A questão dos resíduos sólidos tornou-se um tema preocupante uma vez que os mesmos têm sido gerados em grande quantidade na sociedade capitalista do consumo com a substituição dos produtos e criação de complexas embalagens. Esse fator reflete no meio ambiente, pois há uma dificuldade de gestão adequada desses resíduos sem que os mesmos causem impactos ambientais negativos devido à sua demora em degradar-se e aos elementos contaminantes que podem conter. Alternativas de tratamento e destinação final vêm sendo incentivadas para atenuar os malefícios gerados pelos resíduos sólidos. A reciclagem está se destacando como mecanismo de utilização dos resíduos sólidos como matéria prima. A coleta seletiva é uma ferramenta fundamental para viabilizar o processo de reciclagem. Dessa forma a participação popular se faz necessária visto que os consumidores são fonte geradora dos resíduos e efetuando uma separação logo após o consumo facilita e qualifica todo o procedimento. Contudo os municípios brasileiros vêm apresentados baixos índices de reciclagem e coleta seletiva. Uma revisão bibliográfica foi feita acerca de casos de sucesso no Brasil e no mundo em ambas as práticas. Questões pertinentes à compreensão de todas as vertentes envolvidas também serão abordadas através de fundamento teórico. Os prédios residenciais representam grande contribuição nesse processo de geração de resíduos uma vez que concentram elevado contingente populacional em pequena área. Niterói é um município urbano localizado na região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro, com uma população considerável possuindo diversos prédios e condomínios residenciais de grande porte. Existe um programa de coleta seletiva municipal, promovido pela Companhia de Limpeza Urbana de Niterói (CLIN) que está em vigor há mais de quinze anos que direciona os recicláveis a duas cooperativas de catadores no município (COOPCANIT e Morro do Céu). Esse estudo busca identificar todos os atores envolvidos no programa de coleta seletiva da CLIN (moradores, CLIN, COOPCANIT) assim como avaliar o desempenho do programa e sugerir formas de melhoria do mesmo baseado no referencial teórico. A partir de visitas técnicas, entrevistas com os responsáveis e a aplicação de questionários de avaliação da consciência ambiental de moradores de condomínios residenciais com e sem oferta do serviço de coleta seletiva. Foram verificadas falhas no programa como a pouca divulgação do mesmo e ausência de programa de educação ambiental aos moradores dos condomínios, refletindo na baixa adesão popular. Assim como foi possível identificar aspectos positivos como a busca por parcerias, representada pela atuação da empresa AMPLA que oferece desconto na conta de luz aos moradores que entregam seus resíduos nos postos de entrega voluntários. Algumas recomendações e sugestões são feitas aos gestores locais assim como propostas de futuros trabalhos e estudos relevantes ao problema. / The issue of solid waste has become a topic of concern since it is being generated in large quantities in the capitalist society of consumption dominated by the replacement of complex products and packaging. This factor reflects negatively on the environment because of the difficulty of proper management of these wastes without causing negative environmental impact because they take long to degrade and may contain contaminants. Alternative treatments and disposal methods are being encouraged to mitigate the hazards of waste. Among these recycling is emerging as a mechanism for reutilization of waste as raw material. Selective collection is an essential tool to enable the recycling process. Thus public participation is necessary since consumers are a source of waste and enabling a separation shortly after consumption qualifies and facilitates the entire procedure. However, Brazilian municipalities have shown low rates of recycling and selective collection. A literature review has been carried about successful stories in Brazil and in the world in both practices. Understanding of relevant issues involved in all aspects has also been addressed through a theoretical foundation. The residential buildings represent a great contribution to this process of waste generation due to a large population concentrated in a small area. Niterói is an urban municipality located in the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro State, with a sizeable population having a number of buildings and large residential condominiums. There is a selective collection program sponsored by the Municipal Urban Cleaning Company of Niterói (CLIN), which is in effect for over fifteen years, and directs the recyclable garbage for two cooperatives of collectors in the city (COOPCANIT and Morro do Céu). This study seeks to identify all actors involved in the selective collection of CLIN (residents, CLIN, COOPCANIT), as well as to evaluate the performance of the program and suggests ways of improving it based on a theoretical framework by making technical visits, and carrying out interviews with officials and applying questionnaires for assessing the environmental awareness of residents of condominiums with and without provision of selective collection service. Failures were observed in the program: shy promotion of the program in the city and the lack of environmental education to residents of condominiums reflected in the low adherence of the population. In the other hand, positive aspects were also identified such as the search for partnerships determined by the initiative of the company AMPLA to offer discount on the electricity bill for residents to bring their waste to delivery centers. Some recommendations and suggestions are made to local managers as well as proposals for future work and studies relevant to the problem.

