Sabe-se que um bom fluxo sanguíneo colateral (FSC) leptomeníngeo está associado a melhor desfecho funcional em paciente com oclusão vascular da circulação anterior. Entretanto, poucos estudos avaliaram os preditores de FSC e seu impacto prognósticos em países em desenvolvimento. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar os preditores e o impacto prognóstico do FSC leptomeníngeo nas oclusões do primeiro segmento (M1) da Artéria Cerebral Média (ACM). Métodos: Foi avaliado de maneira retrospectiva, uma coorte prospectiva de pacientes com acidente vascular cerebral (AVC), admitidos em um centro terciário acadêmico de referência para o tratamento de AVC entre janeiro de 2014 e junho de 2017. Foram incluídos pacientes que apresentavam oclusão do segmento M1 da ACM e realizaram angiotomografia de crânio (AngioTC) até 12 horas após o ictus. O FSC foi analisado utilizando uma escala previamente validada na literatura, o rLMC score. Foi avaliado a relação do rLMC score com variáveis clínicas e com desfecho. Na análise univariada foi utilizado o teste de Fisher para variáveis categóricas e t de Student para variáveis quantitativas, também foi utilizado o teste de Spearman para correlação de variáveis contínuas. Características associadas com rLMC score e com desfecho funcional foram incluídas da regressão linear (rLMC não categorizado) e regressão logística binária (rLMC categorizado). Foi utilizado um valor de significância estatística convencional (p=0,05) Resultados: Dos 1559 pacientes com AVC isquêmico admitidos, foram analisados 121 pacientes que preencheram critérios de inclusão/exclusão do estudo. A idade média foi de 67.1±15 anos, NIHSS 13 [IQR 11-22]. Na regressão linear, menor idade (? = -0.2; p=0.005), Doença de14 Chagas (? = 0,22; p=0,008), Tabagismo (? = 0,22; p=0,009), menor NIHSS (? = - 0,25; p=0,002) e história de doença coronariana (? = 0,23; p=0,005) foram associados com melhor rLMC score. Menor idade (? = 0,29; p<0,001), menor NIHSS (? = 0,36; p<0,001) e rLMC>= 17 (? = -0,16; p=0,04) foram associados com melhor desfecho clínico. Conclusão: Pacientes com bom FSC leptomeníngeo apresentam menor NIHSS, menor idade, maior frequência de doença de Chagas, história de tabagismo e doença coronariana prévia. Um bom FSC leptomeníngeo está associado a melhor desfecho funcional entre paciente com AVC isquêmico por oclusão de artérias proximais da circulação anterior no Brasil. / A Good leptomeningeal collateral flow has been associated with better outcomes in patients with proximal occlusions of the anterior circulation. Nevertheless, only few studies have assessed the predictors of good leptomeningeal collateral flow and its impact on clinical outcome in developing countries. We aim to evaluate predictors and prognostic impact of leptomeningeal collateral flow among patients with proximal middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. Method: We retrospectively analyzed a prospective stroke registry of AIS patients admitted to a tertiary Stroke Center in Brazil, with MCA-M1 occlusion within twelve hours of symptoms onset, admitted from January 2014-June 2017. Leptomeningeal score was evaluated using a previously validated Regional Leptomeningeal (rLMC) score. We evaluated association between rLMC score with clinical variables and outcomes. Univariate analysis was performed using Fisher exact test for categorical variables and t-Student for continuous variables. Spearman\'s correlation analysis was performed to find the relationship between continuous variables and rLMC. Variables were included in linear regression model (non categorized rLMC) or binary logistic regression model (categorized rLMC). Conventional levels of statistical significance were used (p=0.05). Results: From 1559 AIS patients, 121 were analyzed. Demographics: age 67.1±15 years, NIHSS 13 [IQR 11-22]. In linear regression, lower age (? = -0.2; p=0.021), Chagas Disease (? = 0.22; p=0.008), smoking (? = 0.22; p=0.009), lower NIHSS (? = -0.25; p=0.002) and history of coronary artery disease (? = 0.23; p=0,005) were associated with better rLMC score. Lower age (? = 0.29; p<0.001), lower NIHSS (? = 0.36; p<0.001) and rLMC>= 17 (? = -0.16; p=0.04) were associated with better functional outcomes. Conclusion: Patients with good leptomeningeal collateral flow had lower age, lower NIHSS, Chagas disease and history of smoking. Good leptomeningeal collaterals on CT angiography are associated to good outcome among AIS patients with proximal arterial occlusion of the anterior circulation in Brazil.

