Unlike in the greenhouse, plants need to cope with many environmental stresses under natural conditions. Among these conditions are drought, waterlogging, excessive or too little light, high or low temperatures, UV irradiation, high soil salinity, and nutrient deficiency. These stress factors can affect many biological processes, and severely retard the growth and development of higher plants, resulting in massive losses of crop yield and wood production. Plants have developed many protective mechanisms to survive and acclimate to stresses, such as the rapid induction of specific molecular chaperones and proteases at the molecular level. Molecular chaperones mediate the correct folding and assembly of polypeptides, as well as repair damaged protein structures caused by stress, while proteases remove otherwise non-functional and potentially cytotoxic proteins. The Clp/Hsp100 family is a new group of chaperones that consists of both constitutive and stress-inducible members. Besides being important chaperones, many Clp/Hsp100 also participate in protein degradation by associating with the proteolytic subunit ClpP to form the Clp protease complex. Higher plants have the greatest number and complexity of Clp proteins than any other group of organisms, and more than 20 different Clp isomers in plants have been identified (Paper I). Because of this diversity, we have adopted a functional genomics approach to characterise all Clp proteins in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Our ongoing research strategy combines genetic, biochemical and molecular approaches. Central to these has been the preparation of transgenic lines for each of the chloroplast Clp isomers. These transgenic lines will be analysed to understand the function and regulation of each chloroplast Clp protein for plant growth and development. In Paper II, an Arabidopsis thaliana cDNA was isolated that encodes a homologue of bacterial ClpX. Specific polyclonal antibodies were made and used to localise the ClpX homologue to plant mitochondria, consistent with that predicted by computer analysis of the putative transit peptide. In addition to ClpX, a nuclear-encoded ClpP protein, termed ClpP2, was identified from the numerous ClpP isomers in Arabidopsis and was also located in mitochondria. Relatively unchanged levels of transcripts for both clpX and clpP2 genes were detected in various tissues and under different growth conditions. Using β-casein as a substrate, plant mitochondria possessed an ATP-stimulated, serine-type proteolytic activity that could be strongly inhibited by antibodies specific for ClpX or ClpP2, suggesting an active ClpXP protease. In Paper III, four nuclear-encoded Clp isomers were identified in Arabidopsis thaliana: ClpC1 and ClpP3-5. All four proteins are localized within the stroma of chloroplasts, along with the previously identified ClpD, ClpP1 and ClpP6 proteins. Potential differential regulation among these Clp proteins was analysed at both the mRNA and protein level. A comparison between different tissues showed increasing amounts of all plastid Clp proteins from roots to stems to leaves. The increases in protein were mirrored at the mRNA level for most ClpP isomers but not for ClpC1, ClpC2 and ClpD and ClpP5, which exhibited little change in transcript levels. Potential stress induction was also tested for all chloroplast Clp proteins by a series of brief and prolonged stress conditions. The results reveal that these proteins, rather than being rapidly induced stress proteins, are primarily constitutive proteins that may also be involved in plant acclimation to different physiological conditions. In Paper IV, antisense repression transgenic lines of clpP4 were prepared and then later characterised. Within the various lines screened, up to 90% of ClpP4 protein content was specifically repressed, which also led to the down-regulation of ClpP3 and ClpP5 protein contents. The repression of clpP4 mRNA retarded the development of chloroplasts and the differentiation of leaf mesophyll cells, resulting in chlorotic phenotypes. The chlorosis was more severe in young than in mature leaves due likely to the developmental expression pattern of the ClpP4 protein. Chlorotic plants eventually turned green upon aging, accompanied by a recovery in the amount of the ClpP4 protein. The greening process could be affected by the light quantity, either by altering the photoperiod or light intensity.

