This paper focuses on investigating how the Hong Kong celebrities achieve cohesion and coherence in their oral interviews and the ideological differences between male and female. In order to explore these celebrities' text structure and cohesive ties, I examine their discourse grammar and the usage of cohesive devices. To further understand how these celebrities achieve coherence, I focus on how they relate their texts to the context and make them meaningful to the listener. With the use of discourse analysis, I also attempt to identify the ideologies these celebrities have by analysing their interviews, and highlight the ideological differences between male and female. This paper discusses the various strategies in which the celebrities employ in order to achieve cohesion and coherence. They make their texts cohesive by adopting different cohesive devices. They have different ways to make their texts coherent. One can examine the meaning of a text by analysing the speech he or she makes. One can also understand his or her ideologies by looking at how he or she structures sentences. 本論文研究香港的名人在他們的采訪中如何做到語義連貫及順暢，並研究男性與女性在采訪中思維方式的差別。本文通過研究名人們的語篇語法和他們如何使用銜接手段來探討他們的語篇結構和句子銜接方法。為了研究香港名人如何做到語義流暢，本文分析這些香港名人如何聯系上下文使聽眾理解他們的意思。本文借助語篇分析，通過研究名人的采訪來明確他們的思維方式，並突出男性與女性思維方式的差別。本研究探討了名人為了實現語義連貫與順暢而使用的多種方法，他們使用不同的銜接手段來實現語義連貫，他們也有不用的方法使語盲流暢、易懂。透過分析壹個人的語篇，可以研究他或她話語的涵義。透過分析壹個人話語中的句子結構，可以去理解他或她的思維方式。

Fluidization of a granular assembly of solid particles is a process where particles are suspended in a fluid by the upward flow of fluid through the bed. This process is important in industry as it has a wide range of applications due to the high mixing and mass transfer rates present as a result of the rapid movement of particles which occurs in the bed. The dynamics of fluidization is heavily dependent on the particle scale physics and the forces acting at a particle level. For particles with sizes and densities less than 100μm and 103 kg/m3, the importance of interparticle forces such as cohesion to the fluidization phenomena observed increases compared to larger particles where phenomena observed are more dependent on hydrodynamic forces. These smaller sized particles are increasingly in high demand in industrial processes due to the increasing surface area per unit volume obtained by decreasing the particle size. Decreasing particle however leads to an increase in the impact of cohesive interparticle forces present between particles thus altering fluidization phenomena. It is thus necessary to get a greater understanding of how these cohesive forces alter fluidization behaviour both at the particle and also at the bulk scale. This work begins with an experimental study of a fluidized bed using high speed imaging. The applicability of particle image velocimetry for a dense bed is examined with verification and validation studies showing that particle image velocimetry is able to accurately capture averaged velocity profiles for particles at the front wall. A digital image analysis algorithm which is capable of accurately extracting particle solid fraction data for a dense bed at non-optimum lighting conditions was also developed. Together both experimental techniques were used to extract averaged particle mass flux data capable of accurately capturing and probing fluidization phenomena for a dense fluidized bed. This simulation studies carried out for this work looks to examine the impact of cohesive forces introduced using a van der waal cohesion model on phenomena observed at different length scales using DEM-CFD simulations. Numerical simulations were run for Geldart A sized particles at different cohesion levels represented by the bond number and at different inlet gas velocities encompassing the different regimes fluidization regimes present. A stress analysis was used to examine the mechanical state of the expanded bed at different cohesion levels with the vertical component of the total stress showing negative tensile stresses observed at the center of the bed. Further analysis of the contact and cohesive components of the stress together with a kcore and microstructural analysis focusing on the solid fraction and coordination number profiles indicated that this negative total stress was caused by a decrease in the contact stress due to breakage of mechanical contacts as cohesive forces are introduced and increased. A pressure overshoot analysis was also conducted with the magnitude of the overshoot in pressure seen during the pressure drop analysis of a cohesive bed shown to be of equivalent magnitude to the gradient of the total negative stress profile. The in-homogeneous nature of the bed was probed with the focus on how introducing cohesion levels increase the degree of inhomogeneity present in the expanded bed and how local mesoscopic structures change with cohesion and gas velocity. It was shown that increasing cohesion increases the degree of inhomogeneity in the bed as well as increasing the degree of clustering between particles. A majority of particles were shown to be present in a single macroscopic cluster in the mechanical network with distinct local mesoscopic structures forming within the macroscopic cluster. The cohesive bed also expanded as distinct dense regions with low