A questão dos resíduos sólidos tornou-se um tema preocupante uma vez que os mesmos têm sido gerados em grande quantidade na sociedade capitalista do consumo com a substituição dos produtos e criação de complexas embalagens. Esse fator reflete no meio ambiente, pois há uma dificuldade de gestão adequada desses resíduos sem que os mesmos causem impactos ambientais negativos devido à sua demora em degradar-se e aos elementos contaminantes que podem conter. Alternativas de tratamento e destinação final vêm sendo incentivadas para atenuar os malefícios gerados pelos resíduos sólidos. A reciclagem está se destacando como mecanismo de utilização dos resíduos sólidos como matéria prima. A coleta seletiva é uma ferramenta fundamental para viabilizar o processo de reciclagem. Dessa forma a participação popular se faz necessária visto que os consumidores são fonte geradora dos resíduos e efetuando uma separação logo após o consumo facilita e qualifica todo o procedimento. Contudo os municípios brasileiros vêm apresentados baixos índices de reciclagem e coleta seletiva. Uma revisão bibliográfica foi feita acerca de casos de sucesso no Brasil e no mundo em ambas as práticas. Questões pertinentes à compreensão de todas as vertentes envolvidas também serão abordadas através de fundamento teórico. Os prédios residenciais representam grande contribuição nesse processo de geração de resíduos uma vez que concentram elevado contingente populacional em pequena área. Niterói é um município urbano localizado na região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro, com uma população considerável possuindo diversos prédios e condomínios residenciais de grande porte. Existe um programa de coleta seletiva municipal, promovido pela Companhia de Limpeza Urbana de Niterói (CLIN) que está em vigor há mais de quinze anos que direciona os recicláveis a duas cooperativas de catadores no município (COOPCANIT e Morro do Céu). Esse estudo busca identificar todos os atores envolvidos no programa de coleta seletiva da CLIN (moradores, CLIN, COOPCANIT) assim como avaliar o desempenho do programa e sugerir formas de melhoria do mesmo baseado no referencial teórico. A partir de visitas técnicas, entrevistas com os responsáveis e a aplicação de questionários de avaliação da consciência ambiental de moradores de condomínios residenciais com e sem oferta do serviço de coleta seletiva. Foram verificadas falhas no programa como a pouca divulgação do mesmo e ausência de programa de educação ambiental aos moradores dos condomínios, refletindo na baixa adesão popular. Assim como foi possível identificar aspectos positivos como a busca por parcerias, representada pela atuação da empresa AMPLA que oferece desconto na conta de luz aos moradores que entregam seus resíduos nos postos de entrega voluntários. Algumas recomendações e sugestões são feitas aos gestores locais assim como propostas de futuros trabalhos e estudos relevantes ao problema. / The issue of solid waste has become a topic of concern since it is being generated in large quantities in the capitalist society of consumption dominated by the replacement of complex products and packaging. This factor reflects negatively on the environment because of the difficulty of proper management of these wastes without causing negative environmental impact because they take long to degrade and may contain contaminants. Alternative treatments and disposal methods are being encouraged to mitigate the hazards of waste. Among these recycling is emerging as a mechanism for reutilization of waste as raw material. Selective collection is an essential tool to enable the recycling process. Thus public participation is necessary since consumers are a source of waste and enabling a separation shortly after consumption qualifies and facilitates the entire procedure. However, Brazilian municipalities have shown low rates of recycling and selective collection. A literature review has been carried about successful stories in Brazil and in the world in both practices. Understanding