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You Cannot Control the Wind, but You Can Adjust the Sails : An Experimental Analysis of a Defusion Exercise on Cognitive Performance / : En experimentell analys av en defusionsvning på kognitiv prestationBowen, Jeremy, Renäng, Petter January 2024 (has links)
Cognitive performance is a central part of a range of daily activities. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) interventions may improve cognitive performance by enhancing psychological flexibility. Previous research has found correlations between the constructs of psychological flexibility and cognitive flexibility (Whiting et al., 2017). However, there is a lack of empirical evidence to support the idea that enhancing psychological flexibility could enhance cognitive performance. The current study investigated whether a defusion exercise ‘The Observer’ could enhance cognitive performance in a nonclinical sample of adults (N=71). In addition, the study also sought to investigate whether a defusion exercise could have an effect on experienced levels of stress and also one’s evaluation of one’s own performance in comparison to others. Results indicated that there was no significant difference between the Defusion condition and Control condition regarding cognitive performance. Both conditions performed slightly worse post-intervention. No significant difference was found regarding the evaluations of one's own performance in comparison to others. However, the results showed that the defusion exercise had a positive effect in reducing experienced levels of stress for the Defusion condition compared to the Control condition.
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Is objective and accurate cognitive assessment across the menstrual cycle possible? A feasibility studyFarrar, D., Neill, Joanna C., Scally, Andy J., Tuffnell, D.J., Marshall, Kay M. 02 December 2014 (has links)
Yes / OBJECTIVES: Variation in plasma hormone levels influences the neurobiology of brain regions involved in cognition and emotion processing. Fluctuations in hormone levels across the menstrual cycle could therefore alter cognitive performance and wellbeing; reports have provided conflicting results, however. The aim of this study was to assess whether objective assessment of cognitive performance and self-reported wellbeing during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle is feasible and investigate the possible reasons for variation in effects previously reported. METHODS: The Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale were used to assess the cognitive performance and wellbeing of 12 women. Data were analysed by self-reported and hormone-estimated phases of the menstrual cycle. RESULTS: Recruitment to the study and assessment of cognition and wellbeing was without issue. Plasma hormone and peptide estimation showed substantial individual variation and suggests inaccuracy in self-reported menstrual phase estimation. CONCLUSION: Objective assessment of cognitive performance and self-assessed wellbeing across the menstrual cycle is feasible. Grouping data by hormonal profile rather by self-reported phase estimation may influence phase-mediated results. Future studies should use plasma hormone and peptide profiles to estimate cycle phase and group data for analyses.
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DECISION-MAKING PROCESSES, DRIVING PERFORMANCE, AND ACUTE RESPONSES TO ALCOHOL IN DUI OFFENDERSRoberts, Walter 01 January 2016 (has links)
Alcohol-impaired driving is a major cause of motor vehicle accident and death in the United States. People who are arrested for DUI (Driving under the Influence) are at high risk to reoffend; approximately one in three of these individuals will commit another DUI offense in the three years following their first conviction (Nochajski & Stasiewicz, 2006). This high risk for recidivism in these individuals suggests that cognitive characteristics may contribute to a pattern of pathological decision making leading to impaired driving. Indeed, individuals with a history of DUI report higher rates of impulsiveness and behavioral dysregulation compared to their nonoffending peers. Relatively little research, however, has used laboratory methods to identify the specific behavioral characteristics, such as poor inhibitory control or heightened sensitivity to immediate reward, which may differentiate DUI offenders from nonoffenders. Further, little is known about how individuals with a history of DUI respond following an acute dose of alcohol. Study 1 examined impulsivity in 20 adults with a recent DUI conviction and 20 adults with no history of DUI using self-report and behavioral measures of impulsivity. This study also used a novel decision-making paradigm to examine how different levels of risk and reward influenced the decision to drive after drinking in both groups. Results of this study found that DUI offenders did not differ from controls in their performance on behavioral measures of impulsivity. They did, however, report higher levels of impulsivity and demonstrated a greater willingness to tolerate higher levels of risk for more modest rewards. Study 2 examined the acute effects of alcohol and expectancy manipulation on driving performance and decision making in the same group of participants. Neither alcohol nor expectancy manipulation exerted a systematic effect on decision making in either group. Alcohol impaired driving performance equally in both groups, but the DUI group perceived themselves as less impaired by alcohol. Expectancy manipulation eliminated this group difference in perceived driving ability. Taken together, these findings identify processes that risk of impaired driving in DUI offenders. They may perceive themselves as less impaired by alcohol, leading to risky decision making when drinking. Expectancy manipulation may be a viable method of reducing risky decision making in DUI offenders.