mechanical contact zones in between these regions. A macroscopic cluster analysis showed that the majority of particles are in strong enduring mechanical and cohesive contact. Increasing cohesive forces were also shown to not only create a cohesive support network around the mechanical network but also strengthen the mechanical contact network as well. The significance of the strong and weak mechanical and cohesive forces on fluidization phenomena was also examined with analysis showing that the weak mechanical forces act to support the weak mechanical forces. The cohesive force network however was non coherent with strong forces significantly greater than weak forces. Fluidization phenomena was shown to be driven by the magnitude of the strong cohesive forces set by the minimum particle cutoff distance. This also called into question the significance of the cohesive coordination number which is dependent on the maximum cohesive cutoff. The value of the maximum cutoff was shown to be less significant as no significant changes were observed in the stress and microstructure data as the maximum cutoff was altered. Simulations with different ratios of cohesive and non cohesive particles were also undertaken and showed that a disruption in the cohesive force network leads to changes in the stress state and microstructure of the bed thus changing the fluidization phenomena observed at all length scales. The nature of the strong cohesive force network thus drives fluidization phenomena seen in the bed.

La résistance au cisaillement de l'interface béton-roche est un facteur clé dans l'évaluation de la stabilité contre le glissement des barrages en béton construits sur une fondation rocheuse. Alors que plusieurs études ont montré que la rugosité de la surface rocheuse ainsi que la cohésion initiale contribuent à la résistance au cisaillement de l’interface béton-roche, la plupart des recommandations pour l'évaluation de stabilité des barrages proposent des valeurs conventionnelles pour les paramètres mécaniques de cette interface. De plus, la plupart des critères proposés dans la littérature pour déterminer la résistance au cisaillement des joints rugueux sont basés sur des essais de cisaillement direct réalisés sur des joints sans cohésion initiale. Une autre difficulté majeure réside dans la quantification de la rugosité de surface par un paramètre objectif permettant de décrire l'aspect tridimensionnel ainsi que l'anisotropie observée expérimentalement. Dans ce contexte, l'un des principaux objectifs de cette thèse est de mieux comprendre le comportement en cisaillement des joints cohésifs rugueux de béton-granite et de relier la résistance au cisaillement aux paramètres morphologiques de l'interface.En raison de la complexité du comportement en cisaillement des joints cohésifs et du fait que peu d'études ont été réalisées sur des échantillons cohésifs, il a été décidé de réaliser plusieurs campagnes expérimentales sur différents types de rugosité de surface (joints lisses, bouchardés, joints avec aspérités triangulaires et surfaces naturelles). À cette fin, plus de trente essais de cisaillement direct ont été effectués sur des échantillons cohésifs et à trois niveaux de contrainte normale. L'influence de la vitesse de cisaillement sur le comportement mécanique a également été étudiée. Avant la réalisation des essais, un outil morphologique a été développé afin de fournir une quantification objective de la rugosité de surface basée sur des mesures de surface obtenues avec un profilomètre laser.Sur la base des résultats des essais de cisaillement, deux comportements différents ont été observés pour les joints naturelles en fonction de la rugosité de surface et du niveau de la contrainte normale. Ainsi, une expression analytique a été proposée afin de quantifier la contribution des différents modes de rupture à la résistance au cisaillement. Il est montré que cette expression est capable de bien prédire la résistance au cisaillement des joints naturels. De plus, un nouveau paramètre de rugosité a été proposé afin de quantifier la morphologie des joints naturels et de prendre en compte les différents niveaux de rugosité de surface impliqués dans le mécanisme de cisaillement. Ce paramètre s'est avéré être bien corrélé avec la résistance au cisaillement dans le cas des joints cisaillés à une contrainte normale inférieure à 0.6MPa.D'autre part, une modélisation en 3D des essais de cisaillement direct a été proposée par la méthode des éléments finis en incorporant la surface reconstruite des joints obtenue à partir du profilomètre laser. Deux modèles de comportement différents ont été utilisés: un modèle cohésif-frottant pour la phase de pré-pic et une loi de contact pour modéliser la phase résiduelle de cisaillement. Les paramètres mécaniques de l'interface béton-granite ont été obtenus à partir des résultats des campagnes expérimentales sur des échantillons bouchardés. La comparaison entre les résultats numériques et les données expérimentales a montré un bon accord dans la phase résiduelle et une reproduction de la forme globale de la courbe de contrainte de cisaillement. / The shear strength of the concrete-rock interface is a key factor in assessing the stability against sliding of concrete