[pt] Propomos um modelo de equilíbrio geral com securitização de ativos pro- tegidos por colateral físico e discutimos o papel do colateral para evitar, em equilíbrio, expectativas pessimistas em relação as taxas futuras de default. As promessas dos ativos garantidos por colateral são securitizadas em famílias de derivativos Pass-through, que dividem o default de forma prorata, ou de Collateralized Loans Obligations (CLO), que permitem diferentes níveis de prioridade entre os ativos dentro de uma mesma família. No caso de default, os tomadores de empréstimo podem sofrer penalidades extra-econômicas, que são internalizadas nas suas preferências não ordenadas. Nesse contexto, provamos a existência de um equilíbrio no qual os investidores não são muito pessimistas sobre os pagamentos dos derivativos. / [en] We propose a specification of a general equilibrium model with securitization of collateral-backed promises and discuss the role of physical collateral to avoid, in equilibrium, pessimistic beliefs about the future rates of default. Promises are pooled in either pass-through securities or collateralized loans obligations (CLO), allowing the existence of different seniority levels among tranches in the same CLO. In case of default, borrowers may also suffer extra-economic penalties, which are internalized into a structure of nonordered preferences. In this context, we prove the existence of an equilibrium in that investors are not over-pessimistic about the payments of derivatives.

Sabe-se que um bom fluxo sanguíneo colateral (FSC) leptomeníngeo está associado a melhor desfecho funcional em paciente com oclusão vascular da circulação anterior. Entretanto, poucos estudos avaliaram os preditores de FSC e seu impacto prognósticos em países em desenvolvimento. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar os preditores e o impacto prognóstico do FSC leptomeníngeo nas oclusões do primeiro segmento (M1) da Artéria Cerebral Média (ACM). Métodos: Foi avaliado de maneira retrospectiva, uma coorte prospectiva de pacientes com acidente vascular cerebral (AVC), admitidos em um centro terciário acadêmico de referência para o tratamento de AVC entre janeiro de 2014 e junho de 2017. Foram incluídos pacientes que apresentavam oclusão do segmento M1 da ACM e realizaram angiotomografia de crânio (AngioTC) até 12 horas após o ictus. O FSC foi analisado utilizando uma escala previamente validada na literatura, o rLMC score. Foi avaliado a relação do rLMC score com variáveis clínicas e com desfecho. Na análise univariada foi utilizado o teste de Fisher para variáveis categóricas e t de Student para variáveis quantitativas, também foi utilizado o teste de Spearman para correlação de variáveis contínuas. Características associadas com rLMC score e com desfecho funcional foram incluídas da regressão linear (rLMC não categorizado) e regressão logística binária (rLMC categorizado). Foi utilizado um valor de significância estatística convencional (p=0,05) Resultados: Dos 1559 pacientes com AVC isquêmico admitidos, foram analisados 121 pacientes que preencheram critérios de inclusão/exclusão do estudo. A idade média foi de 67.1±15 anos, NIHSS 13 [IQR 11-22]. Na regressão linear, menor idade (? = -0.2; p=0.005), Doença de14 Chagas (? = 0,22; p=0,008), Tabagismo (? = 0,22; p=0,009), menor NIHSS (? = - 0,25; p=0,002) e história de doença coronariana (? = 0,23; p=0,005) foram associados com melhor rLMC score. Menor idade (? = 0,29; p<0,001), menor NIHSS (? = 0,36; p<0,001) e rLMC>= 17 (? = -0,16; p=0,04) foram associados com melhor desfecho clínico. Conclusão: Pacientes com bom FSC leptomeníngeo apresentam menor NIHSS, menor idade, maior frequência de doença de Chagas, história de tabagismo e doença coronariana prévia. Um bom FSC leptomeníngeo está associado a melhor desfecho funcional entre paciente com AVC isquêmico por oclusão de artérias proximais da circulação anterior no Brasil. / A Good leptomeningeal collateral flow has been associated with better outcomes in patients with proximal occlusions of the anterior circulation. Nevertheless, only few studies have assessed the predictors of good leptomeningeal collateral flow and its impact on clinical outcome in developing countries. We aim to evaluate predictors and prognostic impact of leptomeningeal collateral flow among patients with proximal middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. Method: We retrospectively analyzed a prospective stroke registry of AIS patients admitted to a tertiary Stroke Center in Brazil, with MCA-M1 occlusion within twelve hours of symptoms onset, admitted from January 2014-June 2017. Leptomeningeal score was evaluated using a previously validated Regional Leptomeningeal (rLMC) score. We evaluated association between rLMC score with clinical variables and outcomes. Univariate analysis was performed using Fisher exact test for categorical variables and t-Student for continuous variables. Spearman\'s correlation analysis was performed to find the relationship between continuous variables and rLMC. Variables were included in linear regression model (non categorized rLMC) or binary logistic regression model (categorized rLMC). Conventional levels of statistical significance were used (p=0.05). Results: From 1559 AIS patients, 121 were analyzed. Demographics: age 67.1±15 years, NIHSS 13 [IQR 11-22]. In linear regression, lower age (? = -0.2; p=0.021), Chagas Disease (? = 0.22; p=0.008), smoking (? = 0.22; p=0.009), lower NIHSS (? = -0.25; p=0.002) and history of coronary artery disease (? = 0.23; p=0,005) were associated with better rLMC score. Lower age (? = 0.29; p<0.001), lower NIHSS (? = 0.36; p<0.001) and rLMC>= 17 (? = -0.16; p=0.04) were associated with better functional outcomes. Conclusion: Patients with good leptomeningeal collateral flow had lower age, lower NIHSS, Chagas disease and history of smoking. Good leptomeningeal collaterals on CT angiography are associated to good outcome among AIS patients with proximal arterial occlusion of the anterior circulation in Brazil.

