Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2018-09-21T16:24:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Jos? Ant?nio Souto Pinto.pdf: 1605055 bytes, checksum: ee4b6f9340c3b86023a9908239c90ee8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-21T16:24:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Jos? Ant?nio Souto Pinto.pdf: 1605055 bytes, checksum: ee4b6f9340c3b86023a9908239c90ee8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-05 / We live in a period of global climate change with severe climate manifestations, where rising global temperatures intensify the risks of climate disasters. Although the issue is considered a global problem, the consequences are perceived more seriously at the local level, and this complex reality presents difficulties for all, especially those responsible for public management. In this sense, the municipal sphere needs to work with active and coordinated public policies among its organs and with other spheres of government, as well as to involve the private sector in dealing with the issue of adaptation in view of the global dimension of climatic phenomena. This research aims to discuss the problem of the Municipal Coordination of Public Policies to deal with the adaptation to extreme events caused by climate change, and to analyze the importance of the Centro de Opera??es Rio (COR), located in Rio de Janeiro, as an instrument for the coordination of Public Policies. Two theoretical lines were explored in this research: the first one refers to the study of urban climatic risks, identifies what these risks are, their impacts and the consequences. This research presents a history of the climatic disasters that impacted the Municipality of Rio de Janeiro from 1991 to 2012, and showed the city's lack of preparation and vulnerability for adaptation and coping with these phenomena. The second theoretical line concerns the coordination of public policies - discusses both concepts and coordination in the horizontal, federative and in the relations between the public sector and the private segment. This research also presents the COR, its functions, organization and processes. As a result, this research argues that coordination consists of an important dimension of municipal public management and that COR as a public policy, but also as an organ that brings together in the same environment different agents involved with the daily routine of an urban center, is fundamental for the adaptation to the risks and climatic disasters of the Municipality of Rio de Janeiro. / Vivemos em um per?odo de altera??es clim?ticas globais com manifesta??es severas do clima, onde o aumento da temperatura do planeta intensifica os riscos de desastres clim?ticos. Apesar da quest?o ser considerada um problema global, as consequ?ncias s?o percebidas com maior gravidade em ?mbito local, e esta realidade complexa traz dificuldades a todos, sobretudo, aos respons?veis pela gest?o p?blica. Neste sentido, a esfera municipal necessita trabalhar com pol?ticas p?blicas ativas e coordenadas entre os seus ?rg?os e com as demais esferas de governo, al?m de envolver o segmento privado, para lidar com a quest?o da adapta??o, em vista da dimens?o global dos fen?menos clim?ticos. Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo discutir o problema da Coordena??o Municipal de Pol?ticas P?blicas para lidar com a adapta??o a eventos extremos causados por mudan?as clim?ticas, e do mesmo modo, analisar a import?ncia do Centro de Opera??es Rio (COR), localizado no munic?pio do Rio de Janeiro, como um instrumento de coordena??o de Pol?ticas P?blicas. Duas linhas te?ricas foram exploradas nesta pesquisa: a primeira refere-se ao estudo dos riscos clim?ticos urbanos, identifica quais s?o estes riscos, os seus impactos e as consequ?ncias. Esta pesquisa apresenta um hist?rico dos desastres clim?ticos que impactaram o Munic?pio do Rio de Janeiro de 1991 a 2012, e evidenciaram o despreparo e a vulnerabilidade da cidade para a adapta??o e o enfrentamento desses fen?menos. A segunda linha te?rica diz respeito ? coordena??o de pol?ticas p?blicas - discute ambos conceitos e a coordena??o nas dimens?es horizontal, federativa e nas rela??es entre o setor p?blico e o segmento privado. Esta pesquisa tamb?m apresenta o COR, suas fun??es, organiza??o e processos. Como resultado, esta pesquisa defende que a coordena??o consiste em uma dimens?o importante da gest?o p?blica municipal e o COR como uma pol?tica p?blica, mas igualmente como um ?rg?o que re?ne em um mesmo ambiente diferentes agentes envolvidos com a rotina di?ria de um centro urbano, ? fundamental para a adapta??o aos riscos e desastres clim?ticos do Munic?pio do Rio de Janeiro

