La thèse s'intéresse aux deux écoulements présents en aviron, autour du bateau et de la palette, et aux interactions avec le système bateau-avirons-rameur. Le premier est inhabituel en hydrodynamique, à cause du cavalement important et des mouvements secondaires. La complexité du second provient de l'instationnarité et de la déformation de la surface libre. L'objectif consiste à mettre en oeuvre des méthodes numériques performantes et précises puis à les valider pour, à plus long terme, les réutiliser à des fins d'analyse et d’optimisation de la performance en aviron.Ces simulations instationnaires à surface libre sont coûteuses en ressources pour les codes RANS. Un algorithme de sub-cycling a été développé et validé sur plusieurs cas test, diminuant les temps CPU d'un facteur 3 à 4, sans perte de précision. Il est compatible avec la déformation et le raffinement automatique de maillage. Deux bases de données expérimentales sont exploitées pour chaque écoulement afin de valider le cadre de simulation. Pour celui autour de la palette, une campagne in situ et une autre en laboratoire sont utilisées. Dans les deux cas, les profils d'efforts sont bien capturés, compte tenu des incertitudes cumulées liées à la mesure indirecte de la cinématique de la palette par rapport à l'eau. Pour le skiff en configuration instationnaire, les efforts fluctuants sont bien capturés, en amplitude et en phase, pour des fréquences typiques. Des écarts inattendus (de l'ordre de 10%) sont constatés sur la valeur moyenne et restent pour le moment sans réponse probante. La structure d'une co-simulation entre les résolutions des écoulements et celle de la dynamique du système multicorps est initiée. / The thesis focuses on the two flows occurring in rowing,around the boat and the blade, and on interactions with theboat-oars-rower system. The first flow is unusual in hydrodynamics because of the large surge and secondary motions. The complexity of the second one comes from the unsteadiness and the free surface deformation. The goal is to set up efficient and accurate numerical methods to reproduce these flows and then to validate them for the purpose of analysis and optimisation of the performance in rowing.Those unsteady computations with free surface are cost lyin resources for RANS codes. A sub-cycling algorithm was developed and validated on several test cases, allowing to decrease the CPU time by a factor of 3 to 4, without loss of accuracy. It is compatible with mesh deformation and automatic grid refinement. Two experimental databases are exploited for each flow in order to validate the frame of simulation. For the flow around the blade, an in-situ campaign and a more controlled one conducted in laboratory, are used. In both cases, the profiles of the efforts are well captured, considering the cumulative uncertainties linked to the indirect measurement of the blade kinematics relative to the water. For the skiff in unsteady state, the fluctuating forces are well captured, in terms of amplitudes and phases, for typical frequencies. Unexpected errors (around10%) are observed for the mean value and remain unexplained for now. The structure of a co-simulation between the resolutions of the flows and the resolution of the dynamics of the multibody system is initiated.

Allmänna bad bidrar i hög grad till att främja allmänhetens hälsa och välbefinnande. De erbjuder möjlighet till motion och rekreation för människor i alla åldrar. För att badgäster ska trivas och må bra krävs det att vatten- och luftkvalitet håller hög nivå. I syfte att förhindra spridning av sjukdomsalstrande organismer mellan badgäster används klor som en central komponent för att desinficera vattnet. Kloret lämnar dock restprodukter efter sig, främst trikloramin som påverkar människors hälsa negativt. Trikloramin samlas över vattenytan och stannar kvar i andningszonen om inte föroreningarna transporteras bort via luftrörelser.I Nolhaga simhall sker fram till 2018 en ombyggnad av anläggningen. Rapporten berör den nya ventilationslösning som kommer att användas till motionsbassängen. För att studera hur denna lösning fungerar och hur god luftväxling den skapar över vattenytan har en modell av simhallen skapats i CAD-program. Luftflöden har sedan simulerats i en förenklad CFD modellen och jämförts med ett röktest i en liknande simhall. Utöver den lösning som är tänkt att byggas har ett alternativ med kompletterande frånluftsdon i golvnivå simulerats.Resultatet indikerar att lufthastigheter över vattenytan ligger inom de rekommendationer som finns angivna. Luften har en tendens att röra sig i lokalen med ett återcirkulerande beteende där tilluften följer taket in i hallen för att sedan gå ner vid bakre väggen och tillbaka över vattenytan. Luftrörelserna följer detta