dams founded on rock. While several studies have shown that both surface roughness and the initial cohesion contribute to the shear strength, most of the recommendations for the stability assessment of dams propose conventional values for the mechanical parameters of the dam-foundation interface (i.e. friction angle and cohesion). Moreover, most of the criteria proposed in the literature in order to determine the shear strength of rough joints are based on direct shear tests conducted on joints without initial bonding. Another major difficulty lies in the quantification of surface roughness by means of an objective parameter able to describe the three dimensional aspect of surface roughness as well as the anisotropy observed experimentally. In this context, one of the primary objectives of this thesis is to better understand the shear behavior of bonded rough joints and to relate the shear strength to the morphological parameters of the concrete-rock interface.Due to the complexity of the shear behavior of bonded joints and because few studies have been carried out on cohesive samples, it was decided to perform several experimental campaigns on different types of geometries with an increasingly complex roughness (smooth, bush-hammered, tooth-shaped asperities and natural surfaces). For this purpose, more than thirty direct shear tests were performed on bonded samples at three levels of normal stress. The influence of the shear displacement rate on the shear behavior of joints was also investigated. Prior to the shear tests, a morphological tool was developed in order to provide an objective quantification of surface roughness based on surface measurements obtained with a laser profilometer.Based on the shear test results, two different shear behaviors were observed for the natural joints according to surface roughness and the level of normal stress. Thus, an analytical expression was proposed in order to quantify the contribution from the different modes of failure to the shear strength. It is shown that this expression is able to well predict the shear strength of natural joints. Furthermore, a new roughness parameter was proposed in order to quantify the morphology of natural joints and to account for the different levels of surface roughness involved in the shearing mechanism. This parameter was found to be well correlated with the shear strength of joints sheared at a normal stress less than 0.6MPa.On the other hand, numerical simulations of the direct shear tests were conducted by using a 3D finite element code and by incorporating the reconstructed joint surface obtained from the laser profilometer. Two different models were used: a cohesive-frictional model for the pre-peak phase and a contact law for modeling the residual shear behavior. The mechanical parameters of the concrete-granite interface were obtained from the results of the experimental campaigns on bush-hammered samples. The comparison between the numerical results and the experimental data showed a good agreement in the residual phase. The use of a cohesive-friction model, on the other hand, allowed to mimic the overall shape of the shear stress curve.

Användningen av sociala medier har ökat och är en självklar del av livet för många. Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur högskolestudenter påverkas av sociala medier och hur de använder sociala medier för att skapa social sammanhållning i klassen och i privatlivet. Vidare studerades eventuella skillnader mellan kvinnor och män samt hur studenterna uppfattade sociala mediers betydelse i allmänhet. Insamling av material gjordes genom kvalitativa intervjuer med en hermeneutisk metodansats. Åtta studenter på Högskolan i Halmstad intervjuades varav fyra män och fyra kvinnor. Materialet tolkades med teorierna tillhörighet av May, Scheffs sociala band och Goffmans frontstage och backstage. Resultaten som framkom visade att deltagarna påverkades av sociala medier, dels på ett negativt sätt då sociala medier kunde bidra till att användare jämför sig med andra men även på ett positivt sätt då sociala medier underlättade kommunikationen både i skolan och i privatlivet samt bidrog till social sammanhållning inom högskoleklassen. / The usage of social media has increased and is a given part of life for many. The purpose of this study was to examine how university students is influenced by social media and how they use social media to create social cohesiveness within the class and in private life. Furthermore, were possible differences between women and men studied and how the students think of social media´s importance in general. The study was conducted through qualitative interviews with a hermetic method approach. Eight students at Halmstad University were interviewed, four males and four women. The material was interpreted using May´s theory belonging, Scheff´s theory social bond and Goffman´s theory frontstage and backstage. The results showed that the participants were influenced by social media, in a negative way as social media could contribute to user´s comparison with others but also in a positive way as social media made it easier to communicate both in school and in private life and contributed to social cohesiveness within the university class.