Submitted by Elisangela Moura (lilaalves@gmail.com) on 2017-01-18T20:14:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Rep_PreservDig_ElisangelaMoura_2015_Dissert.pdf: 2907805 bytes, checksum: 53a7e65a623df76953852c0e238ec735 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Elisangela Moura (lilaalves@gmail.com) on 2017-01-18T20:14:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Rep_PreservDig_ElisangelaMoura_2015_Dissert.pdf: 2907805 bytes, checksum: 53a7e65a623df76953852c0e238ec735 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-18T20:14:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rep_PreservDig_ElisangelaMoura_2015_Dissert.pdf: 2907805 bytes, checksum: 53a7e65a623df76953852c0e238ec735 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07 / Os reposit?rios institucionais compreendem uma infraestrutura tecnol?gica e de servi?o que tem como finalidade a publica??o, acesso, uso e armazenamento de informa??o. Esses reposit?rios lidam com a produ??o intelectual de uma determinada institui??o, e est?o diretamente ligados as institui??es de ensino superior. Por?m, o ambiente tecnol?gico no qual se inserem ? fr?gil, e exp?e os formatos e suportes ? obsolesc?ncia. Com isso, a preserva??o digital, enquanto conjunto de processos que visa garantir a salvaguarda e acesso de longo prazo a essa produ??o, ganha fundamental import?ncia. Nesse sentido, atua a rede brasileira de servi?os de preserva??o intitulada Rede Cariniana, gerida pelo IBICT. A Rede utiliza o modelo de preserva??o digital distribu?da, operacionalizada atrav?s do software LOCKSS. Com o objetivo de apoiar um acordo de coopera??o entre a UFRN e o IBICT, este estudo prop?s um conjunto de requisitos m?nimos, direcionado para a UFRN e seu reposit?rio institucional, com o intuito de adequ?-lo ? Rede Cariniana, para com isso possibilitar a preserva??o e o acesso de longo prazo ? produ??o da UFRN. O conjunto ? voltado principalmente para a prepara??o dos documentos, visando trat?-los, para que sejam inseridos de forma adequada no reposit?rio e posteriormente incorporados ? Rede Cariniana. Com o conjunto proposto pretende-se apoiar o acordo de coopera??o e tratar a preserva??o digital da produ??o intelectual da UFRN a curto prazo, para que a institui??o possa construir, a m?dio e longo prazo, um Plano de Preserva??o Digital mais ambicioso, ou mesmo um Plano para certifica??o de seu reposit?rio. / Institutional repositories include a technological and service infrastructure that aims to publication, access, use and store information. These repositories handle intellectual production of a given institution, and are directly connected with higher education institutions. However, their technological environment is fragile, and exposes the formats and supports to obsolescence. Therefore, digital preservation, as a set of processes aimed at ensuring the safety and long-term access to this production, gain fundamental importance. ?Rede Cariniana?, the Brazilian network of preservation services managed by IBICT, is committed to solve this problem. The network uses the model of distributed digital preservation, operationalized through the LOCKSS software. With the goal of supporting a cooperation agreement between the UFRN and IBICT, this study proposes a set of minimum requirements, directed to the UFRN and its institutional repository, to tailor the repository to ?Rede Cariniana?, enabling the preservation and long-term access to the intellectual production of UFRN. The requirements concern mainly the preparation of documents, so that they are deposited properly in the repository and subsequently incorporated into ?Rede Cariniana?. The proposed set of requirements is aimed at supporting the working agreement and treat the digital preservation of UFRN intellectual production in the short term, enabling the institution to build, in a medium and long term, a more ambitious digital preservation plan, or a certification plan for its repository.