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Le cognitive enhancement en milieu universitaire : entre souffrance psychique individuelle, culture de performance et insécurités socialesDontigny Morin, Marie-Élaine 09 1900 (has links)
Ce projet de mémoire s’intéresse à la mise en relation du cognitive enhancement observé dans les universités occidentales contemporaines et de la société dans laquelle il s’insère. Nous avons voulu détacher la perspective du phénomène des analyses principalement orientées vers les programmes de sciences de la santé et de droit, ainsi que de l’approche quantitative, clinique, athéorique et somme toute moralisatrice qui lui est usuellement accordée afin d’explorer la nature des pratiques d’usages de psychotropes des étudiants universitaires en sciences humaines et sociales en vue d’augmenter leurs performances cognitives, d’approfondir la compréhension des raisonnements sous-jacents à ces pratiques, puis de resituer ces derniers dans leur contexte élargi.
Nous avons interrogé treize étudiants de divers programmes de sciences humaines et sociales consommant, ou ayant déjà consommé, des psychotropes en vue de rehausser leurs performances cognitives en contexte académique. Les résultats suggèrent un écart dans la nature de leurs pratiques d’usage par rapport aux domaines d’études habituellement préconisés en ce sens qu’une grande variété de substances sont considérées comme supports cognitifs ; ensuite, que le recours aux psychotropes dans une visée de performance cognitive s’éloigne des logiques de la nécessité médicale et de la toxicomanie. En premier lieu, le cognitive enhancement est associé par plusieurs à une souffrance psychique liée à une perte de repères existentiels et les étudiants y ont recours dans une optique de compréhension de soi et de quête de repères dans un monde qu’ils ressentent comme instable. En second lieu, la consommation de psychotropes s’apparente davantage à un désir de satisfaire aux conditions incertaines et menaçantes des demandes externes de performance telles qu’ils les appréhendent qu’à un souci de soigner quelque condition médicale de la cognition. Nous pensons que le rapport au psychotrope qu’entretiennent les étudiants universitaires en sciences humaines et sociales s’insère en toute cohérence dans les discours et injonctions contemporaines de performance, en ce sens que leur souffrance psychique individuelle expose les limites de ce que la société attend d’eux. / This master’s thesis assesses the underlying dynamics in the cognitive enhancement phenomenon observed in Western contemporary universities and the social context in which it emerges. Detaching our perspective from the analysis of healthcare and law fields of study as well as from the usual quantitative, clinical, atheoretical and over all moralizing approach, we aimed to explore the use of psychotropic substances in humanities and social science students, to better understand the rationales behind those behaviours and to situate them in their broader context.
Thirteen humanities and social science students were interviewed regarding their past or present use of psychotropics as cognitive enhancers in academia. Results suggest a gap between their practices and those of the healthcare and law students, in that a wider variety of psychotropics are used as enhancers ; it also shows that the use of cognitive enhancers parts from the medical logic as well as that of addiction. First, the students’ practices are often oriented by an existential disorientation and it seems that their resort to psychotropics assists a quest for control, understanding and stability in themselves and in a world perceived as perpetually unstable. Furthermore, those practices serve a wish to satisfy a range of uncertain and threatening conditions related to external demands as apprehended, more than to treat any medical condition regarding cognition. We believe that the underlying rationales behind the humanities and social science university students use of psychotropics fit into the performance oriented contemporary discourse and injunctions in the sense that their individual suffering exposes the limits of what society expects from them.