Sepsis-induced organ failure is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. The onset of an exaggerated host response to microbial invasion and/or trauma, is believed to be the primary cause of excessive inflammation and the subsequent tissue hypoperfusion observed in patients with severe sepsis. In our mouse model of sepsis induced by cecal ligation and perforation (CLP), symptoms indicative of the disease, including diarrhea, increased ventilation and persistent hypothermia, are present at six hours after the surgery (T6). In the untreated CLP mice, mortality occurs starting at T15. As induced hypothermia has shown to exert immunomodulatory effects, this study is aimed at assessing its potential in attenuating inflammation and improving survival in experimental sepsis. Our data has shown that deep hypothermia initiated at T6, by means of cold chamber-induced cooling, prolongs survival. Plasma cytokine quantification by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) also reveals that induced deep hypothermia reduces tumour necrosis factor(TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 production in untreated CLP mice. In contrast, induced moderate hypothermia does not have such effect. Antibiotic (cefotaxime) and saline resuscitation initiated immediately following CLP ensures survival. However, when these supportive treatments are initiated at T6, >50% mortality is observed in the CLP mice with or without induced hypothermia. In summary, this preliminary study provides proof for a downregulated inflammatory response mediated by external cooling. However, to achieve a survival benefit, treatment strategies in addition to cooling and antibiotics may be required.

Sepsis-induced organ failure is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. The onset of an exaggerated host response to microbial invasion and/or trauma, is believed to be the primary cause of excessive inflammation and the subsequent tissue hypoperfusion observed in patients with severe sepsis. In our mouse model of sepsis induced by cecal ligation and perforation (CLP), symptoms indicative of the disease, including diarrhea, increased ventilation and persistent hypothermia, are present at six hours after the surgery (T6). In the untreated CLP mice, mortality occurs starting at T15. As induced hypothermia has shown to exert immunomodulatory effects, this study is aimed at assessing its potential in attenuating inflammation and improving survival in experimental sepsis. Our data has shown that deep hypothermia initiated at T6, by means of cold chamber-induced cooling, prolongs survival. Plasma cytokine quantification by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) also reveals that induced deep hypothermia reduces tumour necrosis factor(TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 production in untreated CLP mice. In contrast, induced moderate hypothermia does not have such effect. Antibiotic (cefotaxime) and saline resuscitation initiated immediately following CLP ensures survival. However, when these supportive treatments are initiated at T6, >50% mortality is observed in the CLP mice with or without induced hypothermia. In summary, this preliminary study provides proof for a downregulated inflammatory response mediated by external cooling. However, to achieve a survival benefit, treatment strategies in addition to cooling and antibiotics may be required.

Sepsis-induced organ failure is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. The onset of an exaggerated host response to microbial invasion and/or trauma, is believed to be the primary cause of excessive inflammation and the subsequent tissue hypoperfusion observed in patients with severe sepsis. In our mouse model of sepsis induced by cecal ligation and perforation (CLP), symptoms indicative of the disease, including diarrhea, increased ventilation and persistent hypothermia, are present at six hours after the surgery (T6). In the untreated CLP mice, mortality occurs starting at T15. As induced hypothermia has shown to exert immunomodulatory effects, this study is aimed at assessing its potential in attenuating inflammation and improving survival in experimental sepsis. Our data has shown that deep hypothermia initiated at T6, by means of cold chamber-induced cooling, prolongs survival. Plasma cytokine quantification by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) also reveals that induced deep hypothermia reduces tumour necrosis factor(TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 production in untreated CLP mice. In contrast, induced moderate hypothermia does not have such effect. Antibiotic (cefotaxime) and saline resuscitation initiated immediately following CLP ensures survival. However, when these supportive treatments are initiated at T6, >50% mortality is observed in the CLP mice with or without induced hypothermia. In summary, this preliminary study provides proof for a downregulated inflammatory response mediated by external cooling. However, to achieve a survival benefit, treatment strategies in addition to cooling and antibiotics may be required.