A urina é importante na comunicação olfativa de mamíferos, especialmente em roedores: apresenta baixo custo e contém metabólitos potencialmente informativos. Possibilita que o receptor avalie características do emissor (p. ex. espécie, sexo, idade, status de dominância e de saúde, receptividade sexual e o tempo da emissão) a partir da urina encontrada. O balanço hídrico, no entanto, pode ser desvantajoso com o uso da urina na marcação por animais de ambientes xéricos e quentes, já que existe um tradeoff entre o volume de água acessível/ingerido e o emitido na micção/marcação, com pressão seletiva a favor da economia hídrica. Nestes casos pode ocorrer redução na emissão de volume com consequente limitação do uso da marcação por urina. Trinomys yonenagae (Rocha, 1995) (Rodentia, Echimyidae) é altamente afiliativa, endêmica da Caatinga, e pertencente a um gênero de ancestral silvícola, cuja maioria das espécies apresenta fidelidade a ambientes florestados. Produz urina de média osmolaridade e de volume semelhante ao de espécies silvícolas do gênero, embora viva em um paleodeserto de temperatura elevada. Nesse contexto hipotetizamos que T. yonenagae faz uso de marcação por urina, uma estratégia importante para roedores sociais, explorando favoravelmente a restrição filogenética (produção de urina de média osmolaridade) imposta por sua ancestralidade. O padrão de deposição de urina e de fezes de T. yonenagae (n=10) e da espécie-irmã, Trinomys setosus (n=10), de ambiente florestado, foi visualizado sob luz ultravioleta (UV), em sessões individuais (24h), em gaiolas-padrão (40x33x16cm), forradas com papel de filtro. O mesmo procedimento foi usado nas investigações posteriores - a quantificação do número de fezes e das marcas de urinas, com estimativas do volume de marcação (VUt=L total/sessão e L/marca) - em T. yonenagae pré-pubertal (32 a 76d, n=10) e em adultos (um a 11 anos, n=21), de ambos os sexos, em sessões (10min) individuais e em contexto social. Nesse caso os rabos-de-facho adultos foram pareados em compartimentos adjacentes (caixa de 40x30x26cm), com um coespecífico de mesmo sexo, conhecido e desconhecido, e de sexo oposto, desconhecido. Qualitativamente as espécies-irmãs apresentam padrão de disposição de urina semelhantes, provavelmente herdados do ancestral silvícola comum. Há depósitos de dois tipos: marcas grandes, nos cantos da gaiola, e marcas pequenas, distribuídas na área central. Em T. yonenagae, as marcas grandes (VUt=3,00-750,00L, 6,67±4,30% do volume urinário diário), correlacionam-se significativamente (Pearson=0,41; sig.<0,00) com a deposição de fezes, sugerindo deposição de latrina; o VUt das marcas pequenas é de 0,01 a 0,05L. O número de marcas pequenas mais elevado, entre os sujeitos que urinaram, foi de quando pareadas com conhecidas (ANOVA um fator, F=3,70 sig.<0,00), sugerindo coesão social em , e associado a um pequeno investimento hídrico. Observou-se também depósitos de secreções da Glândula Harderiana (GH), que não se correlacionaram com nenhuma das variáveis analisadas. Não ocorreram diferenças estatisticamente significantes nas demais comparações feitas. Em condição solitária, 80% dos indivíduos adultos marcaram (latência <5min), enquanto que o grupo de 26-41d apenas dois sujeitos marcaram. O VUt correlacionouse com a idade positivamente (Pearson=0,64; sig.=0,05), entre os indivíduos jovens, e negativamente entre os adultos (Pearson=-0,39; sig.<0,00), o que sugere que a marcação por urina possa ser hormônio-dependente, como ocorre em outras espécies de roedores. A limitação ao acesso à água no ambiente natural dos rabos-de-facho parece não ter se sobreposto aos fatores de ancestralidade e comunicação social na modulação do comportamento de marcação por urina em T. yonenagae, especialmente para fêmeas que ocupam papel diferenciado na hierarquia social do grupo. O trabalho também salienta a ausência de hierarquia linear nos rabos-de-facho, como anteriormente relatado, e evidencia a presença de atividade da GH, abrindo nova linha de estudos fisiológicos e comportamentais dessa glândula em ratos-de-espinho / Urine is important in olfactive communication in mammals, especially in rodents: its presents low costs and had potentially informatives metabolites. The urine enables the sender to transmit informations about itself (p. ex. species, sex, age, dominance and health status, sexual receptivity, and time of deposit). The water balance, however, can be disadvantageous with the use of urine marking in xeric and hot environments, because there is a trade-off between the amount of water available/ingested and delivered in urination/marking, with pressure selective in favor of the water economy. In these cases there may be a reduction in emission of the volume with consequent limitation of the use of the urine in marking. Trinomys yonenagae (Rocha, 1995) (Rodentia, Echimyidae) is