Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-12-21T11:26:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Angélica Maria Santos Guimarães.pdf: 3474225 bytes, checksum: bbcaf721966eba161a65bc3ba0204fb7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-21T11:26:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Angélica Maria Santos Guimarães.pdf: 3474225 bytes, checksum: bbcaf721966eba161a65bc3ba0204fb7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-15 / The core of the present study is urban clean-up and solid waste management in large Brazilian cities of Salvador and Bogotá in Colombia as a constituent element of the right to the city. Initially, the analysis differentiates the Urban Law from the Right to the City. In the sequence, it focuses on the urban cleaning in the context of the Social State and its effectiveness, analyzing the normative treatment of the topic in the context of the Brazilian legal system, including individual and concrete standards produced by the Courts of Auditors in implementing indirect execution of these services. The main objective is to defend the need of redefine of the concepts of effectiveness of such services through the adoption of a control based on principles, requirements, assumptions, indicators of public health, quality of life and environmental sustainability, emphasizing the elements and functions of the city, prescribed in the Federal Constitution, the National Solid Waste Policy and the City Statute. It is evaluated the role of the Welfare State in urban cleaning and solid waste management, understood as socio-environmental goods of economic value, capable of transforming cities into "healthy living spaces", accomplishing of social rights, of happiness and of sustainable economic development. It defends also Urban clean-up and solid waste management are therefore advocated as a constitutive element of the Right to the City and, at the same time, guarantee instrument of leisure, education, housing, movement, employment and income in a sustainable urban environment. Urban cleaning and solid waste management must be able to assure the inhabitants of the town, physical and mental health, as well as quality of life in all its aspects / O cerne do presente estudo é a limpeza urbana e a gestão de resíduos sólidos nas cidades brasileiras de grande porte, a exemplo de Salvador e Bogotá, na Colômbia, como elemento constitutivo do Direito à Cidade. Inicialmente, a análise diferencia o Direito Urbanístico do Direito à Cidade. Em sequência, enfoca a limpeza urbana no contexto do Estado Social e sua efetivação, analisando o tratamento normativo do tema no âmbito do sistema jurídico brasileiro, inclusive de normas individuais e concretas produzidas pelos Tribunais de Contas em sede de controle da execução indireta destes serviços. O objetivo central é defender a necessidade de ressignificação da eficácia dos referidos serviços por meio do controle de efetividade a partir de princípios, requisitos, pressupostos, indicadores de saúde pública, de qualidade de vida e de sustentabilidade ambiental, enfatizando os elementos e funções da cidade, prescritas na Constituição Federal, na Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos e no Estatuto da Cidade. É avaliado o papel do Estado Social na limpeza urbana e na gestão dos resíduos sólidos, compreendidos como bens sócio-ambientais de valor econômico, capazes de transformar as cidades em “espaços de vida saudável”, de concretização dos direitos sociais, da felicidade e de desenvolvimento econômico sustentável. Defende-se, então, a limpeza urbana e a gestão dos resíduos sólidos como elemento constitutivo do Direito à Cidade e ao mesmo tempo instrumento garantidor do lazer, da educação, da habitação, da circulação, do emprego e da renda, em um meio ambiente urbano sustentável. A limpeza urbana e a gestão dos resíduos sólidos devem ser capaz de assegurar aos habitantes da cidade saúde física e mental, bem como qualidade de vida em todas as suas vertentes

A ênfase deste trabalho está voltada ao desenvolvimento de um novo sistema de limpeza para a colheitadeira de grãos visando, principalmente, a utilização de uma nova geometria. O design de um sistema com peneiras rotativas vem de encontro a todos os sistemas conhecidos até o momento, este sistema visa eliminar sistemas eletrônicos cada vez mais complexos e caros. Uma descrição sobre os sistemas de colheita e máquinas agrícolas, principalmente colheitadeiras, é apresentada neste trabalho, já que a bibliografia sobre este assunto é bastante restrita. A utilização de métodos computacionais, voltados à análise de fluídos foi utilizada com o intuito de nortear o desenvolvimento de protótipos reais. O método computacional dos fluídos dinâmicos simula diversas hipóteses de maneira mais rápida e mais barata até que sejam alcançados resultados suficientemente bons que compensem a fabricação de um protótipo real. Com o protótipo real os resultados virtuais podem ser validados e comparados com outros sistemas. Os resultados obtidos foram bons, a peneira rotativa tem um ótimo desempenho em testes realizados no plano, com perdas inferiores comparativamente às peneiras planas. Nos testes realizados com inclinação o desempenho não foi bom, devido a alguns problemas no duto de ar. Com relação à qualidade dos grãos separados, não foram detectadas quaisquer avarias que pudessem ter sido resultadas da peneira. / The emphasis of this work is dedicated to the development of a new cleaning system for grain harvester aiming mainly to use a new geometry in this part of the machine. The design of a system with rotary sieves comes against all systems known at this time; this system seeks to eliminate electronic systems increasingly complex and expensive. A description of the harvesting systems and agricultural machinery, harvesters mainly, is been presented in this work, since the literature on this subject is very limited. The use of computational methods, focused on the analysis of fluid was used in order to guide the development of prototypes. The method of computational fluid dynamic simulates scenarios faster and cheaper to achieve results that are good enough to compensate the fabrication of a real prototype. With the real prototype, virtual results can be validated and compared with other systems. The results achieved were good. The rotary sieve cleaning system shows excellent performance when testing on level ground with lower losses than a flat sieve system. In tests on slopes, the performance was not as good due to some problems in the air duct. With regard to grain quality, no mechanical damage that could have been produced by the screens was detected in either test.