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2017-03-20T14:27:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013 - Let?cia Dias Lavor.pdf: 4101656 bytes, checksum: 3fa8834f7856c16ec86e11e23f14b43a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-20T14:27:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013 - Let?cia Dias Lavor.pdf: 4101656 bytes, checksum: 3fa8834f7856c16ec86e11e23f14b43a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-26 / This work relates to the theme Strategic People Management, has as its theme the assessment of individual performance (ADI) a public institution linked to the area of culture and comes against a researcher for the unrest, while managing, evaluating their peers and subordinates and be evaluated based on an assessment instrument performance individual who seems to have been perceived by employees as a tool only for grant of gratuity or punishment, thus being decoupled from its primary function is to serve as feedback for any management system. Given the above, a central research question was posed: What are the guidelines for the preparation of an instrument to assess individual performance for the Instituto do Patrim?nio Hist?rico e Art?stico Nacional (IPHAN) that is perceived by servers as a management tool relevant the reality of the organization? The methodological approach of this research was to collect qualitative and empirical data we conducted a focus group interview. It was concluded that in order to develop a tool that ADI is perceived as a management tool relevant to the organization it is necessary a policy of unifying communication to disseminate the goals of its strategic plan, its macro-processes and their indicators. We conclude further that the development of the ADI should be led by technicians whose training is recognized by the workforce and be based on the duties and responsibilities of the servers, which must also be mapped and translated into a new Job and Career Plan / Este trabalho refere-se ao tema Gest?o Estrat?gica de Pessoas, tem como tem?tica a avalia??o de desempenho individual (ADI) numa institui??o p?blica ligada ? ?rea da cultura e vem ao encontro de uma inquieta??o da pesquisadora para, enquanto gestora, avaliar seus pares e subordinados e ser avaliada com base em um instrumento de avalia??o de desempenho individual que parece ter sido percebido pelos funcion?rios como instrumento apenas para concess?o de gratifica??o ou puni??o, estando assim dissociado de sua fun??o primordial que ? a de servir como feedback para todo o sistema de gest?o. Diante do exposto, uma quest?o central de pesquisa foi colocada: quais s?o as diretrizes para a elabora??o de um instrumento de avalia??o de desempenho individual para o Instituto do Patrim?nio Hist?rico e Art?stico Nacional (IPHAN) que seja percebido pelos servidores como uma ferramenta de gest?o pertinente ? realidade da organiza??o? A abordagem metodol?gica desta pesquisa foi qualitativa e para coletar dados emp?ricos foi realizada uma entrevista de grupo focal. Concluiu-se que para se elaborar um instrumento de ADI que seja percebido como instrumento de gest?o pertinente ? organiza??o faz-se necess?rio uma pol?tica de comunica??o unificadora que dissemine os objetivos de seu planejamento estrat?gico, os seus macroprocessos e seus indicadores. Concluiu-se, ainda, que a elabora??o da ADI deve ser liderada por t?cnicos cuja capacita??o seja reconhecida pelo corpo funcional e ter por base as responsabilidades e atribui??es dos servidores, que precisam tamb?m ser mapeadas e traduzidas num novo Plano de Cargos e Carreira.

Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2018-09-04T15:44:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Riyuzo Ikeda J?nior.pdf: 11859958 bytes, checksum: b6090306c5f0974b7b1e442edcdc2343 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-04T15:44:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Riyuzo Ikeda J?nior.pdf: 11859958 bytes, checksum: b6090306c5f0974b7b1e442edcdc2343 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-18 / This dissertation aims to show how social management and social control are manifested as tools in the discussion processes in the public spheres (Civil Society, State and Market) in the Territory of Mega-projects, aiming at local development. Its specific objectives are to contextualize the sites from a historical and geographical perspective. To identify the Rio neighborhood of Santa Cruz and the city of Itagua? - RJ, before multidimensional aspects (political-institutional, social, environmental, territorial, economic and techno-scientific) exposing socioeconomic inequality through statistical parameters, define the theoretical framework in management Social and social control and multidimensional development, Identify how the instruments of management and social control (associations, councils and civil instruments - master plan, local controllers, courts of accounts, judicial police, public prosecutor, participatory budget - and legal - laws Public financial and general legal norms of social control, constitutionality control) are used by civil society, public authorities and market in the Territory of Mega-enterprises, to evaluate the Territory of Mega-projects under the perspective of Social Management and Social Control and its nexus with development Multidimensional location and dialogic relations. It is supposed that there is an imbalance in the power relations between civil society, public power and market based on investments of the mega-enterprises with no counterparts. Also is assumed that the low participation in the decision-making processes on the installation of companies and institutions in the Territory of the Mega-projects, since this deliberation left only and exclusively of the State. The neglect of the population to participate in the instruments of social control and social management ended up causing the multidimensional impacts verified in the region. The present dissertation has as a methodology a bibliographical analysis of descriptive research, historical and statistical database, field research and social immersion, interviews with local actors from the spheres of civil society, state and market. This dissertation concluded that despite the low social participation in the perception of local actors, social management and social control are actives in the form of existing instruments, such as councils, public agencies or even individual citizens, but without the directives of society itself. / Esta disserta??o tem como objetivo geral mostrar como se manifesta a gest?o social e o controle social como instrumentos nos processos de discuss?o nas esferas p?blicas (Sociedade Civil, Estado e Mercado), no Territ?rio dos Megaempreendimentos, visando o desenvolvimento local. E tem como objetivos espec?ficos contextualizar os locais sob a perspectiva hist?rica e geogr?fica. Identificar o bairro carioca de Santa Cruz e o munic?pio de Itagua? ? RJ, ante aspectos multidimensionais (pol?tico-institucional, sociais, ambientais, territoriais, econ?micos e tecno-cient?fico) expondo a desigualdade socioecon?mica atrav?s de par?metros estat?sticos, definir o arcabou?o te?rico na gest?o social e no controle social e desenvolvimento multidimensional, Identificar como os instrumentos de gest?o e controle social (associa??es, conselhos e os instrumentos c?veis ? plano diretor, controladorias locais, tribunais de contas, pol?cias judici?rias, minist?rio p?blico, or?amento participativo ? e jur?dicos ? leis p?blicas financeiras e normas jur?dicas gerais de controle social, controle de constitucionalidade) s?o utilizados pela sociedade civil, poderes p?blicos e mercado no Territ?rio dos Megaempreendimentos, avaliar o Territ?rio dos Megaempreendimentos sob a ?tica da Gest?o Social e do Controle Social e seu nexo com o desenvolvimento local multidimensional e rela??es dial?gicas. Sup?e-se um desequil?brio nas rela??es de poder entre sociedade civil, poder p?blico e mercado com base nos investimentos dos megaempreendimentos no local sem contrapartidas. Tamb?m se toma como suposi??o a baixa participa??o nos processos decis?rios sobre a instala??o de empresas e institui??es no Territ?rio dos Megaempreeendimentos, pois tal delibera??o partiu ?nica e exclusivamente do Estado. A negligencia da popula??o em participar nos instrumentos de controle social e gest?o social acabou por ocasionar os impactos multidimensionais verificados na regi?o. A presente disserta??o tem como metodologia uma analise bibliogr?fica de investiga??o descritiva, base de dados hist?ricos e estat?sticos, pesquisa de campo e imers?o social, entrevistas realizadas com atores locais das esferas da sociedade civil, Estado e mercado. Esta disserta??o concluiu que apesar de verificada a baixa participa??o social na percep??o de atores locais, a gest?o social e o controle social s?o atuantes na forma de instrumentos existentes, como conselhos, ?rg?os p?blicos ou mesmo individualmente nos cidad?os, mas ainda assim sem as diretivas da pr?pria sociedade.

Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2017-07-10T13:42:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Emilio Possidente Daher.pdf: 6377828 bytes, checksum: 1b72ec0c17b9c0829e7a5c7abb93866c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T13:42:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Emilio Possidente Daher.pdf: 6377828 bytes, checksum: 1b72ec0c17b9c0829e7a5c7abb93866c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-22 / The objective of this research is to show the contribution of Process Management in the improvements implemented in selected critical processes linked to the Administrative Support Services Sector of the Instituto National de C?ncer Jos? Alencar Gomes da Silva (INCA). Its research topic Process Management and, as a thematic issue, and Analysis Management Process Improvement and inspection services contracts. For this purpose the theorist referencial emphasizes the concepts of Process Management, Administrative Management and Contracts Management and Quality Management. The methodology used in this study was the method of action research, using to collect data to literature, documentary and field research through semi-structured interviews. Involving those responsible for activities related to the investigated processes was established a focus group, making it possible to obtain as a result the diagnosis of the current situation of selected critical processes, draw your business process diagrams (BPD), identify problems, prioritize the resolution and develop an action plan with the implementation of new (BPD) of these processes. It stands out as key benefits: more transparency, fluency and rationality in the process execution, enabling the achievement of improvements in quality and productivity in accountability and management of public resources. / O objetivo desta pesquisa ? apresentar a contribui??o da Gest?o de Processos nas melhorias implementadas nos processos cr?ticos selecionados vinculados ao setor de Servi?o de Apoio administrativo do Instituto Nacional de C?ncer Jos? Alencar Gomes da Silva (INCA). Tem como tema de pesquisa a Gest?o de Processos e, como tem?tica, a An?lise e Melhoria de Processos da Gest?o e fiscaliza??o de contratos de servi?os. Para tal, o referencial te?rico privilegia os conceitos da Gest?o de Processos, Gest?o de Contratos Administrativos e Gest?o da Qualidade. A metodologia aplicada neste trabalho foi o m?todo de pesquisa-a??o, utilizando-se para a coleta de dados a pesquisa bibliogr?fica, documental e de campo por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas. Com a participa??o dos respons?veis pelas atividades relacionadas aos processos pesquisados foi constitu?do um grupo focal, viabilizando obter como resultados o diagn?stico das situa??es atuais dos processos cr?ticos selecionados, desenhar seus diagramas de processos de neg?cios (DPN), identificar os problemas, priorizar a resolu??o e desenvolver um plano de a??o com a implanta??o de novos (DPN) destes processos. Destacam-se como principais benef?cios: mais transpar?ncia, flu?ncia e racionalidade na execu??o do processo, possibilitando a obten??o de melhorias na qualidade e produtividade na presta??o de contas e na gest?o dos recursos p?blicos.

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2016-08-23T13:00:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011 - Sandra Maria Peron de Lima.pdf: 1616956 bytes, checksum: 3d15a3ef8a04eebc8a6081af3182fd84 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-23T13:00:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011 - Sandra Maria Peron de Lima.pdf: 1616956 bytes, checksum: 3d15a3ef8a04eebc8a6081af3182fd84 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-25 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / This qualitative study conducted in a federal institution of higher education, located in the city of Serop?dica ? RJ aimed at describing public managers learning processes for developing their managerial skills. These managers work at personnel management, financial/accounting management and academic management areas of a federal higher education institution and research focused managers? daily practice. To achieve its final goal, five intermediate objectives where accomplished: to assess how the learning process occurs in the context of public organization, to depict how managers learned to manage in daily practice basis, to identify the function the collective learning for development of managerial skills, to asses manager's point of view on the skills they needed for managing, and to propose recommendations for enabling managerial competencies development through collective learning at this Institution. Field data was collected through semi-structured interviews and participant observation. Collected data was analyzed through an interpretive hermeneutic process. Research results suggest that: managerial competencies development occurs by way of: a) individual learning, through