highly affiliative, endemic in the Caatinga, and belongs to a genus of forestry ancestral, which most of species have congruence with forested environments. The rabo-de-facho produces urine with medium osmolarity and volume similar to that of forestry species in the genus, although lives in a high temperature paleodesert. In this context we hypothesized that T. yonenagae marks with urine, an important strategy for social rodents, and explore favorably the phylogenetic constraint (production of medium osmolarity urine) imposed by their ancestral. The pattern of urine and feces deposition of T. yonenagae (n=10) and of the sister-species, Trinomys setosus (n=10), of forested environment, was visualized under ultraviolet light (UV) in individual sessions (24h) in house-cages (40x33x16cm), with the floor covered with filter paper. The same procedure was used in further investigations quantification of the number of feces and of the urine marks, with estimation of the urine volume (VUt = L total/session and L/mark) in pre-puebertal (32 to 76d, n = 10) and adults (one to 11 years, n = 21) T. yonenagae, of both sexes, in 10min sessions under individual and social context. The adults in social context was pared, in an adjacent compartments (of 40x30x26cm box), with a same-sex conspecific, known and unknown, and opposite, sex unknown. Qualitatively, both species shows similar patterns of urine deposition, probably inherited from the forestry ancestral. There are kinds of deposits: larger ones, deposited in the corners of the cage, and small ones, distributed in the central area. In T. yonenagae, the larger marks (VUt = 3,00-750,00L, 6.67 ± 4.30% of the daily urine volume) are significantly correlated (Pearson = 0.41, sig <0.00. ) with the number of feces pellets, suggesting latrine deposition; the VUt of small marks is from 0.01 to 0,05L. The higher number of small marks among subjects who urinated was in paired with known situation (one-way ANOVA, F = 3.70; sig. <0.00), suggesting social cohesion in , and associated with a small water investment. It is also noted deposits of Harderian gland (GH) secretions, which were not correlated with any of the variables. There were no statistically significant differences in the other comparisons. In solitary condition, 80% of adults marked (latency <5min), while only two subjects in the 26-41d group marked. The VUt correlated positively with age (Pearson = 0.64;. sig = 0.05) among young individuals, and negatively among adults (Pearson = -0.39;. sig <0.00). This suggests urine-marking in T. yonenagae as a hormone-dependent behavior, like in other rodent species. The limited access to water in the natural environment of rabo-de-facho seems to have not overlapped the ancestry factors and social communication in the modulation of urine for marking behavior, especially for females occupying distinct role in the social hierarchy the group. The work also highlights the absence of linear hierarchy in rabo-de-facho, as previously reported, and shows the presence of GH activity, opening new line of physiological and behavioral studies of this gland in spiny-rats

This study introduces a new firm-level dataset containing over two million projects co-funded by the European Union´s (EU) structural and Cohesion funds in 25 EU member states in the multi-annual financial framework 2007-2013. Information on individual beneficiary firms and institutions published by regional authorities is linked with business data from Bureau van Dijk's ORBIS database. Moreover, we show how modern text mining techniques can be used to categorise EU funded projects into fifteen thematic categories proposed by the European Commission. A first analysis of the dataset reveals substantial heterogeneity of beneficiaries and projects across and within countries. While in the majority of lagging regions the largest project expenditure is dedicated to transportation and energy infrastructure, in most other regions the major part is assigned to innovation and technological development as well as business (including SME) support. In an econometric analysis we control for project and firm characteristics and find that the highest single project values are associated with older beneficiary firms that are larger in size. Furthermore, the projects with topmost expenditure are carried out in Dutch and British regions. / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

This paper is a study of Polish-English machine translation, where the impact of various types of errors on cohesion and comprehensibility of the translations was investigated. The following phenomena were in focus: 1. The most common errors produced by current state-of-the-art MT systems for Polish-English MT. 2. The effect of various types of errors on text cohesion. 3. The effect of various types of errors on readers’ understanding of the translation.