The TRUShape 3D Conforming File (TRUShape), a novel, S-shaped nickel-titanium (NiTi) rotary file, was developed to facilitate cleaning and shaping of irregular-shaped root canals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the shaping ability of TRUShape compared to Vortex Blue (VB) when used in non-round, oval-shaped root canals by micro-computed tomography (MCT). Thirty single-rooted human mandibular premolar teeth with radiographically similar root canal size and curvature were randomly allocated to two groups (N=15), and mechanically prepared with TRUShape or VB. Each tooth was submitted to MCT at 20 μm resolution at three time intervals: before shaping, and after shaping to an intermediate apical size 30 and a final apical size 40. Three-dimensional data sets were superimposed and evaluated for root canal volume, surface area, and treated surface. Matched axial slices in the apical, middle, and coronal root thirds were evaluated for area, roundness, and canal transportation expressed as center of mass shift (CMS). Data were statistically analyzed using parametric and non-parametric tests. Root canal volumes increased similarly and significantly overall (p< 0.001; from an initial volume of 7.3±3.5 mm3 to an intermediate volume of 8.7±3.1 mm3 and a final volume of 9.9±3.0 mm3). Treated canal surface was significantly larger in the TRUShape group at both apical sizes 30 and 40 with 72±15% vs. 55±23% and 85±12% vs. 71±20% non-static voxels for TRUShape and VB, respectively (p< 0.05). Canal transportation was less than 100 μm in all but 8 out of 90 cross sections and was not significantly different between groups. This MCT study demonstrated the TRUShape 3D Conforming File to be effective in the mechanical preparation, specifically, the surface treatment, of single-rooted premolars with non-round, oval-shaped root canals. Funding was provided by the American Association of Endodontists (AAE) Foundation and the Department of Endodontics at the University of Iowa, College of Dentistry.

Human practices have resulted in great damage to the environment. Carbon-depletion, water and air pollution, as well as global warming are examples of the environmental footprints caused by several industries and their related applications. Detergency (cleaning) is widely practiced operation in household, industry and institutional sectors and thus consumes significant amounts of water, energy and chemicals and, therefore, contributes appreciably to the environmental destruction. This process is still not fully understood, on a molecular level, and not acceptably optimised. Therefore, this study is a contribution toward a better fundamental understanding and optimisation of protein stain removal from interfaces, which may ultimately result in the development of environmentally friendly and sustainable cleaning products and technologies. In this research, the cleaning of rubisco, a grassy protein stain, from different surfaces (hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and dyed) using different cleaning agent formulations was investigated. These studies encompassed experimental work and fundamental analysis in terms of mathematical modelling. The results revealed a consistent correlation between enzyme adsorption kinetics and stain cleanability. Higher adsorption and desorption absolute rates ( a k and d k ) resulted in higher enzyme mobility and thus higher stain cleanability regardless of the enzyme adsorbed amount. Surface chemistry underlying the stain has indirectly influenced stain cleanability through the alteration of enzyme adsorption kinetics. Such fundamental findings may aid in screening enzyme candidates for detergent formulations and may also assist in designing easily cleanable surfaces. Another fundamental finding is the cooperative cleaning mechanism of surfactant and enzyme of rubisco stain from different interfaces. The break down of intermolecular physical bonds between interfacial rubisco molecules by surfactants and the break down of the intramolecular covalent bonds by enzyme resulted in a higher protein displacement from interfaces. The overall protein removal by the two different actions of surfactant and enzyme showed a superiority of a biosurfactant-enzyme formulation. This finding may have significant implications on developing sustainable detergents that have superior cleaning performance and no or minimal environmental hazard. Overall, the findings reported in this Ph.D. thesis may form a basis for further comprehensive scientific research, which may ultimately provide detergent market with more efficient and optimum cleaning products and technologies.

No description available.