A pesquisa apresenta o fenômeno da rotatividade, composta por evasão, trocas e outras saídas, em 193 assentamentos do Rio Grande do Sul, com ênfase na evasão de lotes. Esta é entendida como a saída do Programa de Reforma Agrária e foi correlacionada com 16 variáveis: a) crédito instalaçãomodalidade apoio; b) crédito instalação-modalidade materiais de construção; c)PRONAF A; d)percentual de lotes sem água; e) sem luz; f) sem casa; g) qualidade das estradas internas; h) estradas externas; i) qualidade dos solos; j) tipo de prestadora da assistência técnica, l) executor do assentamento, m) ano de implantação; n) tipo de público; o) a região de implantação; p) religião do evadido; e q) seu estado civil. Estas variáveis e a evasão foram obtidas com dados secundários no INCRA e no GRAC, o órgão de terras estadual. As duas últimas variáveis foram testadas somente em dois estudos de casos, realizados na forma de etnografias. Isto foi necessário para dar conta da hipótese central, de que a evasão é facilitada em situações de baixa coesão social, haja vista que quase todas as variáveis se referem à dimensão material da questão, notadamente problemas de crédito e infra-estrutura. Para a compreensão dos processos que levam à coesão social nos assentamentos, lançamos mão do aporte teórico da sociologia da crítica, com contribuições pontuais de outros autores, tais como Bourdieu, Elias, Wolf e Martins, entre outros, além da antropologia, principalmente através da noção de reciprocidade, neste caso, com o aporte essencial de Sabourin e Caillé. Os resultados obtidos revelam uma estimativa da média de evasão nos assentamentos de 22 %, porém com diferenças regionais grandes, onde, na metade norte do Estado, encontramos algo em torno de 10%, e na metade sul, quase 30%. Não obtivemos correlação de nenhuma variável da chamada dimensão material com a evasão, ao passo que verificamos a centralidade das relações de reciprocidade, em especial o parentesco, na forma da família extensa e do compadrio e das relações com os vizinhos, “gaúchos” e fazendeiros, na construção da coesão social e no estancamento da evasão. Esta se dá concomitante à contenção de conflitos, onde a Assembléia de Deus, Igreja Pentecostal, assume posição preponderante nos casos estudados. Os evangélicos, assim como os casados, tendem a uma menor rotatividade e evasão, pois caminham para um maior fortalecimento de laços sociais, quando comparados com os solteiros e os católicos. Por último, discutimos o papel dos mediadores, principalmente a assistência técnica, os técnicos dos órgãos de terra e as lideranças do MST, num ambiente de disputas e acordos entre projetos corporativos, por nós denominados: projeto tradicional-camponês, projeto socialista-coletivista e projeto empresarial, além das estratégias não corporáveis, que podem levar ao rentismo e à evasão propriamente. / The research presents the rotating phenomenon, composed by escape, exchange and others exits, in 193 settlements of Rio Grande do Sul, with emphasis in parcels escape. It is understood like the land reform escape and was correlated with 16 factors: a) install credit- support modality, b) install credit – construction materials modality, c) PRONAF A, d) percentage of parcels without water, e) without light parcels, f) percentage of parcels without house, g) internal road quality, h) external road quality, i) soil quality, j) technical assistance kind l) settlement executor, m) implant year, n) public type o) implant region, p) escaped religion, q) escaped civil state. These factors and the escape were got in secondary dates of INCRA and GRAC, the state land institution. The two last factors were tested only in ethnographic cases. It was necessary to respond the central hypothesis, where the escape is facilitated in low social cohesion situations, because almost all factors refers to the question material dimension, in particular, infra-structure and credit problems. To social cohesion process understanding, we made use the criticism sociology theoretic support, with other authors punctuals contributions, like Bourdieu, Elias, Wolf and Martins, among others; beyond the anthropology, mainly throw the reciprocity notion, in this case with the Sabourin and Caillé essential support. The results reveal