O presente trabalho tem por escopo analisar a possibilidade de aplicação, nos processos coletivos, dos atuais institutos do Direito de Processual Civil, criados para solucionar os problemas decorrentes da relação entre demandas intersubjetivas, i.e., conexão, continência, litispendência e coisa julgada. Devido às características intrínsecas dos interesses metaindividuais, a propositura de mais de uma demanda coletiva, por diferentes legitimados ativos, todas com efeitos erga omnes e objeto indivisível, pode levar à prolação de comandos contraditórios, com desdobramentos no plano prático, podendo gerar situações insustentáveis - especificamente nos conflitos ambientais, dado o caráter difuso do bem tutelado. Diante das peculiaridades dos processos coletivos, o legislador e os operadores do direito podem optar por um de dois caminhos: adotar o sistema tradicional ou inovar. O presente trabalho propõe a inovação, a modernização, a adequação, a adaptação, enfim, a flexibilização dos institutos processuais clássicos - sem a pretensão de formular qualquer resposta definitiva. As inovações aqui propostas iniciam-se pelo próprio conceito de identidade de ações, perpassando por uma releitura dos elementos objetivos da demanda (pedido e causa de pedir), com foco no bem jurídico tutelado e no resultado prático visado pelos processos. Na seqüência, os institutos conexão, continência, litispendência e coisa julgada são revisitados, adaptando-se às necessidades da jurisdição coletiva. Em suma, o trabalho conclui que a transposição, sic et simpliciter, dos institutos processuais clássicos voltados à relação entre demandas individuais para o plano da jurisdição coletiva não é cabível, sendo necessário flexibilizar e modernizar algumas figuras, com vistas a impedir que a mesma situação de fato receba tratamentos diferenciados em duas ou mais demandas. Tudo em prol da efetividade do processo coletivo e dos princípios da economia processual, da isonomia e da certeza das relações jurídicas. / The scope of this study is to analyze the possibility of applying, in collective lawsuits, the current tools of the Civil Procedural Law, created to solve problems arising out of the relation between inter-subjective claims (i.e. same cause of action, encompassing lawsuit, collateral estoppel and res judicata). Due to the intrinsic characteristics of the meta-individual interests, the proposal of another collective claim, by different parties, all with erga omnes effect and indivisible object, may lead to the issuance of contradictory orders, affecting its practical aspect, and possibly generating unsustainable situations ? specifically in environmental conflicts, due to the public nature of the matter. Given the peculiarities of collective claims, legislators and Law operators may decide to adopt either the traditional system, or innovate. This paper proposes innovating, updating, adequating and adapting the classical procedural tools ? with no intention of reaching a definitive answer. The innovations proposed herein start by the identity of action concept itself, revisiting the objective elements of the claim (pleading and cause of action), focusing on the core of the matter and on the practical result sought by the lawsuits. Subsequently, tools such as same cause of action, encompassing lawsuit, collateral estoppel and res judicata are also revisited, adapting to the needs of collective jurisdiction. In short, this study concludes that transferring, sic et simpliciter, the classic procedural tools regarding the relations between individual claims to the collective jurisdiction is not possible, being necessary to adapt/update some concepts, so that the expected result is reached, preventing the same situation in fact is treated differently in two or more claims (on behalf of the effectiveness of the collective lawsuit and of the principles of the procedural economy, the isonomy and the certainty of the legal relations).