of relevant issues involved in all aspects has also been addressed through a theoretical foundation. The residential buildings represent a great contribution to this process of waste generation due to a large population concentrated in a small area. Niterói is an urban municipality located in the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro State, with a sizeable population having a number of buildings and large residential condominiums. There is a selective collection program sponsored by the Municipal Urban Cleaning Company of Niterói (CLIN), which is in effect for over fifteen years, and directs the recyclable garbage for two cooperatives of collectors in the city (COOPCANIT and Morro do Céu). This study seeks to identify all actors involved in the selective collection of CLIN (residents, CLIN, COOPCANIT), as well as to evaluate the performance of the program and suggests ways of improving it based on a theoretical framework by making technical visits, and carrying out interviews with officials and applying questionnaires for assessing the environmental awareness of residents of condominiums with and without provision of selective collection service. Failures were observed in the program: shy promotion of the program in the city and the lack of environmental education to residents of condominiums reflected in the low adherence of the population. In the other hand, positive aspects were also identified such as the search for partnerships determined by the initiative of the company AMPLA to offer discount on the electricity bill for residents to bring their waste to delivery centers. Some recommendations and suggestions are made to local managers as well as proposals for future work and studies relevant to the problem.

Les enfants (d') immigrés sont porteurs d'une langue et d'une culture familiales différentes de celles de la société d'arrivée et de son école. Or, la langue et la culture familiales jouent un rôle important dans le développement harmonieux de l'enfant et son " intégration " à la société d'arrivée. L'école qui doit permettre à l'enfant d'une part de se construire en tant qu'individu et d'autre part de trouver sa place dans la société où il vit, véhicule une culture différente, considérée comme légitime. Que fait-elle des langues et cultures familiales des enfants (d') immigrés? Jusque dans les années 1970, rien de particulier n'était prévu pour les enfants (d') immigrés scolarisés. Ils devaient se fondre dans la masse des élèves. Avec la mise en place d'une politique de regroupement familial, l'institution scolaire a commencé à prendre en compte ces enfants. Deux dispositifs ont été institués : des structures d'accueil pour les enfants non francophones et des enseignements de langue et culture d'origine. Cependant, si ces dispositifs constituent un premier pas dans la prise en compte des enfants (d') immigrés dans les écoles, elles restent dans une logique simultanément assimilationniste et différencialiste. Au delà de la conception de ces dispositifs, les observations effectuées dans les classes d'accueil et les cours de langue et culture d'origine de Côte d'Or ainsi que les entretiens et les enquêtes réalisées auprès des enseignants de ce département ont montré différents problèmes matériels, techniques et humains dans leur fonctionnement. Par ailleurs, la période de scolarisation joue un rôle important dans la construction des enfants et ce que l'on y enseigne marque pour longtemps. Ainsi, la place donnée aux cultures extra-occidentales ainsi que l'image de l'autre véhiculée au cours de celle-ci, en particulier par les manuels scolaires, d'une part constituent le miroir de la manière de voir l'autre plus généralement dans la société d'arrivée, et d'autre part emportera des conséquences sur le long terme, sur la société de demain. L'occidentalo-centrisme qui caractérise l'enseignement de l'histoire et de la littérature entraîne une dévalorisation/stigmatisation de l'Autre, de ses langues et de ses cultures qui est transmise aux élèves.

