of this topic. Another goal of the thesis is to compare climates of different classrooms at two secondary schools of the same specialization. Theoretical part of the thesis defines the basic terms ? environment, atmosphere, climate, critical event and other related terms such as social group. It also discusses participants in the climate and focuses on climate types and current approaches to its measurement and evaluation. Practical part then sets goals and assumptions for evaluation, describes the useable method of evaluation, course of evaluation and in the end the assumptions are being checked.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to assess the climate in the classroom on the second substage of the elementary school in the context of the ongoing reform of the education system. In the theoretical section are explained basic concepts - for example social group, social roles, positions in groups, school climate, class climate. There are also described determinants of class climate, climate participants and there aren´t missing current approaches to study the class climate. The conclusion explains what is school reform. In the practical part are defined objectives and assumptions. There are further specified measurement method and the measurement process. At the end assumptions are authenticated.

The main issue of this diploma thesis is the class climate. The goal of this thesis is to characterize, evaluate and compare the class climate measured in some selected schools in České Budějovice. In the theoretical part there are the essential terms established. For example terms class environment, atmosphere and class climate. It also deals with school classroom as a social group, about the participants of class climate, about school climate. There are also some contemporary approaches to study the class climate. The practical part defines the goals, assumptions and methods of the research. Next, there are the results of the research stated and interpreted. In the end there are the assumptions of this research being tested.