Information är ett väsentligt och stort organ inom organisationer och inom tillverkningsindustrin används det till all kommunikation som sker. För att säkerställa att informationen är säker krävs informationssäkerhet. Målet med informationssäkerhet anses vara uppfyllt när informationens integritet, tillgänglighet samt konfidentialitet kan garanteras. I dagens industri är informationssäkerhet ytterst viktigt på grund av att den fjärde revolutionen (Industri 4.0) kräver data i realtid. Ett problem med informationssäkerheten är att resurser främst läggs på tekniska lösningar men inte på att minska den mänskliga faktorns påverkan som står för cirka 85% av alla organisatoriska olyckor. En bransch som är i behov att moderniseras är småhustillverkare med inriktning trä (SIT). SIT-branschen behöver moderniseras för att följa med i den nya digitala generationen. Branschen i sitt nuläge kräver en ökad produktivitet för att fortsätta vara konkurrenskraftiga på marknaden men även för att öka sin lönsamhet. Det kan verkställas genom att öka förståelsen för hur SIT arbetar med informationssäkerhet och vilka förbättringar som kan implementeras för att uppnå målet. Metoden som används för att öka förståelsen över hur arbetet med informationssäkerhet sker inom SIT-branschen är en kvantitativ enkätstudie. Enkätfrågorna skapades utifrån teori om standarden ISO/IEC 27000 samt CIA-triadens komponenter (konfidentialitet, integritet samt tillgänglighet). Standarden bedömer om informationssäkerheten har en god nivå medan CIAtriadens komponenter påvisar om målet med informationssäkerhet är uppfyllt. Svarsfrekvensen som studien gav var 20,83%. En bedömningsmodell gjordes för att kategorisera resultatet i en skala från icke-uppfylld nivå till uppfylld nivå. Resultatet visar på att branschen är i behov av att förbättra sitt informationssäkerhetsarbete. Frågorna kring standarden ISO/IEC 27000 uppgav att branschen tenderar mot en icke uppfylld nivå och CIA-triadens komponenter hamnade på ett mellanläge för varken uppfylld eller icke-uppfylld nivå. Enkätstudien visade att den mänskliga faktorn har en påverkan på informationssäkerheten vilket överensstämmer med teorin angående att mer resurser läggs på tekniska lösningar. Slutsatsen blev att SIT-branschen har en bristfällig nivå på informationssäkerheten. Genom att implementera förbättringsförslagen ges förutsättningar för branschen att nå upp till en väldigt god informationssäkerhetsnivå.

Diploma thesis tracks changes of approach to the clandestine human intelligence collection (HUMINT) as part of a wider process of the United States Intelligence Community reform after the September 11 terrorist attacks. Using longitudinal comparative analysis, the author observes which key factors enabling successful HUMINT collection were significantly improved and which were neglected, thus constraining a highly desirable development of this intelligence collection technique so important in combating asymmetric threats such as terrorism. Following factors were identified as critical in improving HUMINT: institutional anchoring of HUMINT, adaptation of operational techniques to successfully monitor decentralized terrorism, 'dependence' of the US intelligence community on technological means of intelligence collection, and availability of qualified and especially linguistically adept intelligence professionals in responsible agencies. Keywords CIA, DIA, HUMINT, intelligence, reform, terrorism, United States of America

The intelligence failure regarding the estimates of the Iraqi regime is often cited as the main reason for President George W. Bush to change the dictatorship of Saddam Hussein. Between 2002 and 2003, the highest figures o George W. Bush's administration often used arguments of the intelligence community to justify their decision to overthrow Saddam's regime by force. Their arguments were based primarily on the information on Hussein's contacts with al-Qaeda and his continuing ability to produce weapons of mass destruction. After the war, these estimates were proven wrong and the intelligence community was marked as the force that triggered the invasion. In my master's thesis called Crisis of U.S. Intelligence? George W. Bush and the decision to invade Iraq, I put forward arguments contradicting this widespread idea. The goal of the thesis is to cast light on the fundaments of the intelligence failure regarding Hussein's alleged contacts with al- Qaeda and his capability to stockpile and produce weapons of mass destruction. I reveal the ideological and strategic reasons behind the Bush's decision to invade Iraq and the fact that the intelligence findings played only secondary role. The true reason of the intelligence failure wasn't only flawed manipulation with human intelligence (HUMINT) and...