L’objet de cette thèse est de déterminer la nature et le régime d’un contrat financier appelé "equity swaps".L’equity swap est un contrat bilatéral qui permet à l’une des parties d’acquérir la propriété économique d’actions indiquées par les parties. Ces actions sont appelées « actions sous-jacentes ». Elles ne forment pas l’objet des obligations du contrat. Ce dernier ne donne naissance qu’à des dettes de valeur. C’est la nature particulière de ces obligations qui permet de rattacher les equity swaps à la catégorie des contrats financiers.Les actions sous-jacentes constituent donc le support des valeurs que chacune des parties s’engagent réciproquement à se payer. Ces valeurs représentent la propriété économique des actions sous-jacentes. Cette notion permet de distinguer les equity swaps des autres contrats financiers.La propriété économique répliquée par l’equity swap est toutefois source d’incertitudes. L’equity swap ne donne certes lieu à aucun transfert de propriété et aucune des parties n’est tenue de détenir les actions sous-jacentes. Mais un actionnaire peut conclure un equity swap afin de transférer la propriété économique de ses actions. En outre les equity swaps sont souvent utilisés par les investisseurs afin d’acquérir de façon occulte les actions de sociétés cotées. Bref, les parties à un equity swap n’ont pas toujours des motivations purement financières. La détermination du régime des equity swaps commande donc de s’interroger sur les conditions d’application du droit des sociétés et du droit boursier.Enfin, en tant que contrat financier, l’equity swap est censé être régi par la réglementation financière. Cette dernière était toutefois largement inadaptée aux contrats financiers. Elle doit être repensée. / The purpose of this study is to qualify and, consequently to specify the governing laws applicable to a derivative called “equity swap”.Equity swap is a bilateral contract which allows one of the parties to acquire economic ownership of some shares indicated by the parties. Those shares are called “underlying shares”. They are not due to be delivered by the parties. The parties to an equity swap are only due to pay to each other cash amounts representing values of the underlying shares. That is these very particular obligations which enable to qualify the equity swaps as derivatives.Thus, the underlying shares are used in order to calculate those cash amount so that they represent the economic ownership of the underlying shares. That is the reason why equity swaps are an original kind of derivatives.The economic ownership created by the equity swaps results in some legal uncertainty. Equity swap do not provide for assignment of legal ownership. And none of the parties is due to be the legal owner of the underlying shares. But a shareholder may enter into an equity swap in order to transfer the economic ownership of its shares and equity swaps are often used by investors in order to acquire hidden ownership in listed companies. In other words, parties do not enter into equity swaps for financial purpose only. Determining the laws applicable to the equity swaps requires to analyze companies law and stock exchange law.At last, as a derivative the equity swap is supposed to be governed by financial regulation. This regulation does not fit with derivatives. It needs to be specified.