formal studies, personal search, reading; b) collective learning through interaction with people in everyday practices of the work, in forums, meetings; c) experiential learning by way of life and professional experience; d) community of practice learning through informal discussion forums; and f) vicarious learning. Managerial skills developed through these learning processes are related to: managers' personal and interpersonal competence, professional competence and their competence for action. The latter were developed through problem solving and day-to-day challenges where managers have learned to negotiate using creativity. Thus, in order of activate the development of managerial competencies it is recommended: to improve organizational structure in order to propitiate collective learning; to improve administrative processes; manpower dimensioning; formulating new standards and procedures setting to optimizing workload distribution and to improve managerial decision-making. It is also recommended a quality of life program implementation, managerial training program implementation, workshops, meetings and formulating daily practices to minimize stress effects on managers who become handlers of organizational toxins. It is suggested to further research on administration and accounting sciences undergraduate courses contribution for public management; to replicate this research with a different group focusing on its political base; to examine how managers? past experience in private enterprises contributes to their public management practice and vocation; to enhance study on managers' community of practice formation; and as the frustrations and difficulties contribute to learning / Este estudo qualitativo foi realizado em uma institui??o federal de ensino superior, localizada no munic?pio de Serop?dica ? RJ. O objetivo foi descrever processos de aprendizagem das compet?ncias gerenciais do gestor p?blico que atua nas ?reas de gest?o de pessoas, gest?o financeira/cont?bil e gest?o acad?mica de uma institui??o federal de ensino, em sua pr?tica cotidiana. A fim de se alcan?ar o objetivo da pesquisa estabeleceram-se cinco objetivos secund?rios que foram: a)descrever como ocorre o processo de aprendizagem no contexto da organiza??o p?blica; b)levantar como os gestores aprenderam a gerenciar na pr?tica; c)identificar o papel da aprendizagem coletiva no desenvolvimento das compet?ncias gerenciais; d)levantar do ponto de vista dos gestores quais as compet?ncias necess?rias para agir; e e)propor medidas para ativar e sistematizar o desenvolvimento de compet?ncias gerenciais desenvolvidas por meio da aprendizagem coletiva. Utilizou-se para levantamento dos dados junto a vinte e dois gestores, o m?todo de entrevista semiaberta com observa??o de campo. A an?lise dos dados foi realizada por meio de interpreta??o hermen?utica. Os resultados emp?ricos permitem concluir que o processo de constru??o das compet?ncias gerenciais dos gestores p?blicos ocorre por meio de: a) aprendizagem individual via estudo formal, busca pessoal e leitura; b) aprendizagem coletiva via intera??o com as pessoas na pr?tica cotidiana do trabalho e tamb?m em f?runs, encontros e reuni?es; c) aprendizagem experiencial via experi?ncia profissional e de vida; d) aprendizagem em comunidade de pr?tica via f?rum informal de discuss?o; e ainda e) aprendizagem vic?ria. As compet?ncias gerenciais desenvolvidas por meio desses processos de aprendizagem individual constituem-se de compet?ncias pessoais, interpessoais e compet?ncias para a??o. Esta ?ltima foi desenvolvida por meio da solu??o de problemas e desafios do dia-a-dia, onde gestores aprenderam a negociar e usar criatividade. A fim de ativar o desenvolvimento das compet?ncias gerenciais por meio de aprendizagem, recomendam-se melhorias na estrutura organizacional para incentivar a aprendizagem individual e coletiva no trabalho cotidiano, gest?o de processos administrativos, dimensionamento da m?o-de-obra, estabelecimento de normas e procedimentos de distribui??o de atividades para minimizar a sobrecarga de trabalho apontada pelos gestores e aprimorar o processo de decis?o gerencial. Al?m disso, recomenda-se tamb?m elaborar programa de qualidade de vida, programa de forma??o gerencial, oficinas de estudo coletivo, encontros e reuni?es para partilhar/trocar experi?ncias e ainda tomar medidas para minimizar o efeito do estresse sobre os gestores que por for?a da responsabilidade assumida tornam-se reposit?rios do estresse de suas equipes. Sugere-se para futura pesquisa identificar a contribui??o da forma??o em administra??o e em ci?ncias cont?beis para preparar gestores p?blicos; replicar a pesquisa com outro grupo de gestores com aten??o a sua base pol?tica; identificar como a experi?ncia de gest?o no setor privado contribui para a pr?tica de gest?o p?blica; estudar a forma??o de comunidade de pr?tica de gestores p?blicos, e como as frustra??es e dificuldades contribuem para com a sua aprendizagem.