In this essay I examine whether the CIA operatives can be considered as legitimate practitioners of violence in a conflict situation, thus looking through a lens where terrorism is treated as an act of war. This paper does not purport to evaluate and review the legality of targeted killing as a mean of warfare or a tool for criminal enforcement but rather the CIA agent’s status from an international law perspective, specifically humanitarian law. I further examine the role of CIA operatives from a moral perspective. Using the framework set up by Just War Theory I examine whether a CIA operative is regarded as a combatant or a civilian from a moral standpoint.

The 1980’s were troublesome years for the Nicaraguan Sandinist government and its citizens. After accomplishing the task of overthrowing the 43 years of Somoza rule in Nicaragua, a new challenge was waiting in the shape of the American war against communism. The former Somoza National Guard transformed into the notorious contras, also known as the CIA- and American government-backed freedom fighters who worked hard to recoup the nation and halter the socialist movement in the Central Americas. Today in 2007 the world knows what kind of interventions the Sandinist rule stood victims of; air-raids, sabotage, embargos and mining of the Nicaraguan harbour. Eventually the International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled that the United States should immediately cease and refrain from any action restricting access to or from Nicaraguan ports, and, in particular, the laying of mines. But what did the American public know about its country’s silent war against Nicaragua? This is the core question of this paper. How did the media, and more specifically, how did one of the largest American newspapers the New York Times present the events in Nicaragua to its readers? This essay examines New York Times-headlines and articles covering the years between 1979-1990 in the Nicaraguan history, by means of using the agenda-setting theory, developed by Maxwell McCombs in cooperation with his colleagues Don Shaw and David Weaver. The results of this study will show confirmation of how the New York Times framed the nation of Nicaragua into a communist framework, describing the country as a authentic threat against the American society and its values. The information provided by the New York Times during this era played without doubt a key role in the construction of the American public’s visions of the Nicaraguan reality. By using attributes when mentioning Nicaragua such as “Cuba”, “the threat of nuclear war”, “Soviet” and “communism”, the American public opinion most certainly came to reflect and support the media agenda. To paraphrase McCombs, ‘The media set the agenda when they are successful in riveting attention on a problem. They build the public agenda when they supply the context that determines how people think about the issue and evaluates its merits.’

This study examines the ways early leaders can influence the process of institutionalization in public organizations. Using Schein's (1983, 1991) model of cultural creation and embedding as a heuristic device, secondary historical sources detailing the creation and development of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the careers of three significant leaders are used to understand the institutionalizing effects of those leaders, how they created those effects, and what happened to those effects over time. The case studies of William Donovan and Allen Dulles at CIA and J. Edgar Hoover at the FBI, provide evidence that these early leaders explicitly and implicitly used several of the cultural creation and embedding mechanisms identified by Schein to entrench their beliefs and predispositions into their organizations. These ensconced attitudes and tendencies seemingly played significant roles in the institutionalization of beliefs, rules, and roles that have developed, persisted, and affected the historical evolution of both CIA and the FBI. / Ph. D.

Att använda low-code för applikationsutveckling har blivit allt vanligare, men säkerhetsförutsättningarna när low-code används är däremot inte helt kartlagda. Denna studie fokuserar på ett av de största företagen inom mjukvaruutveckling, Microsoft. Microsoft tillhandahåller tjänsten MS Power Platform som innehåller verktyg för low-code utveckling och samverkar med Microsofts andra tjänster. En stor del av informationssäkerheten hanteras av Microsoft på grund av att MS Power Platform använder low-code och integrerar molntjänster. Syftet med denna studie var att ta reda på vilka utmaningar it-konsulter möter i sitt arbete när de använder MS Power Platform när det gäller informationssäkerhet. Kvalitativa, semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts med it-konsulter som arbetat med MS Power Platform. Empirin har analyserats med hjälp av CIA-Triaden där förhållandet till informationssäkerhet kontrollerades genom CIA-Triadens tre delar: konfidentialitet, integritet och tillgänglighet. Resultatet från denna studie visade att Microsofts tjänster för roller och grupper har en stark inverkan på informationssäkerheten. Detta gäller särskilt hur verksamheterna som it-konsulterna arbetar med har implementerat roller och grupper i sin identity access management. Studien visade också att kommunikation kring informationssäkerhet inte är en kontinuerlig del av it-konsulternas arbete. Implementation av ytterligare säkerhetsfunktioner utöver de inkluderade i Microsofts tjänster var heller inte vanligt.