Subject of my thesis is a credit risk in the czech banking environment. It consists of five chapters. First one contains description of basic risks banks are exposed to. The next one addresses the credit risk itself and its management, including determination of credit policy and the process of credit granting. Related to this topic is hedging, in broader sense also including provisioning and reserves creation. Third chapter is about credit derivatives, via which the credit risk can be reduced. Closely related to this topic is a securitisation process and it's products. Fourth chapter deals with regulation, which is an essential part of the banking sector nowadays. I focus primarily on Basel II and its credit risk part. In the final chapter I describe credit risk management of one of the biggest czech banks, Ceska sporitelna, which granted most credits in 2010.

This thesis deals with the valuation of property in connection with mortgage financing. First chapters are devoted to analyzing the current state of the real estate market and mortgage financing in Czech Republic. The second half focuses on the specifics of valuing real estate as mortgage collateral. The last chapter consists of a practical working example of a apartment building valuation.

The 2003 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) outbreak in Canada highlights a broad range in ethical challenges, particularly in priority setting. Presently, a leading theory in ethical priority setting is Daniels’ and Sabin’s Accountability for Reasonableness (A4R), which enhances fair and legitimate procedural decision making in typical healthcare settings. A4R attempts to mitigate conflicting interests and facilitate fairness in deliberations over priority setting issues. Whether this framework may be applied to public health emergencies has yet to be examined. This qualitative study describes the outbreak through the lens of A4R and explores the applicability of A4R in atypical or emergent circumstances. Findings from 25 structured key informant interviews of public health officials suggest refinements to the framework may be required for emergency events. The presence of such a framework may minimize collateral damage during and after a response. The lessons may guide future preparedness efforts such as pandemic planning.

The 2003 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) outbreak in Canada highlights a broad range in ethical challenges, particularly in priority setting. Presently, a leading theory in ethical priority setting is Daniels’ and Sabin’s Accountability for Reasonableness (A4R), which enhances fair and legitimate procedural decision making in typical healthcare settings. A4R attempts to mitigate conflicting interests and facilitate fairness in deliberations over priority setting issues. Whether this framework may be applied to public health emergencies has yet to be examined. This qualitative study describes the outbreak through the lens of A4R and explores the applicability of A4R in atypical or emergent circumstances. Findings from 25 structured key informant interviews of public health officials suggest refinements to the framework may be required for emergency events. The presence of such a framework may minimize collateral damage during and after a response. The lessons may guide future preparedness efforts such as pandemic planning.

This dissertation offers a new understanding about wartime decision making in the face of likely, but unintended, harm to foreign civilians. It empirically identifies conditions under which leaders in democratic nations are more or less likely to choose to attack a target when confronted with a dilemma between pursuing national security objectives and avoiding civilian casualties. An innovative targeting decision model was constructed that described both the theorized structure of the decisions inputs and the process by which these inputs are assembled into a choice. The model went beyond the normal target benefit and civilian casualty cost considerations of proportionality to also include the contextual input of prospect frame. Decision makers were expected to address the same benefit and cost differently depending on whether they were winning or losing the conflict. This was because the prospect frame would influence their risk attitudes, as predicted by prospect theory. This model was then tested via two decision-making experiments that used military officers and defense civilians as participants. Additionally, a statistical analysis of data collected from an extended period of the second Intifada was done to seek evidence that the model also applied in actual wartime decision making. All three tests supported portions of the targeting decision model. Higher target benefit and lower civilian casualty estimates increased support for the planned attack. Prospect frame influenced decisions in the cases where both target value and the civilian casualty estimates were high and the resulting dilemma was very difficult. In these situations, those told that their forces were losing the conflict were less sensitive to humanitarian harm and more likely to support the attack than when they were told their side was winning. Furthermore, the Intifada data analysis of attacks approved by Israeli officials against Palestinians found this same effect of prospect frame held generally across all six years of observations.