a 22% settlement escape average estimative, however, with great regional differences, where, in state half northern, we found nearly 10%, and in half southern, almost 30%. We did not get correlation of no material dimension factors with escape, but we verified the reciprocity relations centrality, in special, the kinship, in extend family and “compadrio” form, and the neighbor relationship, “gaúchos” and farmers, in the social cohesion construction and in the escape stopping. It occur concomitant the contention conflict, where God Assembly, a Pentecostal Church, assumes a preponderant position in the studied cases. The evangelicals, just like the married, tend to low escape and rotation, because they lead to higher social laces strengthening, in comparison with catholic and singles. Finally, we discussed the mediator paper, mainly the technical assistance, land institutions technical and MST leaders, in a corporation projects struggle ambient, we denominated: peasant–traditional project, collectivist-socialist project and enterprise project, beyond the no corporeal strategies, that can lead to rental and escape.

Uma maneira de quantificar a resistência da interface de materiais compósitos é medindo a tensão necessária para separar o filme do substrato. Esta tensão é frequentemente usada como um parâmetro de projeto para desenvolver estes materiais. Entretanto, muitos métodos de medição da adesão não são capazes de eliminar as falhas de coesão das falhas de adesão filme/substrato. Neste trabalho um novo método de medição de adesão é proposto com o objetivo de eliminar a interferência da falha de coesão por cisalhamento, inerente ao filme delaminado, da medida da tensão normal de adesão feita por método padrão. O novo método provou ser eficiente e seus resultados mostraram serem mais precisos que os do método normalizado. Foram testados os seguintes compostos obtidos por evaporação de cobre usando canhão de elétrons através do processo de deposição física de vapor (PVD), formando um filme metálico sobre quatro substratos poliméricos: polipropileno (PP), poliamida 6 (PA 6), poliestireno de alto impacto (HIPS) e poli(tereftalato) de etileno (PET). A análise de espectroscopia de retroespalhamento Rutherford foi utilizada para caracterizar os filmes e o ângulo de contato para caracterizar a interface. As superfícies dos polímeros foram modificadas através de flambagem e lixamento para validar os resultados do novo método. Finalmente os polímeros delaminados através dos métodos padrão e proposto foram observados por microscopia óptica e eletrônica de varredura (MEV), comprovando assim, que somente no método novo ocorre a separação da interface metal-polímero livre da influência da falha coesiva do filme de cobre. / One of the methods to quantify the interface strength of composites is to measure the tensile stress necessary to separate a film from the substrate surface. Such value is often used as a project parameter to develop the composite. However, most of methods cannot avoid the interference of the cohesion bulk failures from the film/substrate adhesion measures. In this work a new method is proposed in order to eliminate the influence of the cohesion shear failure inherent to the delaminated film of the normal adhesion stress measured by the standard method. The new method has proved to work and their results have become more accurate than the standard pull-off method. The experiment consisted in delaminate a copper film deposited by physical vapor evaporation (PVD) through electron gun on four polymers: polypropylene (PP), polyamide 6 (PA 6), high impact polystyrene (HIPS) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The Rutherford backscattering spectrometry was used to characterize the films and the contact angle analysis to characterize the interfaces. The polymer surfaces have also been modified to verify the adhesion strengths of the copper film through sanding and flaming processes to validate the new method. Finally the substrates delaminated were analyzed for both methods, standard and proposed, through optical and scanning electron microscopies, proving that only the new method is effective in pulling-off the metal/polymer interface without the cohesive failure influence of the copper film.