Detta examensarbete har genomförts av två studenter vid Högskolan Dalarna i samarbete medIT-konsultbolaget Istone Concrevi. Edsbyverken, som är en möbeltillverkare baserad i Edsbyn,är kund hos Istone och har ett behov att öka sin leveranssäkerhet. Företaget upplever också attdet finns en bristande sammanhållning mellan de som arbetar administrativt och de som arbetarmed tillverkning i verksamheten. Edsbyverken hoppas att en ökad sammanhållning ska varabidragande till en bättre leveranssäkerhet. Sammanhållning är ett begrepp som är vanligtförekommande inom idrott och lagsporter och förknippas ofta med framgång inom idrotten.Forskningsstrategin som används i studien är design and creation som fokuserar på att skapa nyaIT-produkter, artefakter. Denna studie har resulterat i en artefakt av typen instansiering i form aven applikation som utvecklats med hjälp av ett användarcentrerat och agilt arbetssätt. Syftet medstudien är att undersöka och testa hur teorier inom idrottspsykologi kan användas inom ettsystemutvecklingsprojekt med ändamål att få artefakten och utvecklingsprocessen att främjasammanhållning hos verksamheten. Datainsamlingsmetoder som använts i studien är intervjueroch enkäter. Intervjuerna har använts för att insamla bakgrundsinfo från verksamheten ochönskemål kring appen och enkäterna för feedback på appen samt för att utvärderasystemutvecklingens och appens påverkan på sammanhållningen.Resultaten från datainsamlingen är i många fall spretande med allt från positiva omdömen sommenar att sammanhållningen förbättrats, till negativa som menar att ingen inverkan skett. Vid ensammanvägning kan man dock se att majoriteten menar att detta forskningsprojekt inte lyckatsmed att förbättra sammanhållningen. En viss andel anställda vid Edsbyverken tror dock attsammanhållningen kan öka på längre sikt. Slutsatsen kring idrottspsykologi är att den vid enkoppling till systemutveckling har ett begränsat användningsområde och att många av de teoriersom förekommer om sammanhållning inte är användbara eller passande vidsystemutvecklingsarbete. / This thesis has been implemented by two students at Högskolan Dalarna in cooperation withIstone Concrevi, who is a IT-consultant company in Borlänge. Edsbyverken, a client of Istoneand a furniture manufacturer based in Edsbyn, needs to increase their supply reliability. Thecompany also feels that there is a lack of cohesion between the administrative and themanufacturing parts of the business. Edsbynverken hope that greater cohesion will becontributing to a better supply reliability. Cohesion is a term that is commonly used in sports andteams and is often associated with success in the sport.The research strategy used in this study is design and creation that focuses on creating new ITproducts, artifacts. This study has resulted in an artifact of the type instantiation, which is anapplication developed using a user-centric and agile working. The purpose of the study is toexamine and test if theories from sport psychology can be used within a systems developmentproject with the purpose to get the artifact and the development process to promote the cohesionwithin the business.Data collection methods used in the study are interviews and questionnaires. The interviewswere used to collect background information from the business and wishes about the application.Surveys were used for feedback on the application, as well as to evaluate the systemsdevelopment and the applications impact on the cohesion within the business.The results from the data collection are often sprawling, ranging from very positive signs tonegative. From indications of that the cohesion has improved to statements that it hasn’t. Inappraisal, however, one can see a tendency that this research failed to improve cohesion. Thougha certain percentage of employees at Edsbyverken believe that cohesion may increase in the longterm. The conclusion about sports psychology is that it, when connected to systemsdevelopment, has a limited use and that many of the theories that exist on cohesion within sportspsychology not are useful or appropriate in systems development work.