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-12T20:22:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leandro Israel Pinto.pdf: 1973331 bytes, checksum: 859388e323baf2b51cb58d1386fe1ceb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The IEC 61499 standard defines a development model for industrial automation and control, it defines a visual language that can facilitate the implementation of distributed control system. This work presents the proposal and implementation of ICARU-FB, an Open Source multi-platform environment, capable of running the function blocks defined in IEC 61499 on architectures with few computational resources. A virtual machine was designed and implemented to perform networks of function blocks on 8-bit platforms with minimal resources. It was also ported to run on a 64-bit computer. Two case studies were performed in order to verify compliance with IEC 61499. Through the case studies, it was verified that it is possible to meet the requirements of the standard, such as configurability, interoperability and portability. The case studies also demonstrated the ability of the environment to reconfigure the software at runtime. / A norma IEC 61499 define um modelo de desenvolvimento para automação e controle industrial, ela estabelece uma linguagem visual que pode facilitar a implementação de sistemas de controle distribuídos. Esse trabalho apresenta a proposta e implementação do ICARU-FB, um ambiente Open Source multiplataforma, que é capaz de executar a linguagem definida na norma IEC 61499 em arquiteturas com poucos recursos computacionais. Uma maquina virtual foi projetada e implementada para executar redes blocos de funções em plataformas de 8 bits com o mínimo de recursos. Ela também foi portada para executar em um computador de 64 bits. Dois estudos de caso foram realizados a fim de verificar a conformidade com a norma IEC 61499. Através desses estudos de caso, foi verificado que é possível atender aos requisitos da norma IEC 61499, como configurabilidade, interoperabilidade e portabilidade. Os estudos de caso também demonstraram a habilidade do ambiente de reconfigurar o software em tempo de execução.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:54:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RaimundoSM.pdf: 1084567 bytes, checksum: b0c04a2886a533d2f22958c9fda16e38 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06-09 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Due of industrial informatics several attempts have been done to develop notations and semantics, which are used for classifying and describing different kind of system behavior, particularly in the modeling phase. Such attempts provide the infrastructure to resolve some real problems of engineering and construct practical systems that aim at, mainly, to increase the productivity, quality, and security of the process. Despite the many studies that have attempted to develop friendly methods for industrial controller programming, they are still programmed by conventional trial-and-error methods and, in practice, there is little written documentation on these systems. The ideal solution would be to use a computational environment that allows industrial engineers to implement the system using high-level language and that follows international standards. Accordingly, this work proposes a methodology for plant and control modelling of the discrete event systems that include sequential, parallel and timed operations, using a formalism based on Statecharts, denominated Basic Statechart (BSC). The methodology also permits automatic procedures to validate and implement these systems. To validate our methodology, we presented two case studies with typical examples of the manufacturing sector. The first example shows a sequential control for a tagged machine, which is used to illustrated dependences between the devices of the plant. In the second example, we discuss more than one strategy for controlling a manufacturing cell. The model with no control has 72 states (distinct configurations) and, the model with sequential control generated 20 different states, but they only act in 8 distinct configurations. The model with parallel control generated 210 different states, but these 210 configurations act only in 26 distinct configurations, therefore, one strategy control less restrictive than previous. Lastly, we presented one example for highlight the modular characteristic of our methodology, which it is very important to maintenance of applications. In this example, the sensors for identifying pieces in the plant were removed. So, changes in the control model are needed to transmit the information of the input buffer sensor to the others positions of the cell / Com o advento da inform?tica industrial muitos esfor?os t?m sido realizados para o desenvolvimento de nota??es e sem?nticas usadas para classificar e descrever diferentes tipos de sistemas, sobretudo na fase de modelagem. Tais esfor?os fornecem a infraestrutura necess?ria para a solu??o de alguns problemas reais de engenharia e a constru??o de sistemas pr?ticos que visam, principalmente, o