beteende oberoende om frånluftsdonet är placerat i golv- eller taknivå. Någon skillnad i mängd bortfört trikloramin kan inte säkerställas med de metoder som använts i rapporten. Röktestet gav inte ett tillräckligt tydligt resultat för att några kopplingar till simulering ska kunna göras.Brist på tid, förkunskaper och erfarenhet inom området gör att osäkerheten kring de resultat som nåtts är stor. Mer arbete inom CFD och badhusventilation krävs för att öka trovärdigheten. / Public baths contributes significantly to the promotion of public health and wellbeing. To be able to supply a pleasant experience for bathers, a high quality of water and air is required. To avoid spreading of pathogens between bathers, Chlorine is used as a central component for disinfecting the water. Chlorine residues such as Trichloramine affect human health and are concentrated above the water surface and will remain in the breathing zone unless the pollution is carried away by air movement.Nolhaga public bath is undergoing a renovation and this report is a study of the new ventilation system which has been installed. To investigate the air flow pattern in the hall a CAD model of the space was created. CFD software was used to simulate airflow in the model. Results have also been compared with a smoke test, performed in a similar building. In addition to the suggested solution a different approach, with additional exhaust air vents placed at floor level, has been tested.The results show that the air speeds over the water surface are within the given recommendations. The air has a tendency to move around in the room with a recirculating behaviour where the supply air follows the roof to the back wall and then returns over the surface of the water. This kind of behaviour might be beneficial for removing Trichloramines if exhaust air vents are placed near the air supply units. This method uses the air movement to remove pollutants where the concentration is highest and removes them from the building. Performed smoke test gave only vague indications that the simulation results can be linked to actual air movement due to the small amount of information it provided.Due to the lack of time, knowledge and experience in the field, the uncertainty of the achieved results is great. Additional work in CFD and ventilation of public baths is required to enhance credibility of results.

Toute surface naturelle est par essence non lisse, elle est constituée de rugosités plus ou moins régulières et / ou de structures mobiles d’échelles variées. D’un point de vue mécanique des fluides, ces surfaces naturelles proposent des meilleures performances aérodynamiques en terme de réduction de traînée, d’augmentation de la portance ou de contrôle du décollement lorsqu’elles couvrent des corps en mouvement. Cela a été notament prouvé pour des écoulements de couches limites ou de sillage, autour de corps épais. La simulation numérique d’écoulements aux échelles microscopiques autour des surfaces « naturelles » demeure de nos jours encore hors de portée. En conséquence, la thèse a pour objet d’étudier la modélisation du glissement apparent de l’écoulement sur ce genre de surface, modélisée comme un milieu poreux, appliquant la théorie de la moyenne-volumique de Whitaker. Ce modèle mathématique permet globalement de représenter en moyenne les détails de la micro-structure de ses surfaces, tout en conservant une description satisfaisante des phénomènes physiques induits par l’écoulement. Le premier chapitre de ce manuscrit dresse un panorama des efforts antérieurs portant sur la modélisation de ces surfaces en précisant les résultats les plus importants issus de la littérature. Le deuxième chapitre présente la dérivation mathématique des équations de Navier- Stokes en moyenne volumique (VANS en anglais) dans un milieu poreux. Dans le troisième chapitre est étudiée la stabilité de l’écoulement à l’interface entre un fluide libre et un milieu poreux, constitué d'une série de cylindres rigides. La présence de cette couche poreuse est traitée par un terme de traînée dans les équations du fluide. On montre que l'ajout de ce terme réduit les taux d’amplification de l’instabilité de Kelvin-Helmholtz sur toute la gamme des nombre d’onde et ainsi augmente la longueur d’onde du mode le plus amplifié. Dans ce même contexte a été calculée la différence entre un modèle isotrope et une approche tensorielle pour le terme de traînée, afin de déterminer l’approche la plus consistante pour une étude de stabilité de ce type d’écoulement. Cela a mené à la conclusion que le modèle le plus pertinent est celui utilisant le tenseur de perméabilité apparent. Dans le chapitre suivant le tenseur de perméabilité apparent est identifié sur la base d’une centaine de simulations numériques