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Change in cognitive performance and its predictors in general population and schizophrenia in early midlife:the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 StudyRannikko, I. (Irina) 10 May 2016 (has links)
Abstract
The aim of this study was to provide novel information on the change of cognitive performance and its predictors in early midlife between ages of 34 and 43 years. The change in verbal episodic memory between non-psychotic and schizophrenia samples was compared in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966. In the non-psychotic sample, associations between primary school performance, sociodemographic factors and body mass index (BMI), and in the schizophrenia sample, between premorbid school performance and severity of illness with the change in cognitive performance were evaluated.
There was no evidence of greater decline in verbal episodic memory in the schizophrenia sample, compared to the non-psychotic sample, though the schizophrenia sample had an overall lower cognitive performance at the baseline. In the non-psychotic sample, male gender, poorer school performance, increases in BMI and having no children predicted a decline in verbal episodic memory; poorer school performance and low vocational education and occupational class predicted a decline in visual episodic memory; and having children predicted a decline in executive function. In the schizophrenia sample, poorer premorbid school performance, but not the later course of illness, was related to a decline in cognitive performance.
This study is one of the few studies to investigate the predictors of change in cognitive performance in the early middle-aged general population, and the first to investigate the predictors of cognitive change in early midlife schizophrenia.
To summarize; poor cognitive performance in adolescence may be considered as a vulnerability marker for a later impairment in cognitive functioning. In schizophrenia, cognitive ability possibly declines mostly in a normative fashion with aging at the same rate as in the general population rather than as a result of neurodegenerative processes. These results might improve our understanding of midlife change in cognitive functioning and may also help to develop effective interventions of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. / Tiivistelmä
Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli tuoda uutta tietoa kognitiivisen suoriutumisen muutoksesta sekä siihen liittyvistä tekijöistä varhaisessa keski-iässä ikävuosien 34 ja 43 välillä. Tutkimuksessa verrattiin kielellisessä muistisuoriutumisessa tapahtuvaa muutosta yleisväestön ja skitsofrenia-aineiston välillä Pohjois-Suomen vuoden 1966 syntymäkohortissa. Lisäksi yleisväestössä tutkittiin koulumenestyksen, sosiodemografisten tekijöiden ja painoindeksin yhteyttä ja skitsofrenia-aineistossa koulumenestyksen ja sairauden varhaisen kulun yhteyttä kognitiivisen suoriutumisen muutokseen.
Kielellisen muistisuoriutumisen heikentyminen ei ollut skitsofrenia-aineistossa suurempaa verrattuna yleisväestöön, joskin kognitiivisen suoriutumisen lähtötaso oli skitsofrenia-aineistossa alempi. Yleisväestössä miessukupuoli, heikompi koulumenestys peruskoulussa, painoindeksin nousu ja lapsettomuus olivat yhteydessä kielellisen muistisuoriutumisen heikkenemiseen, heikompi koulumenestys peruskoulussa ja matala ammatillinen koulutus ja sosioekonominen asema näönvaraisen muistisuoriutumisen heikkenemiseen ja vanhemmuus toiminnanohjauksellisten taitojen laskuun. Skitsofrenia-aineistossa heikompi menestys peruskoulussa ennusti kognitiivisen suoriutumisen heikkenemistä kielellisen ja näönvaraisen muistin sekä toiminnanohjauksellisten taitojen osa-alueilla. Oireiden vakavuus ja toimintakyky sairastumisen jälkeen eivät liittyneet kognitiivisen suoriutumisen muutokseen.