Selbstreinigende, ultrahydrophobe Oberflächen lassen sich in der Technik vielfältig einsetzen. Das ultrahydrophobe Verhalten beruht einerseits auf einer Rauigkeit im μm-Bereich und andererseits auf der chemischen Zusammensetzung der Oberfläche. Durch den gegebenen Oberflächenaufbau sind derartige Materialien jedoch empfindlich gegen Verschleiß. In diesem Beitrag wird ein Schichtverbund bestehend aus Aluminiumoxid und zwei polymeren Komponenten vorgestellt. Die Aluminiumoxidschicht wird auf dem Wege der anodischen Oxidation erzeugt. Dieses seit langem bekannte Verfahren ermöglicht nicht nur die Oxidation der Aluminiumoberfläche, sondern gestattet es, auch, definierte Oberflächenprofile einzustellen. Durch den gezielten Einbau des hochmolekularen Polymers Chitosan in die mikroprofilierte Aluminiumoxidschicht wurde eine mechanische Stabilisierung der Schicht im Sinne eines anorganisch-organischen Composites erreicht. Außerdem dienten die Amino-Seitengruppen des Chitosans als reaktives Interface für die notwendige chemische Hydrophobierung und als Reaktionszentrum für Vernetzungen, wodurch eine weitere mechanische Stabilisierung bewirkt wird. Der Schichtaufbau hat wesentlichen

Syfte: Studiens syfte var att jämföra två linsrengöringsmetoders påverkan på hornhinnan. Studien jämförde tillverkarens rekommenderade användningsinstruktioner för Opti-Free® Express®, med den alternativa rengöringsmetoden att gnugga linserna, något som ofta rekommenderas av optiker. Metod: Deltagarna sågs vid två tillfällen för utvärdering av eventuell påverkan på hornhinnan. Värdena som återfanns vid första tillfället fungerade som ett utgångsvärde. Samtliga fynd dokumenterades, graderades och poängräknades efter vilken typ av staining samt utbredning. Cornea delades in i fem regioner; centralt, superiort, inferiort, nasalt och temporalt. Typen staining som återfanns poängsattes enligt; mikropunktata (25), makropunktata (50), coalesced (75) och patch (100). Medelvärden för respektive deltagares ögon räknades ut genom att muliplicera poängen given för typen funnen staining med den procentuella utbredningen i varje region. Därefter dividera med fem för att få ett medelvärde utbrett över hela ögat. Deltagarna fick ett nytt par linser och blev därefter instruerade att under två veckors tid rengöra höger och vänster lins separat. Det ena sättet att rengöra var att följa tillverkarens rekommenderade instruktioner, något som innebär sköljning i fem sekunder per linssida. Det andra sättet var genom att gnugga linserna i en L-formad rörelse fem gånger per sida och därefter skölja linsen i fem sekunder. Efter två veckors tid undersöktes deltagarna på nytt. Funna värden sammanställdes och jämfördes sedan med varandra samt utgångsvärdena. Resultat: I de ögon vars linser gnuggades minskade medelvärdet av mängden staining från ursprungligen 140179 till 12185 (p = 0,68). Ursprungsvärdet för de ögon vars linser sköljdes var 125149, något som efter två veckor ökade till 214179 (p = 0,03). Medelvärdena efter två veckor för de båda rengöringsmetoderna uppkom till 12185 för gnugg respektive 214179 för skölj, jämförelser drogs emellan grupperna (p = 0,046). Slutsats: I de ögon vars linser rengjordes genom sköljning återfanns en högre grad av påverkan på hornhinnan. Mängd funnen staining var större i dessa ögon än i de ögon vars linser rengjordes genom gnuggning. Skillnaden var av statistisk signifikans. / The aim of this study was to compare the impact of contact lens cleaning on cornea using two different methods. The study compared the manufacturer’s recommended usage for Opti-Free® Express®, with the alternative cleaning method that involves rubbing the lens, a method often recommended by Optometrists. The participants were seen twice to evaluate the cornea. The values found on the first visit were used as baseline values. The participants were given a new pair of contact lenses and were told to clean them in two different ways for the upcoming two weeks. The first method was to follow the recommended instructions by the manufacturer. A method that involves rinsing the lens for five seconds per side. The alternative method was to rub both sides in shape of the letter L. This procedure was repeated five times per side followed by rinsing for five seconds. The participants were seen for a second visit after two weeks. Evaluations were once again made. The values found were compared with the baseline values as well with each other.  In those cases where the lenses had been cleaned by rubbing, the value of found staining decreased from 140179 at the baseline to 12185 after two weeks (p = 0,68). The baseline value for the eyes where the lenses were cleaned by rinsing was 125149. Those values increased to 214179 after two weeks (p = 0,03). A comparison between the two groups later values showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the two types of cleaning, where the eyes that were only rinsed contained a higher amount of staining (p = 0,046). In those eyes where lenses had been cleaned only by rinsing there were found a higher amount of staining compared to the ones cleaned by rubbing. The difference in found staining between the two cleaning methods were statistically significant.