Selon l’image reçue des Vikings, ce peuple incarne l'esprit d’une immense solidarité primitive ayant su résister rudement au joug du christianisme et à la domination du Latin en Europe occidentale. Cette image n’est pas sans ses contradictions et, s’il est vrai que l’écriture était encore inconnue en Scandinavie durant les premiers siècles de l’expansion viking, on sait maintenant que le commerce et la colonisation, autant que les célèbres raids, motivèrent l’irruption des peuples scandinaves sur la scène médiévale. Quant aux navires de ces marchands, colonisateurs, pêcheurs et guerriers, ils apparaissent, un peu à l’image des Vikings eux-mêmes, sur le grand tableau de l’histoire nautique sous l’enseigne d’une originalité et d’une technicité sans parallèle. Comment les Vikings construisaient-ils leurs navires, en leur donnant une symétrie, un équilibre et une finesse si achevés? Les premiers ethnologues qui se sont intéressés à cette question ont privilégié les idées issues d'une tradition acquise par des générations de constructeurs, et d'astuces simples pour équilibrer tribord et bâbord. Puis, ils se sont rapidement tournés vers les techniques inhérentes à la construction à clin : utilisation de planches fendues et non sciées et de rivets abondants témoignant d’une sidérurgie acquise depuis peu. Le problème que présentent ces navires, est que leur construction artisanale demeure conforme à l’image reçue des Vikings, mais que leur conception architecturale, réalisée selon des connaissances théoriques très exactes, brise la notion d’une Scandinavie médiévale illettrée et coupée des grands centres du savoir. Ce travail s’intéresse précisément à la conception architecturale des navires scandinaves du VIIIe au XIe siècle pour montrer comment ils s’insèrent dans un haut savoir européen dès leur apparition. Il explore ensuite les liens qui unissent ce savoir théorique aux aspects véritablement originaux des navires vikings, en l’occurrence leur construction à clin et leur homogénéité sur une grande région à travers plus de cinq siècles. Au terme de cette recherche, l'analyse réalisée sur le maître-couple de trois épaves vikings, une épave antique et une épave scandinave pré-viking, a permis de mettre en évidence plusieurs indices de l'utilisation du système de conception géométrique apparaissant pour la première fois dans les traités d'architecture navale de la Renaissance, et ce, sur chacune de ces épaves. Les résultats obtenus démontrent qu'il est possible d'employer un système transversal de conception pour des navires vraisemblablement construits bordé premier et assemblés à clin. / According to the popular image of the Vikings, this people embodied a spirit of immense solidarity that resisted the yoke of Christianity and the dominance of Latin in Western Europe. This image is not without its contradictions, and while it is true that writing was unknown in Scandinavia during the early centuries of the Viking expansion, we now know that trade and colonization, as much as their famous raids, motivated the irruption of the Scandinavian people on the medieval stage. However, there is an important area where the contradictions between the image of the Vikings and archaeological data still remain intact : the Vikings ships. These ships were designed for traders, settlers, fishermen and warriors. Like the Vikings themselves, their ships reflect a genius of unparallelled originality and high performance. How did the Vikings build their ships, conferring them with such impressive symmetry, balance and finesse? The first ethnologists who studied this issue favoured ideal notions of traditions compiled over generations of builders, along with simple tips for balancing portside and starboard. Following this reductive cultural representation, they then quickly turned to the essential elements of clinker built construction: use of split planks and a great number of iron rivets, evidence of a new metallurgy. The problem with these ships is that, while their construction is made using traditional methods fitting to the popular image of the Vikings, their architectural design, deriving from very refined knowledge, contradicts the idea of an illiterate medieval Scandinavia cut off from the main centres of learning. This work focuses on the architectural design of Scandinavian ships from the eighth to the eleventh century, to show their place in high European knowledge. It then seeks to understand the links between the theoretical and practical aspects of Vikings ships : the clinker built construction and a great homogeneity over more than five centuries. Analysis of the master frames of five wrecks – three Viking ships, one Ancient wreck and a pre-Viking Scandinavian vessel – has found positive indicators of the use of geometric design principles that were formerly thought to be original in Renaissance shipbuilding treatises. Each wreck showed signs of the application of these design principles. The results show moreover that it was possible to use a transverse system of hull design for ships that were built shell-first in the clinker style.