directes, pour un milieu poreux tridimensionnel constitué de cylindres rigides, où le problème de fermeture est abordé par la méthode VANS. Dans ces configurations ce tenseur varie en fonction de quatre paramètres : le nombre de Reynolds, la porosité et l’orientation du gradient moyen de pression définie par deux angles d’Euler. Cette paramétrisation permet de capturer les effets tridimensionnels locaux. Cette base de données ainsi constituée a permis de créer, une approche de type kriging, un métamodèle comportemental pour estimer toutes les composantes du tenseur de perméabilité apparente. Dans le cinquième chapitre sont menées des simulations des équations VANS à l’échelle macroscopique après implémentation du méta-modèle qui autorise des temps de calcul raisonnables. La validation de l’approche à l’échelle macroscopique est effectuée sur un écoulement dans une cavité fermé couverte d’une couche poreuse et une comparaison avec les résultats d’un DNS très précise, homogénéisés a posteriori montre un très bon accord et démontre la pertinence de la démarche. L’étape suivante a consisté en l’étude du contrôle du décollement pour un écoulement autour d’une bosse poreuse par cette même approche VANS macroscopique. Enfin des conclusions générales et des directions de recherche possibles sont présentées dans le dernier chapitre. / Any natural surface is in essence non-smooth, consisting of more or less regular roughness and/or mobile structures of different scales. From a fluid mechanics point of view, these natural surfaces offer better aerodynamic performances when they cover moving bodies, in terms of drag reduction, lift enhancement or control of boundary layer separation; this has been shown for boundary layer or wake flows around thick bodies. The numerical simulation of microscopic flows around "natural" surfaces is still out of reach today. Therefore, the goal of this thesis is to study the modeling of the apparent flow slip occurring on this kind of surfaces, modeled as a porous medium, applying Whitaker's volume averaging theory. This mathematical model makes it possible to capture details of the microstructure while preserving a satisfactory description of the physical phenomena which occur. The first chapter of this manuscript provides an overview of previous efforts to model these surfaces, detailing the most important results from the literature. The second chapter presents the mathematical derivation of the volume-averaged Navier-Stokes equations (VANS) in a porous medium. In the third chapter the flow stability at the interface between a free fluid and a porous medium, formed by a series of rigid cylinders, is studied. The presence of this porous layer is treated by including a drag term in the fluid equations. It is shown that the presence of this term reduces the rates of amplification of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability over the whole range of wavenumbers, thus leading to an increase of the wavelength of the most amplified mode. In this same context, the difference between the isotropic model and a tensorial approach for the drag term has been evaluated, to determine the most consistent approach to study these flow instabilities. This has led to the conclusion that the model that uses the apparent permeability tensor is the most relevant one. In the following chapter, based on this last result, the apparent permeability tensor, based on over one hundred direct numerical simulations carried out over microscopic unit cells, has been identified for a three-dimensional porous medium consisting of rigid cylinders. In these configurations the tensor varies according to four parameters: the Reynolds number, the porosity and the direction of the average pressure gradient, defined by two Euler angles. This parameterization makes it possible to capture local three-dimensional effects. This database has been set up to create, based on a kriging-type approach, a behavioral metamodel for estimating all the components of the apparent permeability tensor. In the fifth chapter, simulations of the VANS equations are carried out on a macroscopic scale after the implementation of the metamodel, to get reasonable computing times. The validation of the macroscopic approach is performed on a closed cavity flow covered with a porous layer and a comparison with the results of a very accurate DNS, homogenized a posteriori, has shown a very good agreement and has demonstrated the relevance of the approach. The next step has been the study of the passive control of the separation of the flow past a hump which is placed on a porous wall, by the same macroscopic VANS approach. Finally, general conclusions and possible directions of research in the field are presented in the last chapter.

