En este trabajo se analiza la situación de los menores con expediente judicial en el Juzgado de Menores de Castellón, con el fin de contrastarla con la imagen que parece tener la sociedad actual de los mismos. Para ello, se han realizado 3 estudios y se ha utilizado el instrumento estandarizado Youth Level Service Case Management Inventory (Hoge y Andrews, 2006), predictor de la reincidencia delictiva. En el primer y segundo estudio se analizaron las trayectorias delictivas de los menores reincidentes y se determinó la eficacia predictiva de dicho Inventario. Los participantes en estos dos estudios fueron 210 menores, con edades comprendidas entre 14,03 y 18,10 años, a los que se les realizó un seguimiento de 2 años. Los resultados se muestran en línea con las investigaciones de Moffit (1993), Catalano y Hawkins (1996) y Howell (2003), donde la relación del menor con la justicia es en la mayoría de los casos puntual y se extingue al finalizar la etapa de la adolescencia. Por otra parte, dicho Inventario se muestra capaz de predecir de manera satisfactoria la reincidencia delictiva de los menores. Por su parte, el estudio III pretendía adaptar el Inventario YLS/CMI (Hoge y Andrews, 2003) a la realidad española. Los participantes de esta investigación fueron 206 menores. La adaptación de dicho Inventario muestra resultados satisfactorios en la predicción de la reincidencia delictiva.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-09-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:23:49Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 isoni_mm_dr_mar.pdf: 2959477 bytes, checksum: 9a578ac62a6c184407b31cbe4b2d01de (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O presente estudo caracteriza-se como pesquisa descritiva e analítica, e buscou estudar o fenômeno das construções de relacionamentos sociais que ocorrem no ciberespaço, para compreender seus fundamentos em Comunidades Mediadas pela Internet (CMI) para, dessa forma, reconhecer as razões do sucesso e descrever o ciclo de vida dessas comunidades. Com o objetivo geral de identificar os fatores de atração e participação de membros em CMIs, distribuídos em seu ciclo de vida, a pesquisa teve como objetivos específicos: diferenciar atributos definidores e atributos de sucesso de CMIs; discutir associação e participação como Fatores de Sucesso (FS) em CMIs; descrever a natureza dos FS para os níveis de percepções; para cada fonte de informação (estrutural, temporal, estratégico e ambiental), identificar os FS que transcorrem pelas fases do Ciclo de Vida da CMI; e discutir subconjuntos de FS conforme a natureza de cada CMI. A metodologia de pesquisa utilizou uma estratégia do tipo “observação participante”, junto a uma CMI existente na plataforma Orkut, a fim de coletar e extrair graus de concordância (alta média e baixa), sobre treze FS (foco, senso comunitário, tecnologia, serviço, sociabilidade, membros, gestão, reconhecimento, participação, liderança, reputação, confiança e sustentabilidade), fundamentais na trajetória da CMI ao sucesso. Por serem ainda escassos os estudos que abordam a noção holística de vida e morte das CMI, esta tese apresenta o modelo de ciclo de vida das CMI (MCV-CMI), retratando as etapas iniciais, de criação, de crescimento, de maturidade e de transformação ou morte de uma CMI existente na plataforma Orkut, que conta hoje com mais de 1200 integrantes. Essa comunidade foi selecionada em função da adequação à metodologia adotada. A pesquisa utilizou o software LimeSurvey para a construção da base de dados, que resultou... / The current study is a descriptive and analytical research which aimed at studying the phenomenon of social network building which takes place in cyberspace, in order to comprehend its fundamentals in IMCs (Internet-Mediated Communities). This way, we wanted to identify the reasons of success and describe the life cycle of such communities. The research general goal was that of identifying the participation and attraction factors for IMC members, throughout their life cycle, whereas its specific goals were: to discriminate IMC defining attributes and success attributes; to discuss association and participation as IMC Success Factors (SF); to describe the SF’s nature for the different perception levels; to identity the SFs which live through the IMC life cycle phases, for each information source (structural, chronological, strategic and environmental); and to discuss SF subgroups according to each IMC’s nature. The research methodology used a “participant observation” type of strategy, at an existing IMC at the Orkut platform, in order to collect and extract agreement levels (high, moderate and low) on thirteen SF (focus, sense of community, technology, service, sociability, members, management, recognition, participation, leadership, reputation, reliability and sustainability), which are fundamental in the IMC’s course for success. The studies that address the holistic notion of IMC life and death are still scarce, thus, this thesis presents the IMC life cycle model (IMC-LCM), picturing the initial steps, of creation, growth, maturity and transformation or death of an existing IMC at the Orkut platform, which counts more than 1200 members to-day. This community was chosen for the adequacy to the adopted methodology. The research used the LimeSurvey software for the database construction, which generated a sample of 104 respondents. This allowed the perceptual mapping... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / This thesis examined the difficulties experienced by Grade 6 isiXhosa-speaking learners in learning Natural Science through English as the medium of instruction at a primary school in the Western Cape. In 1994, South Africa became a democratic country where people were given the right to choose the language of learning and communication (Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996). The assumption made in relation to the right to language was that this would provide equal opportunities and equal access to education for all learners. All learners would then be able to attain academic success. The study was pursued against the backdrop of the serious academic underachievement of African learners at schools around the country (often culminating in high matric failure rates), particularly in mathematics, science and technology (Probyn, 2005; Cleghorn, 2005; Taylor & Vinjevold, 1999). Following a mixed-method approach (involving both qualitative and quantitative research methods), within the constructivist paradigm, the study examined the various factors which act as barriers to learning and contribute to difficulties in learning Natural Science by Grade 6 isiXhosa-speaking learners in one school in the Western Cape. It also examined the coping strategies used in dealing with the barriers by both the learners and educators in order to address the learning difficulties. The study was conducted over a period of four months, spread over two years (2008 and 2009), in the Metropole Central Education District (MCED) of the Western Cape. The following participants were involved in the study: 205 Grade 6 learners (103 learners in 2008 and 102learners in 2009), 4 Natural Science educators (including 2 HODs), 1 principal, and 4 parents. The focus of the study was, however, on 26 isiXhosa-speaking learners (13 learners from each year in 2008 and 2009). The data were collected using the following research methods: questionnaires, classroom observation, document analysis, and interviews. The data were analysed through content analysis and (analysis of) language usage (including sentence construction), and were interpreted with respect to the study's research questions. The findings of the research revealed that language (including both the English language of learning and teaching or LOLT, and the language of science) was a major barrier to the learning of Natural Science by Grade 6 isiXhosa-speaking learners. The language barrier was exacerbated by factors within the teaching and learning context, the school environment, as well as by social factors in the learners' own home backgrounds. On the basis of the findings of the research and the related literature, the study makes recommendations regarding what could be done to address the difficulties, as well as proposals for future research. The key recommendations include: • Introducing a more flexible bilingual education policy to enable additive bilingualism to be practised by both learners and educators; • Compiling a list or glossary of words, concepts and terms that matter in Natural Science and ensuring that the learners fully understand their meaning and use them appropriately; • Educators constantly reflecting on their own teaching styles and practices in relation to their effectiveness and impact on their learners; • Educators constantly considering 'different and creative ways' of assessing learners for whom the English LOLT is not a home language; and • District Offices providing systemic support for schools and creating an enabling learning environment.

Master’s thesis in the theoretical part deals with literature review on the topic of measurement errors and measurement uncertainties. The practical part deals with the simulation of additional capacitive and resistive load on the amplitude and phase error during shunts based measurement. For this simulation is used mathematical apparatus of cascade matrix of two-ports and their connections. For the actual simulation is used script for MATLAB. Furthermore, the work deals with the design of voltage follower to eliminate simulated errors and its practical realization. The last part deals with the design of the coaxial multiplexer for switching current shunts developed in the Czech Metrological Institute in Brno.

No description available.