Annotation: Title of the thesis: Comparison of the school integration of immigrant children in France and in the Czech Republic Keywords: ENAF, FLS, CLA, CLIN, primo-arrivant, integration, inclusion, French education system, Czech education system, pupil - foreigners in secondary school Abstract: The thesis Comparison of the school integration of immigrant children in France and in the Czech Republic, with the aim of providing a comprehensive description and comparison of the integration of immigrant children into French and Czech schools. I would like to find new ways of managing the problem in the Czech Republic by comparing these two approaches to educational systems for pupils with special educational needs. The work is based on my own experience with this problem in Czech Republic and the reality in France, also draws on interviews with educators and practitioners and is supported by a separate survey which was conducted among teachers in the Czech Republic and France.

No description available.

Les enfants (d') immigrés sont porteurs d'une langue et d'une culture familiales différentes de celles de la société d'arrivée et de son école. Or, la langue et la culture familiales jouent un rôle important dans le développement harmonieux de l'enfant et son « intégration » à la société d'arrivée. L'école qui doit permettre à l'enfant d'une part de se construire en tant qu'individu et d'autre part de trouver sa place dans la société où il vit, véhicule une culture différente, considérée comme légitime. Que fait-elle des langues et cultures familiales des enfants (d') immigrés? Jusque dans les années 1970, rien de particulier n'était prévu pour les enfants (d') immigrés scolarisés. Ils devaient se fondre dans la masse des élèves. Avec la mise en place d'une politique de regroupement familial, l'institution scolaire a commencé à prendre en compte ces enfants. Deux dispositifs ont été institués : des structures d'accueil pour les enfants non francophones et des enseignements de langue et culture d'origine. Cependant, si ces dispositifs constituent un premier pas dans la prise en compte des enfants (d') immigrés dans les écoles, elles restent dans une logique simultanément assimilationniste et différencialiste. Au delà de la conception de ces dispositifs, les observations effectuées dans les classes d'accueil et les cours de langue et culture d'origine de Côte d'Or ainsi que les entretiens et les enquêtes réalisées auprès des enseignants de ce département ont montré différents problèmes matériels, techniques et humains dans leur fonctionnement. Par ailleurs, la période de scolarisation joue un rôle important dans la construction des enfants et ce que l'on y enseigne marque pour longtemps. Ainsi, la place donnée aux cultures extra-occidentales ainsi que l'image de l'autre véhiculée au cours de celle-ci, en particulier par les manuels scolaires, d'une part constituent le miroir de la manière de voir l'autre plus généralement dans la société d'arrivée, et d'autre part emportera des conséquences sur le long terme, sur la société de demain. L'occidentalo-centrisme qui caractérise l'enseignement de l'histoire et de la littérature entraîne une dévalorisation/stigmatisation de l'Autre, de ses langues et de ses cultures qui est transmise aux élèves. / Immigrant(s') children are the purveyors of a family tongue and culture which differ from that of the host country and its education system, when in fact, family culture and the mother-tongue play a major role in harmonious child development and in his/her integration into society. School, which should aim at both enabling the child to establish himself/herself as a subject and finding his/her place in society, conveys a different culture, which is regarded as legitimate. What about the tongues and cultures of immigrant children? Until the 1970s, nothing specific was schemed for immigrant school children. They had to merge with the rest. Family reunification policies brought along the taking into account of these children. Two systems were introduced : childcare facilities for non-francophone children and courses in the culture and language of their country of origin. Yet, if such policies have been a first step towards the taking into account of immigrant children within education systems, they've remained within a pattern of simultaneous assimilation and differentiation. Beyond what these policies intended, the observations made in the « reception and integration » classes and language and cultural courses of Côte d'Or, along with the interviews and surveys carried out with the teachers of the county, have pointed out different practical and human problems in their very functioning. Moreover, the schooling years play an important part in the building up of children and what is taught will leave its mark for long. Thus, the importance given to overseas cultures as well as the image of the other conveyed during that time, particularly through books, constitute the mirror of the way to see the other in the host society on the one hand, and will bear long-time consequences on tomorrow's society on the other hand. The western ethnocentrism which characterizes the teaching of History and Literature leads to the stigmatization of the Other, through the tongues and cultures transmitted to students.