Dans certaines conditions de température et de débit, l’eau naturellement présente dans le kérosène va givrer l’intérieur des conduites du système carburant avion. Ces dépôts peuvent libérer des particules de glace qui sont entrainées par l’écoulement, et provoquent le colmatage des équipements hydrauliques situés en aval. Ce phénomène fut mis en évidence suite à l’accident d’un Boeing 777 en 2008, aussi sa compréhension est un enjeu important pour les acteurs de l’industrie aéronautique. Un dispositif a été spécialement conçu pour reproduire cette menace de façon quantifiée. De l’eau est atomisée dans un écoulement à basse température, puis cristallise pour former une suspension qui vient colmater différentes cibles perforées. Les températures, débits et pertes de charge sont mesurées, et le phénomène est filmé par une caméra haute fréquence. Un modèle a été réalisé à partir de cesobservations, complétées par des données issues de la littérature et de retoursd’expérience. Pour la phase fluide, les équations de Navier-Stokes incompressibles sont résolues par une approche volumes finis. Le couplage pression-vitesse est obtenu par l’algorithme SIMPLE et l’ordre élevé au moyen de la méthode MLS. La phase solide est simulée par éléments discrets. L’interaction fluide-particules repose sur une approche de type milieu poreux. Un code CFD-DEM parallèle a été développé, et les premières simulations d’écoulement en milieu granulaire sont en bon agrément avec des résultats expérimentaux. / Water, which exists naturally in jet-engine fuel, may freeze within theaircraft fuel pipes under certain temperatures and flow rates. The ice particles released by these deposits are entrained by the flow, and clog the hydraulics downstream. The understanding of this phenomenon, highlighted by the crash of a Boeing 777 in 2008, is an important issue for the aviation industry. Therefore a device has been designed to reproduce this threat in a controlled and quantified way. Water is atomized in low temperature jet-engine fuel and the droplets crystallize. The resulting slurry clogs different kinds of perforated targets. Temperatures, flow rates and pressure drops are monitored, and the phenomenon is filmed by a high frequency camera. A model was constructed based on these observations and data from literature and feedbacks. For the fluid phase, the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations are solved within a finite volume framework. The pressure-velocity coupling is achieved using the SIMPLE algorithm and high order of accuracy thanks to the MLS method. The solid phase is simulated using discrete elements. The fluid-particle interaction is based on a porous medium approach. A CFD-DEM parallel code has been developed to run the model. The first simulations of flow through granular media are in good agreement with experimental results.

Les joints sans contact sont des solutions d’étanchéité optimales pour les systèmes mécaniques fonctionnant à des vitesses relativement élevées. Ils ont une durée de vie importante et ont été proposés pour une utilisation dans les moteurs spatiaux. Une type de joints d'étanchéité sans contact, le joint visqueux, est étudié en détail dans ce travail de thèse au moyen d'une analyse numérique et expérimentale. Ce travail présente un modèle numérique développé pour prédire le comportement du joint visqueux en régime laminaire et turbulent. L’interface liquide-air dans le joint est également étudiée en utilisant une approche CFD basée sur la méthode VOF. La conception et la réalisation d’un dispositif expérimental a permis de confronter les résultats numériques et expérimentaux, l’écart entre les deux approches n’excède pas 10% dans 95% des cas étudiés. / Contactless seals are optimal sealing solution for mechanical systems operating with relatively high speeds. They have an important operation life time, and they were proposed for use in space engines. One sub-category of non-contact seals, the viscoseal, is studied in detail in this work through a numerical and experimental analysis. This work presents a numerical model developed to predict the viscoseal performance in laminar and turbulent regime. Furthermore the sealing performance of the viscoseal is investigated for different geometrical characteristics of the seal. The interface liquid-air in the seal is also studied using a CFD approach based on VOF method. The design and installation of an experimental device allowed the comparison of the numerical and experimental results, the difference between the two does not exceed 10% for 95% of studied cases.

Ces travaux ont pour contexte de participer à l’optimisation les cycles de décontamination des salles propres en utilisant un nouveau système de décontamination. Le principe de ce système est de décontaminer un volume par condensation de vapeur de peroxyde d’hydrogène sur toutes les parois intérieures du volume. Différents modèles de condensation et d’évaporation pariétaux ont été étudiés, développés et implémentés dans un code CFD, en incluant des modèles simples ainsi que des modèles plus complexes prenant en compte la forme de la phase liquide pariétale. En parallèle, afin de valider les modèles, un dispositif expérimental d’isolateur pour la décontamination a été utilisé afin de créer une base de données expérimentale de condensation de vapeur. Enfin, la validation de ce modèle numérique a été réalisée en comparant les résultats numériques fournis par le modèle développé dans une reproduction numérique de l’isolateur expérimental avec les résultats des expérimentations. / The context of this work is to contribute to the optimization of clean room decontamination cycles by using a new decontamination system. The concept of this system is to decontaminate a volume by condensing hydrogen peroxide vapour on all the inner walls of the volume. Different models of wall condensation and evaporation have been studied, developed and implemented in a CFD code, including simple models as well as more complex models taking into account the shape of the liquid phase at the wall. In parallel, in order to validate the models, an experimental isolator device for decontamination was used to create an experimental steam condensation database. Finally, the validation of this numerical model was carried out by comparing the numerical results provided by the model developed in a digital reproduction of the experimental isolator with the results of the experiments.