傳統的貿易主要以書面往來處理交易相關作業，藉由直接交付、電話、電報、傳真、郵寄等方式傳遞貿易文件，此種作業花費相當的時間與成本，且時有錯誤發生，或是單據晚於貨物到達，造成貨物提領不便的情形。 本論文重點在探討國際貿易流程中物流運送部份的無紙化所遭遇的困難，除第一章緒論介紹研究動機與範圍外，第二章則是介紹國際貿易流程，藉以發現書面作業的缺失，並經由瞭解國際間實施貿易電子化的情形，對照反映我國電子化環境的不足；第三章介紹船貿文件在實務上運作的情況，及國際間因應物流無紙化所創設的電子交易市集，並對上述情況加以評析；第四章探討船貿文件實施電子化在現代法律制度下衍生的法律課題；第五章則藉著探討國際間因應運送服務電子化立法方向的發展，尋求運送法律的出路；第六章則在綜合歸納本文之研究發現，提出建議與結論，作為日後研究可能的方向。

L’émergence des souches bactériennes résistantes aux antibiotiques est un phénomène inquiétant, qui se répand à travers le monde. Staphylococcus aureus et Pseudomonas aeruginosa sont des bactéries pathogènes opportunistes multi résistantes qui peuvent causer plusieurs maladies. Cependant, ces bactéries deviennent difficiles à traiter avec des antibiotiques sans occasionner de toxicité. Alors pour trouver des solutions, c’est nécessaire de développer de nouvelles molécules afin de combattre les agents pathogènes résistants. Grâce à leur action pharmacologique, les fluorures exercent un certain effet antibactérien au niveau de l'émail des dents; donc, leur association aux antibiotiques pourrait bien a méliorer l’activité antimicrobienne. De ce fait, nous nous sommes proposés d’étudier les activités in vitro de la vancomycine (VAN), l’oxacilline (OXA), la ceftazidime (CFT) et la méropenème (MER) libre ou associée au fluorure de sodium (NaF) et fluorure de lithium (LiF) qui ont été évaluées sur des souches S.aureus et P.aeruginosa sensibles et résistantes, par la méthode de la microdilution en bouillon, déterminant leur concentration minimale inhibitrice (CMI), leur concentration minimale bactéricide (CMB), leur courbe cinétique (Time-Kill). Leur cytotoxicité sur les globules rouges humains, et leur stabilité à la température de 4°C et 22°C ont été étudiées. Les associations des antimicrobiens aux dérivés des fluorures ont montré une amélioration de l’effet des antibiotiques par la réduction des leurs concentrations et toxicité pour traiter correctement ces pathogènes résistants. Par conséquent, des antibiotiques associés aux dérivés de fluorure pourraient devenir une option de traitement contre des souches résistantes afin de diminuer la toxicité causée par de fortes doses des antibiotiques conventionnels. / The emergence of bacterial strains resistant to antibiotics is a worrying phenomenon, which has spread worldwide. Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are multi-resistant opportunistic pathogenic bacteria that can cause many diseases. However, they have become difficult to treat with antibiotics without causing toxicity to humans. It is therefore necessary to develop new molecules against resistant pathogens to combat this problem. Due to their pharmacological action, fluorides have an antibacterial effect on tooth enamel which suggests that their combination with antibiotics could improve antimicrobial activity. Thus, we proposed to study in vitro activities of vancomycin (VAN), oxacillin (OXA), ceftazidime (CFT) and meropenem (MER) alone or combined with sodium fluoride (NaF) and lithium fluoride (LiF ) that were evaluated against resistant and susceptible strains of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa by antimicrobial susceptibility testing , in determining their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and kinetics (Time-Kill). The evaluation of cytotoxicity on human red blood cells, and determination of stability at two different temperatures (4°C, 22°C) were also performed. Associations of antibiotics with fluoride derivatives showed an improvement by increasing the effect of antibiotics with minimal levels necessary to achieve the same result by reducing their toxicity and to properly kill these resistant pathogens. Therefore, antibiotics associated with fluoride derivatives could become a treatment option against resistant strains and at the same time reduce the toxicity caused by high doses of conventional antibiotics.