Depuis les années 1980, des épaves de grands navires construits à clin de la fin du Moyen-Age ont été découvertes sur les littoraux des mers septentrionales et occidentales. Elles ont régulièrement suscité individuellement un intérêt de la communauté scientifique en regard de leur architecture, puisque la fin du Moyen-Age correspond historiquement à l’apparition puis à la diffusion et à l’adaptation de la construction navale à franc-bord d’origine méditerranéenne en Europe du Nord et de l’Ouest. Pourtant, la comparaison des différentes épaves entre elles pour étudier les développements de la construction navale à clin de cette période est très récente et généralement rattachée à l’analyse des épaves nouvellement trouvées.Cette thèse étudie l’ensemble des navires de plus de 20 m de long susceptibles, par leur architecture, d’avoir évolué en haute mer sur les routes du commerce lointain. En regard du contexte technique et historique, cette étude est limitée géographiquement aux mers nordiques et chronologiquement au Moyen-Age tardif et au début de la période moderne.Le navire résulte à la fois des technique de construction navale et de la demande de ses commanditaires. Durant la période d’étude envisagée dans la thèse, les marchands, qui sont également les affréteurs, constituent les principaux armateurs avec les gens de mer, marins et capitaines, qui régulièrement sont propriétaires en totalité ou en partie des grands bâtiments.De ce fait, le contexte historique, affectant les activités de commerce et de transport, contribue à expliquer les développements de la construction navale. De plus, l’analyse technique des épaves permet de comprendre comment les charpentiers de marine ont pu répondre à la demande de ces propriétaires. Pour cela, la reconstitution des épaves, comme celle de l’Aber Wrac’h 1(France), est essentielle, car les données relatives à la construction, la conception et la forme des navires fournissent des éléments de comparaison scientifique fiables en regard des typologies chronologiques et régionales et permettent de replacer le navire dans son contexte historique et socio-économique. / Since the 1980s, several wrecks of large clinker ships adting from the late Middle Ages were found on the coasts of Northern and Atlantic seas. The scientific community was regularly interested in the architecture of each site as the late Middle Ages historically corresponds to the appearance, dissemination and adaptation of the carvel shipbuilding from the Mediterranean in Northern and Western Europe. Yet the comparison of the different wrecks themselves to study the development of the clinker shipbuilding of this period is recent and usually linked to the analysis of newly found wrecks.This thesis explores all vessels over a length of 20 meters, which were able, according to their architecture, to sail on open seas for long-distance trade. Due to the technical and historical context, this study is limited geographically to the nordic seas and chronologically to the Late Middle Ages and early modern period.The ship results from the shipbuilding technology and the demand of its owners. During the late Middle Ages, the merchant class, which was the principal user, was also the main shipowner with the seafarers, sailors and captains, who regularly owned all or part of large vessels.Therefore, the historical context, affecting trade and transport activities, helps to explain the developments in shipbuilding. Therefore, technical analysis of wrecks allows understanding how the shipwrights and carpenters could meet the demand of those owners. Hence, there construction of the wreck, such as Aber Wrac’h 1 (France), is essential because the data about the building, design and shape of the vessels provide reliable scientific information for comparison in terms of chronological and regional typologies and help to place the ship in its historical, environmental and socio-economic context.