Automatic text summarization is a growing field due to the modern world’s Internet based society, but to automatically create perfect summaries is not easy, and cohesion errors are common. By the usage of an eye tracking camera, this thesis studies the nature of four different types of cohesion errors occurring in summaries. A total of 23 participants read and rated four different texts and marked the most difficult areas of each text. Statistical analysis of the data revealed that absent cohesion or context and broken anaphoric reference (pronouns) caused some disturbance in reading, but that the impact is restricted to the effort to read rather than the comprehension of the text. Erroneous anaphoric reference (pronouns) was not detected by the participants which poses a problem for automatic text summarizers, and other potential disturbing factors were detected. Finally, the question of the meaningfulness of keeping absent cohesion or context as a separate error type was raised.

[pt] Esta pesquisa se propõe a analisar o conhecimento e emprego dos elementos conectores conjuntivos como, embora, mas e porque, por indivíduos surdos, considerando a LIBRAS - Língua Brasileira de Sinais - como a primeira língua destes, numa abordagem de ensino-aprendizagem do português como segunda língua. A partir das contribuições do Funcionalismo e da Semântica argumentativa, parte-se da aplicação de testes em informantes surdos que, adolescentes, adultos, alunos/as de uma escola da rede particular de ensino do Rio de Janeiro, matriculados da 5ª a 8ª séries do ensino fundamental e que, nesta pesquisa, demonstram seu desempenho no emprego destes elementos conectores na modalidade escrita do português. Através dos resultados dos testes, verificou-se que a competência dos surdos no emprego dos elementos conectores conjuntivos está relacionada com fatores lingüísticos, tais como questões lexicais, sintáticas e semântico-textuais; e com fatores extralingüísticos, como nível de escolaridade, grau de surdez, faixa etária, grau de proficiência em LABRAS e em português e em tipo de teste aplicado. Constatou-se que os informantes que têm conhecimento da LIBRAS apresentam melhor desempenho em português. Destaca-se, por fim, a importância de reflexões em torno dessa temática para as linhas de pesquisa que discutem questões ligadas ao processo ensino-aprendizagem do português como segunda língua para surdos, bem como para a implementação de ações em torno das mudanças das metodologias vigentes no Brasil. / [en] This research aims at analyzing the knowledge and use of the conjunctive connectors as, although, but and because by deaf people, considering LIBRAS - Brazilian sign language - as their first language, in a Portuguese as a second language (L2) teaching-learning approach . Based on the functionalism model and on the argumentative semantics, it starts testing adolescent and adult deaf informants, students of some private schools in Rio de Janeiro, from the the 5th to the 8th grade, who demonstrate their performance in the usage of these connectors in the written form of the Portuguese language. Through the tests results we could verify that their competence in the use of conjunctive connectors elements relates to linguistic facts, such as lexical, syntactic and textual-semantic issues, and to extralinguistic facts, such as school level, deafness level, age, proficiency level at LIBRAS and Portuguese language, and also to the kind of test applied. It has been noticed that the informants who know LIBRAS have a better performance in Portuguese. Eventually, it is highlighted the importance of reflections on this theme to researches on the Portuguese teaching-learning process as a second language for the deaf, as well as to the implementation of actions concerning changes in the current Brazilian methodologies.