Este trabalho busca relatar e analisar as relações entre ensino, aprendizagem e expressão da linguagem teatral vivenciadas pelos sujeitos envolvidos no processo de montagem e apresentação do espetáculo As Bastianas, realizada pela Cia. São Jorge de Variedades em convívio com os usuários dos Albergues Municipais Projeto.Oficina.Boracéa e Canindé - Núcleo de Cidadania, durante o período de 2002 a 2004. A partir da documentação fotográfica, vídeográfica e escrita disponível, esta pesquisadora pôde narrar toda trajetória do espetáculo teatral desde as primeiras garatujas sobre o texto de Gero Camilo ainda no Teatro de Arena Eugenio Kusnet, até sua estréia e temporada no Canindé e no Projeto.Boracéa. / This work aims at reporting and analyzing the relationships between teaching, learning and expression in theatrical language experienced by individuals involved in the process of creating and presenting the play As Bastianas, which was developed by the theater group Cia. São Jorge de Variedades in two different municipal homeless shelters in São Paulo from 2002 to 2004, in daily acquaintance with its inhabitants. From the available written, photographic and videographic documentation the author relates the trajectory of the play, since the first raw sketches from the text by Gero Camilo, when the group was still based in the famous and tiny Teatro de Arena Eugenio Kusnet, until its premiere and season in both shelters.

Este trabalho busca relatar e analisar as relações entre ensino, aprendizagem e expressão da linguagem teatral vivenciadas pelos sujeitos envolvidos no processo de montagem e apresentação do espetáculo As Bastianas, realizada pela Cia. São Jorge de Variedades em convívio com os usuários dos Albergues Municipais Projeto.Oficina.Boracéa e Canindé - Núcleo de Cidadania, durante o período de 2002 a 2004. A partir da documentação fotográfica, vídeográfica e escrita disponível, esta pesquisadora pôde narrar toda trajetória do espetáculo teatral desde as primeiras garatujas sobre o texto de Gero Camilo ainda no Teatro de Arena Eugenio Kusnet, até sua estréia e temporada no Canindé e no Projeto.Boracéa. / This work aims at reporting and analyzing the relationships between teaching, learning and expression in theatrical language experienced by individuals involved in the process of creating and presenting the play As Bastianas, which was developed by the theater group Cia. São Jorge de Variedades in two different municipal homeless shelters in São Paulo from 2002 to 2004, in daily acquaintance with its inhabitants. From the available written, photographic and videographic documentation the author relates the trajectory of the play, since the first raw sketches from the text by Gero Camilo, when the group was still based in the famous and tiny Teatro de Arena Eugenio Kusnet, until its premiere and season in both shelters.

Este trabalho analisa documentos restritos e secretos do Departamento de Estado norte-americano, principalmente os Relatórios Mensais do Trabalho, relatórios do FBI, da CIA e do Departamento do Trabalho dos Estados Unidos, e procura descrever a ação dos Adidos Trabalhistas Americanos e Ingleses no Brasil, no período de 1943 a 1952, como elementos-chave na política externa dos Estados Unidos, direcionada à possível intervenção em assuntos internos brasileiros. O presente estudo destaca, igualmente, a tarefa de líderes sindicais norte-americanos, ligados à Federação Americana do Trabalho e ao Departamento de Estado - em visita ao Brasil no período descrito -, no intento de obter a cooptação de líderes sindicais brasileiros para a associação na formação de uma grande Central Sindical Mundial, cujo intuito era o controle do movimento operário do Brasil e de outros países sob sua influência. Acrescenta-se a esta tese a análise do papel desempenhado por autoridades brasileiras e suas participações dentro do projeto do Departamento de Estado, ou seja, de interferência norte-americana em nossos assuntos internos. / This work is based on the analysis of restricted and secret documents from the State Department of the United States, mainly the Monthly Labor Reports , Reports from FBI, CIA and from the Labor Department of the United States. This study tries to describe the action of the American and British Labor Attachés in Brazil, from 1943 to 1952, as a key element in the American foreign policy towards the possible interference in the internal affairs of Brazil. At the same time this study highlights the work of the labors leaders of the American Federation when they visited Brazil, in that period, to convice the Brazilian Labor leaders to join a World Federation of Labor, whose intention was to control the Brazilian Labor Movement. This study also analyses the roll of the Brasilian authorities and their participation in this State Department Project, which meant interference in the internal Affairs of Brazil