Tämä on yksi harvoista tutkimuksista, joissa on selvitetty kognitiivisen suoriutumisen muutosta ennustavia tekijöitä varhaisessa keski-iässä yleisväestössä, ja ensimmäinen, jossa on tutkittu kognitiivisen suoriutumisen muutosta ennustavia tekijöitä skitsofrenia-aineistossa varhaisessa keski-iässä.
Yhteenvetona voidaan todeta, että heikko nuoruusiän koulumenestys voi ennustaa kognitiivisen suoriutumisen heikkenemistä varhaisessa keski-iässä. Kognitiivinen suorituskyky näyttää heikkenevän skitsofreniassa enemmänkin tavanomaisella tavalla ikääntymisen myötä kuin neurodegeneratiivisen prosessin seurauksena. Tämän tutkimuksen tulokset tuovat uutta tietoa kognitiivisen suoriutumisen muutoksesta keski-ikäisessä väestössä. Tuloksia voidaan myös hyödyntää kehitettäessä kognitiivisten häiriöiden hoitoa skitsofreniassa.
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The association of lifetime antipsychotic and other psychiatric medications with cognition in schizophrenia:the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 StudyHulkko, A. (Anja) 31 October 2017 (has links)
Abstract
Antipsychotic medication forms the basis of the long-term, even lifelong treatment of schizophrenia. Antipsychotic polypharmacy and adjunctive psychiatric medications are also common treatment strategies. The long-term effects of psychiatric medication, especially on cognition in schizophrenia, are largely unknown. Cognitive impairment is a central, persisting symptomatic feature during the lifespan course of schizophrenia and a key predictor of functional outcome. This naturalistic study aimed to analyse how the lifetime exposure to antipsychotic, benzodiazepine and antidepressant medications, and lifetime trends in antipsychotic use, were associated with cognition in early midlife in schizophrenia. Non-psychotic controls were included as a reference group of normative cognitive performance.
The study samples consisted of 40–60 subjects with schizophrenia and 73–191 non-psychotic controls from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966. Data on the lifetime use of medications were collected from medical records, registers and interviews and connected with information from extensive psychiatric and neurocognitive assessments at the ages of 34 and 43 years.
Higher cumulative lifetime exposure to antipsychotics was associated with poorer verbal learning and memory at 34 years of age, a decline in verbal learning and memory between the ages of 34 and 43 years and poorer global cognition at the age of 43 years in schizophrenia. A relatively long antipsychotic-free period before the cognitive assessment was associated with better global cognition at 43 years of age. Other lifetime trends in antipsychotic use, antipsychotic polypharmacy or cumulative benzodiazepine or antidepressant exposures were not associated with global cognition.
This naturalistic study was the first to report an association between higher cumulative lifetime antipsychotic exposure and poorer cognition in early midlife in schizophrenia, which was not likely confounded by the use of other psychiatric medications or illness-related factors. Though residual confounding is still possible, these results suggest that high-dose long-term antipsychotic treatment may have some influence on the clinical course of schizophrenia, possibly by attenuating cognitive recovery. More research on the long-term effects of psychiatric medications is needed to develop the safe and effective treatment of schizophrenia. / Tiivistelmä
Psykoosilääkitys on skitsofrenian pitkäaikaisen, jopa elinikäisen hoidon perusta. Useiden psykoosilääkkeiden yhtäaikaiskäyttö ja muiden psyykenlääkkeiden oheiskäyttö ovat yleisiä hoitostrategioita. Psyykenlääkkeiden pitkäaikaisvaikutuksia etenkin kognitioon skitsofreniassa tunnetaan huonosti. Kognitiiviset puutokset ovat keskeinen, elinaikaisesti pysyvä skitsofrenian oirepiirre ja merkittävimpiä ennustetekijöitä. Tämän naturalistisen tutkimuksen tavoite oli analysoida elinaikaisen psykoosi-, bentsodiatsepiini- ja masennuslääkealtistuksen sekä elinaikaisten psykoosilääkkeiden käytön trendien yhteyttä kognitioon varhaisessa keski-iässä skitsofreniassa. Ei-psykoottiset verrokit toimivat normatiivisen kognitiivisen suorituskyvyn vertailuryhmänä.