L’émergence des souches bactériennes résistantes aux antibiotiques est un phénomène inquiétant, qui se répand à travers le monde. Staphylococcus aureus et Pseudomonas aeruginosa sont des bactéries pathogènes opportunistes multi résistantes qui peuvent causer plusieurs maladies. Cependant, ces bactéries deviennent difficiles à traiter avec des antibiotiques sans occasionner de toxicité. Alors pour trouver des solutions, c’est nécessaire de développer de nouvelles molécules afin de combattre les agents pathogènes résistants. Grâce à leur action pharmacologique, les fluorures exercent un certain effet antibactérien au niveau de l'émail des dents; donc, leur association aux antibiotiques pourrait bien a méliorer l’activité antimicrobienne. De ce fait, nous nous sommes proposés d’étudier les activités in vitro de la vancomycine (VAN), l’oxacilline (OXA), la ceftazidime (CFT) et la méropenème (MER) libre ou associée au fluorure de sodium (NaF) et fluorure de lithium (LiF) qui ont été évaluées sur des souches S.aureus et P.aeruginosa sensibles et résistantes, par la méthode de la microdilution en bouillon, déterminant leur concentration minimale inhibitrice (CMI), leur concentration minimale bactéricide (CMB), leur courbe cinétique (Time-Kill). Leur cytotoxicité sur les globules rouges humains, et leur stabilité à la température de 4°C et 22°C ont été étudiées. Les associations des antimicrobiens aux dérivés des fluorures ont montré une amélioration de l’effet des antibiotiques par la réduction des leurs concentrations et toxicité pour traiter correctement ces pathogènes résistants. Par conséquent, des antibiotiques associés aux dérivés de fluorure pourraient devenir une option de traitement contre des souches résistantes afin de diminuer la toxicité causée par de fortes doses des antibiotiques conventionnels. / The emergence of bacterial strains resistant to antibiotics is a worrying phenomenon, which has spread worldwide. Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are multi-resistant opportunistic pathogenic bacteria that can cause many diseases. However, they have become difficult to treat with antibiotics without causing toxicity to humans. It is therefore necessary to develop new molecules against resistant pathogens to combat this problem. Due to their pharmacological action, fluorides have an antibacterial effect on tooth enamel which suggests that their combination with antibiotics could improve antimicrobial activity. Thus, we proposed to study in vitro activities of vancomycin (VAN), oxacillin (OXA), ceftazidime (CFT) and meropenem (MER) alone or combined with sodium fluoride (NaF) and lithium fluoride (LiF ) that were evaluated against resistant and susceptible strains of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa by antimicrobial susceptibility testing , in determining their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and kinetics (Time-Kill). The evaluation of cytotoxicity on human red blood cells, and determination of stability at two different temperatures (4°C, 22°C) were also performed. Associations of antibiotics with fluoride derivatives showed an improvement by increasing the effect of antibiotics with minimal levels necessary to achieve the same result by reducing their toxicity and to properly kill these resistant pathogens. Therefore, antibiotics associated with fluoride derivatives could become a treatment option against resistant strains and at the same time reduce the toxicity caused by high doses of conventional antibiotics.