aumento da produtividade, qualidade e seguran?a de processos. Al?m disso, apesar de muitos estudos tentarem desenvolverm?todos amig?veis para programa??o de controladores l?gicos industriais, estes ainda s?o programados atrav?s de m?todos convencionais no estilo tentativa e erro e, na pr?tica, usualmente n?o existe documenta??o escrita para esses sistemas. A solu??o ideal para este problema seria usar um ambiente computacional que permita engenheiros industriais implementar o sistema usando linguagens de alto n?vel e que obede?am padr?es internacionais. Baseado nessa perspectiva, este trabalho descreve um procedimento sistem?tico para modelar a planta e o controle de sistemas com din?mica discreta que incluem opera??es sequenciais, paralelas e temporizadas, usando um formalismo baseado nos Statecharts, denominado Statecharts B?sicos (SCB). A metodologia tamb?m permite procedimentos autom?ticos de verifica??o e implementa??o desses sistemas. A valida??o da metodologia foi realizada por meio de estudos de casos com exemplos t?picos de aplica??es da ?rea de manufatura. O primeiro exemplo apresenta um controle sequencial para um etiquetador de pe?as e serve para ilustrar a depend?ncia entre os dispositivos da planta. O segundo exemplo discute mais de uma estrat?gia de controle para uma c?lula de manufatura. O modelo da c?lula usada nos exemplos possui 72 configura??es poss?veis e, com um controle sequencial, a planta ficou restrita a 8 configura??es, enquanto que com um controle paralelo, a planta atuou em 26 configura??es diferentes, sendo, portanto, um controle menos restritivo. Por fim, foi apresentado um exemplo para ressaltar a caracter?stica modular da nossa metodologia, que ? de suma import?ncia para a manutenibilidade de aplica??es. Neste exemplo, os sensores para identifica??o de pe?as presentes na planta da c?lula de manufatura foram removidos, gerando a necessidade de altera??es no modelo do controle para propagar as informa??es do sensor de entrada de pe?as para as outras posi??es da c?lula.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:54:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AlexandreMFG_TESE.pdf: 5334818 bytes, checksum: 7c848d27061280b40eb07e9232cb9807 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-28 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The traditional processes for treatment of hazardous waste are questionable for it generates other wastes that adversely affect people s health. As an attempt to minimize these problems, it was developed a system for treatment of hazardous waste by thermal plasma, a more appropriate technology since it produces high temperatures, preventing the formation of toxic pollutants to human beings. The present work brings out a solution of automation for this plant. The system has local and remote monitoring resources to ensure the operators security as well as the process itself. A special attention was given to the control of the main reactor temperature of the plant as it is the place where the main processing occurs and because it presents a complex mathematical model. To this, it was employed cascaded controls based on Fuzzy logic. A process computer, with a particular man-machine interface (MMI), provides information and controls of the plant to the operator, including by Internet. A compact PLC module is in charge of the central element of management automation and plant control which receives information from sensors, and sends it to the MMI / Os processos tradicionais de tratamento de lixos perigosos s?o question?veis por gerar outros res?duos que afetam negativamente ? sa?de das pessoas. Como tentativa de minimiza??o desses problemas foi desenvolvido um sistema de tratamento de res?duos perigosos por plasma t?rmico, uma tecnologia adequada por produzir altas temperaturas, impedindo a forma??o de poluentes bastantes t?xicos ao homem. O trabalho aqui exposto traz uma solu??o de automa??o para essa planta. O sistema disp?e de recursos de monitoramento e prote??es locais e remotos, que garantem a seguran?a do processo e dos operadores. Para controle de temperatura do reator principal da planta foi dada uma aten??o especial por ser o recinto onde ocorre o principal processamento e por apresentar um complexo modelo matem?tico. Para esse fim, foram empregados controles em cascata baseados em l?gica Fuzzy. Um computador de processo, com uma interface homem-m?quina (IHM) espec?fica, disponibiliza ao operador informa??es e controles da planta, inclusive via Internet. O elemento central de gerenciamento da automa??o e controle da planta fica a cargo de um m?dulo CLP compacto, que recebe as informa??es dos sensores, e as envia ? IHM