M.A. / This study uses the salutogenic model as a departure point to focus on the sense of coherence (SOC) of women who had to overcome a crisis. Stressors come in many forms but this study focuses specifically on the husband's extramarital affair. After (or during) the initial shock the woman has to make a decision regarding her marriage. Women were considered in regard to the decisions they made, namely to stay in the marriage or to leave it. The first hypothesis stated that the SOC of the women who decided to leave the relationship would be higher than that of the other group. The second hypothesis stated that there would be differences amongst the three components of the SOC (meaningfulness, manageability and comprehension) for the two groups. Meaningfulness would measure higher for the group that decided to end their marriages. Manageability and comprehension would measure higher for the group that decided to stay in their marriages. These different components were quantitatively measured using Antonovsky's SOC-scale. A biographical questionnaire and a qualitative question regarding the reason for the decision that was made, was also included. Although the two hypotheses were not supported, important findings did emerge from the study. The women that left their marriages were found to be more satisfied with their decision than the other group. Women's SOC who felt satisfied or very satisfied with their decision measured higher than those that felt neutral, dissatisfied or very dissatisfied with their decision. This suggests that it is more important that women make decisions that are congruent with their values and views of the marriage, than whether the decision was to terminate or continue with the marriage. This could be valuable information for practitioners working in the field. In addition, it was also found that women who got married at 22 years or older, had a higher SOC than women who got married before they were 22. This suggests that SOC continues to develop with maturity and challenges the notion that SOC ceases to develop into adulthood. Future longitudinal research covering the changes of SOC during the lifespan of a relationship would probably shed light on this issue.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Grain Science and Industry / R. P. Kingsly Ambrose / Praveen V. Vadlani / Wheat flour processing involves gradual size reduction and size-based fractionation of milled components. The size-based separation efficiency of wheat flour particles, with minimum bran contamination, is an important flour mill operational parameter. The flour particles often behave as imperfect solids with discontinuous flow and agglomerates during the separation process due to their differences in physical and chemical characteristics. Noticeable loss in throughput has been observed during sieving of soft wheat flour compared to that of hard wheat flour due to differences in inter-particle cohesion. However, there is limited understanding on the factors that influence the inter-particulate forces. Direct and indirect methods were applied to investigate the effects of moisture content, particle size, sifter load, and chemical composition on the cohesion behavior of flours from different wheat classes. Image analysis approach was used to quantify the particle characteristics such as surface lipid content, roughness, and morphology with respect to particle size to better understand the differences between hard and soft wheat flours. Surface lipid content and roughness values showed that the soft wheat flours are more cohesive than hard wheat flours. The morphology values revealed the irregularity in flour particles, irrespective of wheat class and particle size, due to nonuniform fragmentation of endosperm particles. The chemical composition significantly contributes to the differences in cohesion and flowability of wheat flours. Based on the particle parameters, a granular bond number (GBN) model was developed to predict the dynamic flow of wheat flour. In order to further understand the wheat flour flow behavior during size-based separation, a correlation was developed using the discrete element method (DEM). The error of predictions demonstrated that this correlation can be used to estimate the sieving performance and sieve blinding phenomenon of wheat flour. The experimental results from this dissertation work and the numerical model could eventually be instrumental to improve the efficiency of size-based separation of flour from various wheat classes. In addition, the models developed in this study will contribute significantly to understand the inter-particle cohesion as influenced by chemical composition.

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Relatedness, industrial branching and technological cohesion in US metropolitan areas, Regional Studies. Work by evolutionary economic geographers on the role of industry relatedness for regional economic development is extended into a number of methodological and empirical directions. First, relatedness is measured as the intensity of inputoutput linkages between industries. Second, this measure is employed to examine industry evolution in 360 US metropolitan areas. Third, an employment-weighted measure of metropolitan technological cohesion is developed. The results confirm that technological relatedness is positively related to metropolitan industry portfolio membership and industry entry and negatively related to industry exit. The decomposition of technological cohesion indicates that the selection of related incumbent industries complements industry entry and exit as the main drivers of change in metropolitan technological cohesion.