Energy forms a vital input and critical infrastructure for the economic development of countries and for improving the quality of life of people. Energy is utilized in society through the operation of large socio-technical systems called energy systems. In a growing world, as the focus shifts to better access and use of modern energy sources, there is a rising demand for energy. However, certain externalities result in this demand not being met adequately, especially in developing countries. This constitutes the energy demand – supply matching problem. Load shedding is a response used by distribution utilities in developing countries, to deal with the energy demand – supply problem in the short term and to secure the grid. This response impacts the activities of consumers and entails economic losses. Given this scenario, demand – supply matching becomes a crucial decision making activity. Traditionally demand – supply matching has been carried out by increasing supply centrally in the long term or reducing demand centrally in the short term. Literature shows that these options have not been very effective in solving the demand-supply problem. Gaps in literature also show that the need of the hour is the design of alternate solutions which are tailored to a nation's specific energy service needs in a sustainable way. Microgrids using renewable and clean energy resources and demand side management can be suitable decentralized alternatives to augment the centralized grid based systems and enable demand – supply matching at a local community level. The central research question posed by this thesis is: “How can we reduce the demand – supply gap existing in a community, due to grid insufficiency, using locally available resources and the grid in an optimal way; and thereby facilitate microgrid implementation?” The overall aim of this dissertation is to solve the energy demand – supply matching problem at the community level. It is known that decisions for the creation of energy systems are influenced by several factors. This study focuses on those factors which policy-makers and stakeholders can influence. It proposes an integrated decision framework for the creation of community microgrids. The study looks at several different dimensions of the existing demand – supply problem in a holistic way. The research objectives of this study are: 1. To develop an integrated decision framework that solves the demand – supply matching problem at a community level. 2. To decompose the consumption patterns of the community into end-uses. solar thermal, solar lighting and solar pumps and a combination of these at different capacities. The options feasible for medium income consumers are solar thermal, solar pumps, municipal waste based systems and a combination of these. The options for high income consumers are municipal waste based CHP systems, solar thermal and solar pumps. Residential consumers living in multi-storied buildings also have the options of CHP, micro wind and solar. For cooking, LPG is the single most effective alternative. 3. To identify the ‗best fitting‘ distributed energy system (microgrid), based on the end-use consumption patterns of the community and locally available clean and renewable energy resources, for matching demand – supply at the community level. 4. To facilitate the implementation of microgrids by * Contextualizing the demand – supply matching problem to consider the local social and political environment or landscape, * Studying the economic impact of load shedding and incorporating it into the demand-supply matching problem, and * Presenting multiple decision scenarios, addressing the needs of different stakeholders, to enable dialogue and participative decision making. A multi-stage Integrated Decision Framework (IDF) is developed to solve the demand - supply matching problem in a sequential manner. The first stage in the IDF towards solving the problem is the identification and estimation of the energy needs / end-uses of consumers in a community. This process is called End-use Demand Decomposition (EUDD) and is accomplished by an empirical estimation of consumer electricity demand based on structural and socio-economic factors. An algorithm/ heuristic is also presented to decompose this demand into its constituent end-uses at the community level for the purpose of identifying suitable and optimal alternatives/ augments to grid based electricity. The second stage in the framework is Best Fit DES. This stage involves identifying the “best-fit‘ distributed energy system (microgrid) for the community that optimally matches the energy demand with available forms of supply and provides a schedule for the operation of these various supply options to maximize stakeholder utility. It provides the decision makers with a methodology for identifying the optimal distributed energy resource (DER) mix, capacity and annual operational schedule that “best fits” the given end-use demand profile of consumers in a community and under the constraints of that community such that it meets the needs of the stakeholders. The optimization technique developed is a Mixed Integer Linear Program and is a modification of the DER-CAM™ (Distributed Energy Resources Customer Adoption Model), which is developed by the Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory using the GAMS platform. The third stage is the Community Microgrid Implementation (CMI) stage. The CMI stage of IDF includes three steps. The first one is to contextualize the energy demand and supply for a specific region and the communities within it. This is done by the Energy