Då marina enheter numera deltar i internationella missioner, kommer den nya miljön som enheterna opererar i att påverka bland annat deras sensorer. Den här studien avhandlar några av de nu framtagna självsanerande ytbeläggningarna och ger en presentation av hur de fungerar på några marina elektrooptiska sensorers yttersta linser. Studien försöker ge svar på ytbeläggningarnas transmittans och hur effektivt de kan sanera bort oönskade saltlager tillsammans med andra nedsmutsande partiklar från sensorlinserna samt den militära nyttan av att använda självsanerande ytbeläggning. / This study deals with now developed self-cleaning coatings and gives a presentation of how they work on some electro-optical sensor lenses used in the navy. The study also examines the coatings transmittance and how efficient they can clean the sensor lenses from undesired salt layers and other soiling particles. After the introduction the study presents basic facts of the chosen sensors, nanotechnology, surface wettability and also salts and salinity. Thereafter the study describes current nano-research on self-cleaning coatings and possible results there of, when the coatings are applied on the different sensors. In the study I give my opinion of the military benefit of using self-cleaning coatings, which from a general point of view is that there mostly are positive effects using such a coating, in a technical perspective. The study ends with conclusions that there are self-cleaning coatings based on TiO2-nanoparticles which can transmit within the visual spectra and also can clean undesired soiling particles. But can not confirm that these coatings have the desired effect on salt crystals, or transmit within wavelengths spectrum for IR-detectors and lasers. / ChpT 08-10

Semiconductor metal oxides can be induced by light with proper wavelength resulting in oxidation and reduction reactions for the transformation of water and oxygen molecules into active radicals. With this method, it is possible to obtain self-cleaning surfaces and products having antimicrobial properties. The aim of this study is to develop semiconductor metal oxide thin films for multifunctional glass products and the characterization of photocatalytic self cleaning and antimicrobial properties. As semiconductor metal oxides / titanium dioxide (TiO2), tin oxide (SnO2) and their binary mixtures (TiO2-SnO2) are selected because of their abundancy, non toxic properties, stability and the ability of absorbing light close to visible range. Also the effect of metal dopants such as praseodymium (Pr), palladium (Pd), silver (Ag) and iron (Fe) was examined with these metal oxides. The colloidal solutions were synthesized by using sol-gel method in order to apply the developed method to industrial usage as applying on large surfaces. The glass substrates were coated with the colloidal solutions by dip coating and the dried samples were calcined under air flow. The best calcination condition for pure TiO2 coated thin film was determined as 400oC for 45 minutes. Surface characterization studies were performed by using UV-Visible Spectrophotometer for band gap measurement, CAM for contact angle measurement, SEM for surface morphology and tophology. The methylene blue adsorption tests were carried out and the effective surface area of the samples were predicted by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm of samples. The photocatalytic activities of the coated thin films were measured with the degradation of organic materials as red wine and methylene blue, and with the antimicrobial activity tests as counting the number of viable E.coli cells. 61.2% deactivation of methylene blue stain was achieved over SnO2 coated thin films while this was 22.1% over TiO2 coated thin films after irradiation for 180 minutes. The superior photocatalytic activity was observed with TiO2 samples doped with Pd and Ag ions. The TiO2-SnO2 coated samples performed limited photocatalytic activity which is less than the activity of SnO2 coated samples which was confirmed with surface area measurements as SnO2 coated samples had higher surface area (9.81 cm2/cm2) than TiO2-SnO2 coated samples. Surface area increased with increasing the amount of SnO2 and it was in the following order: SnO2 &gt / 80% SnO2 + 20% TiO2 &gt / 50% SnO2 + 50%TiO2 &gt / 35% SnO2 + 65%TiO2 &gt / 20% SnO2 + 80% TiO2 &gt / TiO2.

In some applications, explicit codes are provided for missing data such as NA (not available) however many applications do not provide such explicit codes and valid or invalid data codes are recorded as legitimate data values. Such missing values are known as disguised missing data. Disguised missing data may affect the quality of data analysis negatively, for example the results of discovered association rules in KDD-Cup-98 data sets have clearly shown the need of applying data quality management prior to analysis. In this thesis, to tackle the problem of disguised missing data, we analyzed embedded unbiased sample heuristic (EUSH), demonstrated the methods drawbacks and proposed a new methodology based on Chi Square Two Sample Test. The proposed method does not require any domain background knowledge and compares favorably with EUSH.