This study investigates whether there is a link between the successful implementation of European cohesion policy and the voters' attitudes towards the EU. Using the French presidential elections in 2017 as a case study, we do not solely consider regional funds expenditures but also its induced effects in a region as further potential determinant of pro-European or eurosceptic voting behavior. In order to measure the effectiveness of EU structural funds and Cohesion Fund assignment, firm-level employment effects in French NUTS-2 regions stemming from project allocation during the multi-annual financial framework 2007-2013 are estimated. The obtained average treatment effects are, in a next step, used together with other regional characteristics to capture the citizens' perceived exposure to the EU in an empirical voting model for the French presidential election in 2017. The estimation results reveal a significant negative relationship between the effectiveness of EU funds allocation and the vote share of the eurosceptic candidate Marine Le Pen. / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

This diploma thesis deals with the analysis of the comic book´s texts. The objective of this thesis is the analysis of relationships in this kind of texts, with a special focus on its illustrational constituent part and on the description of several types of anaphora. As a model to the elaboration of this thesis were a few of comic books Astérix, published in French language. The thesis is divided into a theoretical and an analytical part. The theoretical part contains three different chapters. First of them deals with the description of comic books as an individual art, the second one describe the comic books Astérix and the third one is dedicated to the linguistic terms, which are closely connected to this subject. All referential relationships between the referential parts of some of comic books Astérix are demonstrated in the analytical part.

The complexity of text has a number of implications for educators in the areas of instruction and assessment. Text complexity is particularly important in formative assessments, which utilize repeated, alternate, equivalent forms to capture student growth towards a general outcome. A key assumption of such tools is that alternate forms of the assessment are of equal complexity. Consequently, there is a need to better understand what variables contribute to text complexity and how they impact student performance. This study was designed to evaluate features of text that are not typically included in readability estimates but may contribute to the text complexity: text cohesion and genre. Currently, text complexity of oral reading fluency measures is often quantified using readability estimates. It is hypothesized that a factor generally excluded from readability estimates, text cohesion&mdashthe extent to which the text functions as a cohesive, meaningful whole&mdashcontributes to text variability and variability in student performance. This research evaluated the role of a type of text cohesion (referential cohesion) in text complexity by manipulating the cohesion of passages otherwise assumed to be of equal difficulty. Genre was also considered, as research suggests that genre may impact complexity ratings of texts. Passages were strategically selecting to capture four conditions&mdash1) informational text/low cohesion, 2) informational text/high cohesion, 3) narrative text/low cohesion, and 4) narrative text/high cohesion. Data were collected on reading rate, accuracy, and passage-specific reading comprehension Results were analyzed using two-way, univariate ANOVA with dependent observations. Results indicate effects for each of the dependent variables included in the design. For rate and accuracy, results indicate significant interactions between genre and referential cohesion; scores were significantly higher for high cohesion narrative text than low cohesion narrative text and high cohesion informational text. There was a significant main effect of genre on comprehension, with students performing significantly better on the comprehension measure for narrative texts than informational texts. Altogether, these results indicate direct effects of genre and referential cohesion on student reading performance and provide evidence that text cohesion may be a meaningful component of text complexity. / 2015-10-10

Modern organisations are facing many challenges that are threatening their survival. These challenges come in the form of social, political, economic and rapid ongoing technological change. As organisations search for appropriate designs for the nineties and beyond, clear schools of thought have developed, vehemently supporting either the organic or mechanistic approach. While these debates rage on, several critical considerations are being ignored. One such consideration is the effect of organisational design on organisational climate, utilisation of power and group cohesiveness. This research sets out to explore this consideration. Various questionnaires were utilized to measure employees' perceptions of climate, power utilisation and group cohesiveness within organistic and mechanistic orientated organisations. A systematic research and design process was undertaken within two business units of a large financial organisation, from which the sample for the study was drawn. Statistical analyses revealed that organisational design does have a significant effect on job satisfaction, work group support and employee support. The employees which perceived the organisation to be more mechanistically inclined reported higher levels of employee empowerment; workgroup support and job satisfaction than their counterparts who perceived the organisation as more organistically inclined. / Psychology / M.A. (Industrial Psychology)