Esse trabalho tem como objetivo o estudo e análise da implantação de um elo prismático (sexto eixo no robô Scorbot-Er V), para translação do robô em atividades didáticas visando diminuir o tempo de troca do robô e das estações de trabalho em sala de aula, melhorando a visão do aluno em relação à aprendizagem na área de automação industrial e robótica tornando-a sistêmica, dando-lhe assim capacidade de integrar vários sistemas e estudar o sistema de frenagem. Feita uma análise dos ambientes onde os alunos são treinados na programação de robôs, observou-se que no desenvolvimento desta tarefa, havia duas restrições básicas: A dificuldade na programação e movimentação física do robô na troca das estações de trabalho, que levavam em torno de três horas e que não era possível a integração de CLP, IHM, inversores de freqüência, motores AC, sensor de posicionamento e fuso de esferas no ambiente de laboratório. Desenvolveu-se uma análise da precisão do sistema mecânico do sexto eixo implantado, permitindo uma visão do funcionamento do posicionamento, através do sensor acoplado no eixo de fuso esférico, o qual é acionado por um motor AC, transmitindo e convertendo o movimento circular para linear através de uma relação de polias. O resultado obtido foi à diminuição do tempo de três horas para cinco minutos na troca das estações de trabalho e uma precisão de décimos de milímetros para o posicionamento do robô e com a integração dos sistemas foi possível melhorar a aprendizagem do aluno obtendo um ganho pedagógico. / This work aims to study and analyze the implementation of a prismatic link (sixth axis in robot Scorbot-Er V) for translation of the robot in didactic activities to reduce the time to change the robot and workstations in the classroom, improving students vision for learning in the area of industrial automation and robotics becoming systemic, thus giving you ability to integrate various systems and studying the braking system. Made an analysis of the environments where students are trained in the programming of robots and it was observed that the development of this task, there were two basic restrictions: The difficulty in planning and handling of the robot in the physical exchange of workstations, which took around three hours and it was not possible the integration of PLC, HMI, frequency inverters, AC motor, sensor of positioning and axis ball screew in a laboratory environment. It was developed an analysis of the accuracy of the mechanical of sixth axis implanted, allowing a view of the positioning operation by the sensor coupled to the axis ball screew, which is powered by an AC motor transmitting and converting the linear motion to move through a relationship of pulleys. The result was a reduction of time in three hours to five minutes in the exchange of workstations and a precision of tenths of millimeters for positioning the robot and the integration of the systems have improved the learning of students achieving pedagogical gain.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-04-25T11:55:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 wolmararaujoneto.pdf: 9045744 bytes, checksum: 685167b5aabc68d680681643c44b7a4e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-04-25T12:12:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 wolmararaujoneto.pdf: 9045744 bytes, checksum: 685167b5aabc68d680681643c44b7a4e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-25T12:12:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 wolmararaujoneto.pdf: 9045744 bytes, checksum: 685167b5aabc68d680681643c44b7a4e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-25 / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A presente dissertação tem como objetivo principal desenvolver uma metodologia capaz de auxiliar no projeto e implementação de controles para sistemas a eventos discretos (SED) de forma a otimizar a modelagem, documentação e implantação da planta estudada. Para tanto a definição tradicional de autômato foi alterado para incluir um novo subconjunto de estados obrigatórios, isto é, estados que o sistema deve passar antes de chegar a um estado marcado. Seguindo a modelagem tradicional, cada subsistema é modelado através desta nova abordagem. Em uma segunda etapa, uma nova iteração de análise de cada subsistema é realizada para restringir situações indesejadas do sistema. Com esta fase finalizada os subsistemas são mesclados através de uma técnica tradicional de autômatos em paralelo. O sistema final resultante é apresentado a um otimizador, baseado em PROLOG, que busca a melhor sequência de eventos obedecendo a todas as restrições modeladas e termine no estado marcado informado pelo projeto. Este resultado fornece a Rede de Petri ideal do sistema e sua programação em GRAFCET. Tais métodos serão testados em componentes de um sistema de manufatura flexível real. / The present master thesis has as its main goal to develop a methodology able to assist in design and implementation of discrete event system (DES) controllers in order to optimize the modeling, documentation and deployment of plant in study. To do so the automaton traditional concept was changed to include a new subset of mandatory states, i.e. states that the system should pass before reach a marked state. Following the traditional modeling, each subsystem is modeled using this new approach. In a second step, a new iteration of analysis of each subsystem is performed to restrain system’s unwanted situations. At the end of this step the subsystems are composed by a traditional parallel automatons technique. The resulting system is presented to an optimizer, based in PROLOG, which searches the best event sequence obeying to all modeled restrictions and ends in the marked state defined in design. This result provides the ideal Petri Net of the system and its GRAFCET programming. Such methods will be tested in a flexible real manufacturing system.