O processo de flotação por ar dissolvido antecedendo a filtração, constitui hoje técnica já consolidada para clarificação de água para abastecimento. Apesar de apresentar elevada eficiência de remoção de partículas em suspensão e das diversas vantagens associadas a sua utilização, ainda existem particularidades deste processo pouco conhecidas. Visando compreender melhor a flotação por ar dissolvido e contribuir para a otimização das unidades existentes e também nos projetos de novas unidades, foram utilizadas técnicas de fluidodinâmica computacional para estudar as condições de escoamento entre água e ar observadas numa unidade piloto de flotação. A flotação foi investigada através de simulações em ambiente de CFD, acoplado a experimentos laboratoriais em instalação piloto de flotação por ar dissolvido. Estes últimos compreenderam a execução de ensaios com traçador para obtenção das curvas de distribuição de tempo de residência na unidade em questão e também por testes com sonda do tipo Micro ADV para levantamento do perfil de velocidades de escoamento no interior da unidade piloto. Os resultados das análises experimentais com sonda Micro ADV indicaram a presença de escoamento estratificado na região superior da zona de separação da unidade piloto. As curvas de distribuição do tempo de residência apontaram para escoamento do tipo pistonado. O tempo de detenção observado nos ensaios foi de 19,29 e 18,66 minutos respectivamente para escoamento somente de água e sem recirculação e escoamento entre água e ar. As simulações em CFD confirmaram a presença de escoamento estratificado na zona de separação e também a presença de uma manta de microbolhas de ar na mesma. Os resultados foram sensíveis ao diâmetro de microbolhas testado, com maior concentração de ar na zona de separação quando testados diâmetros de microbolhas menores que 60 µm. As curvas de distribuição de tempo de residência obtidas nas simulações em CFD foram capazes de representar o escoamento entre água e ar. O tempo de detenção hidráulico simulado foi de 14,24 e 18,90 minutos respectivamente para as mesmas condições experimentais testadas. De uma maneira geral, as simulações em CFD foram capazes de reproduzir as condições de escoamento entre ar e água observadas na unidade piloto de flotação, os resultados computacionais são condizentes com aqueles obtidos nos ensaios experimentais. / The dissolved air flotation process preceding filtration, consist in established technique for clarification of water supply. Despite presenting high suspended particle removal efficiency and the various advantages associated with their use, there are still a few particularities of this process slightly unknown. To better understand the dissolved air flotation and contribute to the optimization of the existing units and also in projects of new units, computational fluid dynamics techniques were used to study the flow conditions between water and air observed in a flotation pilot plant. The flotation process was investigated in CFD environment, coupled to laboratory experiments in dissolved air flotation scale pilot plant. The latter comprised running tests with tracer to obtain the residence time distribution curves in the pilot plant, tests with micro ADV probe were also conducted for raising the flow velocity profile within the unit. The results of micro ADV experimental analyzes indicated the presence of stratified flow in the upper region of the separation zone of the pilot plant. The residence time distribution curves pointed to plug flow. The retention time observed in the experiments were 19,29 and 18,66 minutes, respectively for the flow of water only and without recirculation and flow of water and air. The CFD simulations confirmed the presence of stratified flow in the separation zone and also the presence of a microbubble air blanket therein. The results were sensitive to the diameter of microbubbles tested, with bigger air concentration in the separation zone when tested with microbubbles diameters smaller than 60 micrometers. The residence time distribution curves obtained in CFD simulations were able to represent the water and air flow. The simulated hydraulic retention times obtained were 14,24 and 18,90 minutes, respectively, for the same experimental conditions. In general, the CFD simulations were able to reproduce the flow conditions observed between air and water in the flotation pilot plant, the computational results were consistent to those obtained in the experiments.