Tutkimusaineisto koostui Pohjois-Suomen vuoden 1966 syntymäkohorttiin kuuluvista 40 ja 60 henkilöstä, joilla oli skitsofrenia, sekä 73 ja 191 ei-psykoottisesta verrokista. Tiedot psyykenlääkkeiden elinaikaiskäytöstä kerättiin sairauskertomuksista, rekistereistä ja haastatteluista, ja ne yhdistettiin 34 ja 43 vuoden iässä tehtyihin laajoihin psykiatrisiin ja neuropsykologisiin tutkimuksiin.
Korkeampi kumulatiivinen elinaikainen psykoosilääkealtistus oli yhteydessä heikompaan kielelliseen muisti- ja oppimissuoriutumiseen 34-vuotiaana ja sen suurempaan laskuun 34 ja 43 ikävuoden välillä sekä heikompaan kognitioon 43-vuotiaana skitsofreniassa. Suhteellisen pitkä psykoosilääketauko ennen neuropsykologista tutkimusta oli yhteydessä parempaan kognitioon 43-vuotiaana. Muut elinaikaisen psykoosilääkityksen käytön trendit, psykoosilääkkeiden yhtäaikaiskäyttö tai elinaikainen kumulatiivinen bentsodiatsepiini- tai masennuslääkealtistus eivät olleet yhteydessä kognitioon.
Tämä naturalistinen tutkimus kuvasi ensimmäisenä yhteyden suuremman kumulatiivisen elinaikaisen psykoosilääkealtistuksen ja heikomman kognition välillä varhaisessa keski-iässä skitsofreniassa. Muiden psyykenlääkkeiden käyttö tai sairauteen liittyvät tekijät eivät näyttäneet sekoittavan tätä yhteyttä. Vaikka on mahdollista, että kaikkia sekoittavia tekijöitä ei pystytty huomioimaan, tulosten perusteella korkea-annoksinen, pitkäaikainen psykoosilääkitys saattaa vaikuttaa skitsofrenian taudinkulkuun heikentämällä kognitiivista toipumista. Lisätutkimusta psyykenlääkityksen pitkäaikaisvaikutuksista tarvitaan skitsofrenian turvallisen ja tehokkaan hoidon kehittämiseksi.
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Oscillatory Entrainment Predicts Response Time Sequential Dependencies in 2-Option Forced-Choice TasksAnnand, Colin 14 October 2021 (has links)
No description available.
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Vliv chronotypu a času testování na výsledky kognitivních testů / Effect of chronotype and time of assessment on the results of cognitive testsBaranyaiová, Katarína January 2018 (has links)
Navrhovaná štúdia sa zaoberá výkonom jedinca v kognitívnych testoch, ktoré sú bežnou súčasťou kognitívneho vyšetrenia a sú kľúčové pre stanovenie kognitívneho deficitu neurologických a neuropsychiatrických ochorení ako sú Alzheime schizofrénia a ďalšie poruchy kognitívnych funkcií. Keďže k vyšetrovaniu pacientov môže dochádzať v rôznom čase v priebehu dňa, je nesmierne dôležité stanoviť, či môže čas testovania chronotyp testovaného ovplyvniť kognitívny výkon klinicky významnou mierou. Cieľom tejto štúdie je stanoviť, či chronotyp ovplyvňuje kognitívne funkcie, hlavne pracovnú pamäť, pozornosť a psychomotorické tempo v súvislosti s časom testovania u zdravých dobrovoľníkov. Taktiež u vybraných testových metód stanoviť, či sú ich výsledky závislé na ohľadom na subjektívnu preferenciu participanta a dentifikovať batériu testov vhodnú pre vyšetrovanie kognitívneho deficitu nezávisle na chronotype jedinca a čase testovania. Najskôr boli participantom zadané dotazníky MEQ na určenie chronotypu. Cieľom bolo identifikovať skupinu dobrovoľníkov dvoch extrémne vyhranených chronotypov, u ktorých druhej fáze experimentu sledovali výkon v kognitívnych testoch testech ( ich preferovanú a nepreferovanú dobu. Použitím neparametrických testových metód boli nájdené signifikantné rozdiely medzi sovami vtáčatami a tiež medzi...