Landscape Analysis (ELA). The energy landscape analysis attempts to understand the current scenario and develop a baseline for the study. It identifies the potential solutions for the demand - supply problem from a stakeholder perspective. The next step provides a rationale for the creation of community level decentralized energy systems and microgrids from a sustainability perspective. This is done by presenting a theoretical model for outage costs (or load shedding), empirically substantiating it and providing a simulation model to demonstrate the viability for distributed energy systems. Outage cost or the cost of non supply is a variable that can be used to determine the need for alternate systems in the absence/ unavailability of the grid. The final step in the CMI stage is to provide a scenario analysis for the implementation of community microgrids. The scenario analysis step in the framework enlightens decision makers about the baselines and thresholds for the solutions obtained in the “best fit‘ analysis. The first two stages of IDF, EUDD and Best Fit DES, address the problem from a bottom-up perspective. The solution obtained from these stages constitutes the optimal solution from a technical perspective. The third stage CMI is a top-down approach to the problem, which assesses the social and policy parameters. This stage provides a set of satisficing solutions/ scenarios to enable a dialogue between stakeholders to facilitate implementation of microgrids. Thus, IDF follows a hybrid approach to problem solving. The proposed IDF is then used to demonstrate the choice of microgrids for residential communities. In particular, the framework is demonstrated for a typical residential community, Vijayanagar, situated in Bangalore and the findings presented. The End-use Demand Decomposition (EUDD) stage provides the decision makers with a methodology for estimating consumer demand given their socio-economic status, fuel choice and appliance profiles. This is done by the means of a statistical analysis. For this a primary survey of 375 residential households belonging to the LT2a category of BESCOM (Bangalore Electricity Supply Company) was conducted in the Bangalore metropolitan area. The results of the current study show that consumer demand is a function of the variables family income, refrigeration, entertainment, water heating, family size, space cooling, gas use, wood use, kerosene use and space heating. The final regression model (with these variables) can effectively predict up to 60% of the variation in the electricity consumption of a household ln(ElecConsumption) = 0.2880.396*ln(Income)+0.2 66*Refri geration+ 0.708*Entertainment+0.334*WaterHeating+0.047*FamSize+ 0243*SpaceCooling.+580*GasUse+0.421*WoodUse–0.159*KeroseneUse+ 0.568*SpaceHeating ln(ElecConsumption) = 0.406*ln(Income)0.168*Ref rigeration+0.139*Entertainment+ 0.213*WaterHeating+0.114*FamSize+0.121*SpacCooling+0.171*GasUse+ 0.115*WoodUse–0.094*KeroseneUse+0.075*SpaceHeating   The next step of EUDD is to break up the demand into its constituent end-uses. The third step involves aggregating the end-uses at the community level. These two steps are to be performed using a heuristic. The Best Fit DES stage of IDF is demonstrated with data from an urban community in Bangalore. This community is located in an area called Vijayanagar in Bangalore city. Vijayanagar is a mainly a residential area with some pockets of mixed use. Since grid availability is the constraining parameter that yields varying energy availability, this constraint is taken as the criteria for evaluation of the model. The Best Fit DES model is run for different values of the grid availability parameter to study the changes in outputs obtained in DER mix, schedules and overall cost of the system and the results are tabulated. Sensitivity analysis is also performed to study the effect of changing load, price options, fuel costs and technology parameters. The results obtained from the BEST Fit DES model for Vijayanagar illustrate that microgrids and DERs can be a suitable alternative for meeting the demand – supply gap locally. The cost of implementing DERs is the optimal solution. The savings obtained from this option however is less than 1% than the base case due to the subsidized price of grid based electricity. The corresponding costs for different hours of grid availability are higher than the base case, but this is offset by the increased efficiency of the overall system and improved reliability that is obtained in the community due to availability of power 24/7 regardless of the availability of grid based power. If the price of grid power is changed to reflect the true price of electricity, it is shown that DERs continue to be the optimal solution. Also the combination of DERs chosen change with the different levels of non-supply from the grid. For the study community, Vijayanagar, Bangalore, the DERs chosen on the basis of resource availability are mainly discrete DERs. The DERs chosen are the LPG based CHP systems which run as base and intermediate generating systems. The capacity of the discrete DERs selected, depend on the end-use load of the community. Biomass based CHP systems are not chosen by the model as this technology has not reached maturity in an urban setup. Wind and hydro based systems are not selected as these resources are not available in Vijayanagar. The CMI stage of IDF demonstrates the top-down approach to the demand-supply matching problem. For the Energy Landscape Analysis (ELA), Bangalore metropolis was chosen in the study for the purpose of demonstration of the IDF framework. Bangalore consumes 25% of the state electricity supply and its per capita consumption at 1560kWh is higher than the state average of 1230kWh and is 250% more than the Indian average of 612kWh. A stakeholder workshop was conducted to ascertain the business value for clean and renewable energy technologies. From the workshop it was established that significant peak power savings could be obtained with even low penetrations of distributed energy technologies in Bangalore. The feasible options chosen by stakeholders for low income consumers are The second step of CMI is finding an economic rationale for the implementation of community microgrids. It is hypothesized that the ‘The cost of non-supply follows an s-shaped curve similar to a growth curve.’ It is moderated by the consumer income, consumer utility, and time duration of the load shedding. A pre and post event primary survey was conducted to analyze the difference in the pattern of consumer behaviour before and after the implementation of a severe load shedding program by BESCOM during 2009-10. Data was collected from 113 households during February 2009 and July 2010. The analysis proves that there is indeed a significant difference in the number of uninterrupted power systems (inverters) possessed by households. This could be attributed mainly to the power situation in Karnataka during the same period. The data also confirms the nature of the cost of non-supply curve. The third step in CMI is scenario analysis. Four categories of scenarios are developed based on potential interventions. These are business-as-usual, demand side, supply side and demand-supply side. About 21 scenarios are identified and their results compared. Comparing the four categories of scenarios, it is shown that business-as-usual scenarios may result in exacerbation of the demand-supply gap. Demand side interventions result in savings in the total costs for the community, but cannot aid communities with load shedding. Supply side interventions increase the reliability of the energy system for a small additional cost and communities have the opportunity to even meet their energy needs independent of the grid. The combination of both demand and supply side interventions are the best solution alternative for communities, as they enable communities to meet their energy needs 24/7 in a reliable manner and also do it at a lower cost. With an interactive microgrid implementation, communities have the added opportunity to sell back power to the grid for a profit. The thesis concludes with a discussion of the potential use of IDF in policy making, the potential barriers to implementation and minimization strategies. It presents policy recommendations based on the framework developed and the results obtained.

Submitted by Josimara Dias Brumatti (bcgdigital@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-04-10T13:59:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Uma metodologia.pdf: 1412283 bytes, checksum: 9a4fe74670e47650eb81f9b516ebadb0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Josimara Dias Brumatti (bcgdigital@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-04-10T14:11:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Uma metodologia.pdf: 1412283 bytes, checksum: 9a4fe74670e47650eb81f9b516ebadb0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-10T14:11:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Uma metodologia.pdf: 1412283 bytes, checksum: 9a4fe74670e47650eb81f9b516ebadb0 (MD5) / A presente tese apresenta uma proposta de ensino de língua portuguesa para alunos do Programa Nacional de Integração da Educação Básica com a Educação Profissional na Modalidade de Educação de Jovens e Adultos (PROEJA), baseada na metodologia Molar de abordagem de textos gramaticais do Prof. Dr. Maurício da Silva. A metodologia foi aplicada ao estudo das regras de emprego do hífen explicitadas no texto das Bases XV e XVI do Acordo Ortográfico da Língua Portuguesa de 1990, tendo em vista a grande importância do assunto em razão da entrada em vigor do Acordo em 2016 e a grande dificuldade de apreensão das referidas regras, bem como das convenções ortográficas em geral, manifestada pelos discentes da referida modalidade de ensino. A proposta criada e descrita nesta tese apoiou-se, também, na utilização da teoria de Gêneros Textuais como forma de mediar a transposição didática dos pressupostos teóricos. Assim sendo, apresenta-se aqui a criação de um material didático em que se corporificou essa transposição para textos dos gêneros bula, propaganda e cápsulas hifênicas. / This thesis presents a proposal on Portuguese language teaching to students of the National Elementary Education Integration Program with Vocational Education in the Youth and Adult Education Mode (PROEJA) based on the Molar methodology approach to grammatical texts by Dr. Mauricio da Silva. The methodology was applied to the study of the rules on the use of the hyphen explained in the Bases XV and XVI of the 1990 Portuguese Language Orthographic Agreement, due to the great importance of the subject, which will come into effect in 2016, and the great difficulties in apprehension of those rules, as well as spelling conventions in general, shown by students of the aforementioned mode of education. The proposal created and described in this thesis was supported by the Genre theory as a way to mediate the didactic transposition of the theoretical assumptions. Therefore, this paper presents the creation of pedagogical material that embodied this transposition to texts of CMI (Consumer Medicine Information) leaflets, advertising and hyphenic capsules.