A flotação por ar dissolvido é atualmente muito utilizada e reconhecida como uma técnica eficiente para o tratamento de águas para abastecimento. Diversos estudos vêm sendo realizados para aprimoramento desta técnica e das características físicas das unidades, dentre estes o estudo do emprego de ferramenta de simulação computacional do escoamento (CFD) para melhor compreensão da estrutura de escoamento dentro dos tanques e da influência de diversos parâmetros no processo, de modo a auxiliar nas etapas de projeto e melhorias das unidades. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho propôs a verificação do potencial de utilização da ferramenta computacional CFD para representação do escoamento em uma unidade piloto de flotação por ar dissolvido de grande porte. A pesquisa foi dividida em cinco etapas: as Etapas I e II compreenderam a validação dos modelos adotados através da variação do diâmetro de microbolhas e comparação com resultados experimentais de ADV de Escher (2011), na Zona de Separação, e de Patrizzi (2005), em ambas as zonas do reator; na Etapa III, foram realizadas quatro simulações com uma das configurações da Etapa I, variando a condição de contorno de superfície e de saída do flotador, de modo a calibrar o modelo; na Etapa IV, foram realizadas cinco simulações com um dos modelos da Etapa III, variando a geometria da unidade para análise da influência destas na estrutura de escoamento; e, finalmente, na Etapa V, uma mesma configuração de operação e geometria foi empregada em três variações do modelo, por meio de mudanças na condição de contorno de saída e na abordagem Eulerian-Eulerian ou Eulerian-Lagrangian. Nas Etapas I, II e V, a superfície d\'água foi modelada como parede porosa sem atrito (permitindo a saída do ar), nas Etapas III e IV, esta foi modelada como superfície livre. Além dos resultados experimentais de ADV das autoras citadas, foram utilizados como base para avaliação dos resultados numéricos, os valores de concentração de ar e gradiente de velocidade. Os resultados mostraram que as simulações com parede porosa subestimaram os vetores de velocidade próximos à superfície, porém apresentaram resultados de concentração de ar próximos ao esperado. Em contrapartida, as simulações com superfície livre foram capazes de reproduzir melhor a turbulência próxima à superfície d\'água, entretanto, não descreveram bem a concentração de microbolhas no meio líquido. / The dissolved air flotation is currently widely used and recognized as an effective technique for the treatment of water for supply. Several studies have been conducted to perfect this technique and the physical characteristics of units, among them the application of computational flow simulation (CFD) to better understand the flow structure inside the tanks and the influence of various parameters on the process, to aid in the design steps and improvements of the units. In this context, the present study aimed to verify the potential use of CFD computational tool to represent the flow in a large scale pilot unit of dissolved air flotation. The research was divided into five stages: Stages I and II comprised the validation of the adopted models by varying the diameter of microbubbles and comparison with experimental results of ADV from Escher (2011), in the Separation Zone, and Patrizzi (2005) in both reactor zones; in Step III, four simulations were carried out with a group of settings of Step I, varying boundary conditionsof the surface and outlet of the flotation unit, in order to calibrate the model; in Step IV five simulations were performed using one of the models of Step III, varying the geometry of the unit to analyze the influence on the flow structure; and finally, in Step V, the same geometry and operating configuration was tested in three variants of the model, by changingboundary conditions and outlet in Eulerian-Eulerian or Eulerian- Lagrangian approaches. In Steps I, II and V, the water surface was modeled as a frictionless porous wall (allowing air to scape), while in Steps III and IV, it was modeled as a free surface. In addition to the ADV experimental results of cited authors, were also used as basis for evaluating the numerical results, values of air concentration and velocity gradient. The results showed that simulations with porous wall underestimated the velocity vectors near the surface, although, these results showed air concentration close to expected values. In contrast, simulations with free surface were able to better represent the turbulence near the water surface, however, were unable to describe the concentration of microbubbles in the liquid medium.