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The Effect of Binaural Tones on EEG Waveforms and Human Computational PerformanceDiersing, Christina L. January 2021 (has links)
No description available.
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Sleep spindle activity and cognitive performance in patients with schizophrenia : A systematic reviewJansson, Charlotte January 2023 (has links)
Patients diagnosed with schizophrenia (SZ) show major deficits in cognitive functioning andsleep spindle activity. As much indicates that sleep spindle activity is related to cognitive performance, this literature review intended to investigate the degree of their relationship inpatients with SZ. The eligible criteria for the studies were that they measured sleep spindle activity and cognitive functioning in patients with SZ and included a non-clinical controlgroup. Studies with comorbid diagnoses were excluded. Searches were conducted between the 5th and 6th of March 2023 on PsycINFO, PubMed, Web of Science, and Medline databases. Seven studies met the eligibility criteria. The studies were written in English and published between 2007 and 2022. The quality of the studies was assessed using the JBICritical Appraisal Checklist for Analytical Cross-Sectional Studies. The results were synthesized by following a structured narrative and tables. The total number of participants with SZ was 141 and 149 in the non-clinical control group. The age of the participants ranged between 18 and 65 and were mainly men. Patients with SZ showed significantly reduced sleep spindle activity and cognitive performance compared to the control group. Several studies found positive correlations between cognitive performance and spindle density inboth groups. Some correlations were only significant for patients with SZ, indicating thatsleep spindle activity affects cognitive performance up to one point. A suggestion for further studies is to investigate the possibility to assess cognitive impairments in patients with SZ by inducing sleep spindle density. / Patienter diagnostiserade med schizofreni (SZ) uppvisar nedsättning i både kognitiv förmåga och aktiviteten av sömnspindlar. Då mycket tyder på att sömnspindlar är relaterade till kognitiv prestation, så ämnade denna systematiska litteraturstudie att undersöka denna relation hos patienter med SZ. Kriterierna för kvalificering var att studierna utförde mätningar av sömnspindel aktivitet och kognitiv förmåga hos patienter med SZ, samt inkluderade en frisk kontrollgrupp. Studier med komorbida diagnoser exkluderades. Litteratursökningar utfördes mellan den 5e och 6e mars 2023 på databaserna PsycINFO,PubMed, Web of Science, och Medline. Det var 7 studier som uppfyllde kriterierna. Studierna var skrivna på engelska och var publicerade mellan år 2007 och 2022. Kvaliteten av de inkluderade studierna bedömdes med JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Analytical Cross-Sectional Studies. Resultaten syntetiserades med ett strukturerat narrativ och tabeller. Det totala antalet deltagare med SZ var 141 och 149 i kontrollgruppen. Deltagarna var främst män mellan 18 och 65 år. Deltagarna med SZ visade signifikant lägre sömnspindel aktivitet samt kognitiv prestation jämfört med kontrollgruppen. De flesta studierna fann signifikanta positiva korrelationer mellan spindeldensitet och kognitiv förmåga för både SZ och kontrollgruppen. Vissa resultat var endast signifikanta för patienter med SZ vilket tyder på att sömnspindel aktivitet endast påverkar kognitiv prestation upp till en viss nivå. Förslag för framtida studier är att undersöka möjligheten att inducera spindeldensiteten hos patienter medSZ för att förhöja den kognitiva förmågan.
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