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:25:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_ana_carolina_pereira.pdf: 8965039 bytes, checksum: 94bb2b07c5b8788f73621ddfa4a752de (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-18 / In this work a study of the winds in Rio Grande do Sul, during the period 2000-2007 is presented to identify where and when the wind were stronger in the State. The wind data obtained at 10m height, at three time observation (00, 12 and 18UTC) of 15 meteorological stations, well distributed in the State are utilized. The identification of the stations where the winds were stronger and with less spectrum of variation was made using a Weibull distribution to the monthly average values of velocity, calculated on the total period of data from each station (between 4 and 8 years) and for time. The similarity of velocities behavior between the stations with 8 years of data was obtained by applying the method K-means, non-hierarchical clustering technique, setting up 4 groups for homogeneous regions of pentad average velocities in the state, by hour of observation. Sensibility tests with two Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) parameterizations (Blackadar and MRF) of MM5 model were realized by using two nested grids with 35 sigma levels in vertical, centered in Rio Grande do Sul and with initial and contour data from NCEP (1º resolution in latitude and longitude). The validation of simulated versus observed velocities at 10m height was realized with the calculation of bias error, the mean square root of error and standard deviation of errors. The cities of São Luiz Gonzaga and Santa Vitória do Palmar stood out from the others because they had more often high values of k and c parameters. The homogeneous group, characterized by having the highest values of pentadal avegared velocities was constitued predominantly by the stations of Santa Vitória do Palmar (in the extreme south of the state) and Passo Fundo (located in the northern region). The highest velocities were observed in the month of November, in Santa Vitória do Palmar. The selected case study was the extratropical cyclone that struck the southern Rio Grande do Sul in the period from 9 to November 13, 2002. The errors between observed and simulated velocities in both experiments were relatively large. The comparison between results and observed data in some stations showed that Blackadar PBL parameterization was better than MRF parameterization. / Neste trabalho é mostrado o estudo sobre os ventos no Rio Grande do Sul, durante o período 2000-2007, para identificar onde e quando os ventos foram mais intensos no Estado. Foram utilizados dados de velocidades obtidos a 10m de altura, nos três horários de observação (00, 12 e 18UTC) de 15 estações meteorológicas, bem distribuídas no Estado. A identificação das estações onde os ventos foram mais fortes e com menor espectro de variação foi feita aplicando a distribuição Weibull aos valores médios mensais de velocidades, calculadas sobre o período total de dados de cada estação (entre 4 e 8 anos) e por horário. A similaridade de comportamento das velocidades entre as estações com 8 anos de dados, foi obtida pela aplicação do método K-means, definindo-se 4 grupos para regiões homogêneas de velocidades médias pentadais no Estado, por horário de observação.Testes de sensibilidade com duas parametrizações (Blackadar e MRF) de Camada Limite Planetária (CLP) do modelo MM5 foram realizados usando duas grades aninhadas com 35 níveis sigma na vertical, centradas no Rio Grande do Sul e com dados iniciais e de contorno do NCEP (resolução de 1º em latitude e longitude). A validação das velocidades simuladas versus observadas, a 10m de altura, foi realizada com o cálculo do erro de viés, da raiz do erro quadrático médio e do desvio padrão dos erros. As cidades de São Luiz Gonzaga e de Santa Vitória do Palmar se destacaram das demais por apresentarem mais frequentemente, os valores mais elevados dos parâmetros k e c, respectivamente. O grupo homogêneo, caracterizado por apresentar os maiores valores de velocidades médias pentadais foi constituído predominantemente pelas estações de Santa Vitória do Palmar (no extremo sul do Estado) e Passo Fundo (localizado na região norte). As velocidades mais elevadas foram observadas no mês de novembro, em Santa Vitória do Palmar. O caso de estudo selecionado foi o ciclone extratropical que atingiu o sul do Rio Grande do Sul no período de 9 a 13 de novembro de 2002. Os erros encontrados entre as velocidades observadas e simuladas nos dois experimentos foram relativamente grandes. A comparação entre os resultados e os dados observados em algumas estações mostrou que a parametrização de camada limite planetária Blackadar foi melhor que a parametrização MRF.