A fluidização é uma operação unitária presente nas indústrias química, farmacêutica e alimentícia. Durante a fluidização, o leito de partículas sólidas é suspenso por um fluxo ascendente de gás. A velocidade mínima de fluidização indica a menor velocidade do gás em que as partículas iniciam a agitação, enquanto a velocidade terminal é caracterizada pela elutriação, ou arraste de partículas juntamente com o gás. Portanto, um leito fluidizado deve operar em uma velocidade de gás que esteja entre a velocidade mínima de fluidização e a velocidade terminal de arraste. No entanto, os sólidos particulados coesivos, caracterizadas pelo grupo de Geldart C, são difíceis de serem fluidizados, devido à formação de canais preferenciais, e são facilmente elutriados. Neste trabalho estudou-se a fluidização de partículas de amido de milho pela passagem de ar a 27 °C. O amido de milho obteve diâmetro médio mássico e densidade do sólido iguais a 30,3 µm e 1446,7 kg/m3, e pôde ser caracterizado como um sólido particulado coesivo, em que a velocidade efetiva de fluidização e velocidade terminal foram iguais a (0,66 e 0,68) m/s, respectivamente. A qualidade da fluidização foi aprimorada pelo uso da pulsação do gás, que possibilitou reduzir a velocidade mínima de fluidização e ampliar a faixa de velocidade de fluidização, de forma a minimizar o arraste de sólidos por elutriação. As frequências de pulsação estudadas foram (0, 5, 10 e 15) Hz. Em uma primeira etapa, foram obtidos os perfis de velocidade queda de pressão a partir de ensaios experimentais. Posteriormente, os perfis experimentais foram utilizados para validação dos modelos de escoamento bifásico Euler-Euler, em simulações realizadas pelo software COMSOL. Dentre os principais resultados, destaca-se que os modelos numéricos puderem descrever com boa aproximação os perfis fluidodinâmicos do sistema binário amido e ar. A aproximação numérica somente foi obtida ao estabelecer um diâmetro equivalente com tamanho de 100 µm, que foi superior ao diâmetro médio mássico. Este resultado evidenciou que a fluidização ocorreu na forma de agregados de partículas, que é característico de sistemas coesivos. O uso da pulsação do ar também resultou ruptura de canais preferenciais, e permitiu o início da fluidização em menores velocidades do ar. / Fluidization is a unit operation in the chemical, pharmaceutical and food industries. During the fluidization, the solid particles is suspended by a stream air flow. The minimum fluidization velocity indicates the lowest gas velocity in which the particles begin agitation while the terminal velocity is characterized by elutriation, or drag the particles along with gas. Therefore, a fluidized bed must be operated at a gas velocity which is between the minimum fluidization velocity and the terminal velocity. However, cohesive solid particles, characterized by Geldart Group C, are difficult to be fluidized due to the formation of cracks and channeling and areeasily elutriated from chamber. In this work, the fluidization of cornstarch particles occurred by anair flow at 27 °C. Cornstarch showed a mean diameter and solid density equal to 30.3 µm and 1446.7 kg/m3 and could be characterized as a cohesive particulate solid. The effective fluidization velocity and the terminal velocity were equal to (0.66 and 0.68) m/s respectively. The fluidization quality was improved by the use of pulsation air flow. The minimum fluidization velocity was reduced, increasing the fluidization velocity operational range. The air pulsation frequency were studied at (0, 5, 10 and 15) Hz. In a first step, the experimental tests obtained the fluidynamics profiles of pressure drop versus air velocity. Subsequently, the experimental profiles were used to validate the Euler-Euler model in simulations by COMSOL software. The main results emphasized that the numerical models described the fluid dynamic profiles with good approximation. The numerical approach established an equivalent diameter of 100 µm, which was greater than the mass median diameter. This result showed that the fluidization occurred in the form of aggregates of particles, which is a characteristic of cohesive systems. The use of air pulsation also resulted in the rupture of channeling and allowed the fluidization at lower air velocities.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo formular um procedimento para a quantificação da vazão do ar promovida pela ação do vento no interior do edifício, em climas quentes. O procedimento é dividido em cinco partes: obtenção dos dados de vento, transposição dos dados de vento da estação meteorológica para a área de interesse, determinação dos coeficientes de pressão no edifício, determinação dos coeficientes de descarga das aberturas, e o cálculo da vazão no interior do edifício. Diversas ferramentas são apresentadas para a execução de cada etapa, e seu uso e parâmetros de entrada são discutidos. O uso de túnel de vento e a simulação com ferramentas de dinâmica dos fluidos computacional são apresentados em detalhes. O trabalho conclui que estão disponíveis aos projetistas um amplo conjunto de ferramentas para a predição da ventilação natural no interior do edifício, e que somente pelo seu uso criterioso, as conclusões são passiveis de uso no projeto arquitetônico. / The aim of this dissertation is to produce a procedure for wind-driven natural ventilation prediction, in hot climate building. The procedure is organized in five parts: wind data obtaining, topographic e roughness correction, pressure coefficient determination, discharge coefficient determination, and flow rate calculation inside the building. The dissertation presents some tools to execute each part of the procedure, and the specificities of those tools are discussed. Wind tunnel experiment and computation fluid dynamic simulation are presented in detail. The research conclusion is that designers have many tools avaliable to performe a natural ventilation prediction, but just concient use will produce reliable results for architectural design.