O sistema cardiovascular está estrutural e funcionalmente disposto de modo “circular”. Situações de obstrução do fluxo sanguíneo determinam o aparecimento de mecanismos que visam suplantar tais interrupções e manter a circularidade íntegra. À nível molecular, o principal elemento envolvido nestes mecanismos é o Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF). A expressão do VEGF quando há oclusão arterial está bem documentada, faltando elementos com relação à oclusão venosa. Neste estudo objetivamos verificar se a oclusão à nível arterial determina uma expressão do VEGF diferente daquela que ocorre se a oclusão acontecer à nível venoso. Para isso randomizamos dois grupos de ratos de experimentação. Em um grupo realizamos a oclusão da aorta infra-renal e em outro a oclusão da veia cava infra-renal. Posteriormente medimos a expressão do VEGF através da contagem do número de células marcadas imunoistoquimicamente no omento destes ratos. O resultado demonstrou que a expressão do VEGF, quando analisada pelo método proposto foi igual no grupo da oclusão venosa e no grupo da oclusão arterial. / The cardiovascular system is structurally and functionally circular. Situations in which there is obstruction to blood flow trigger mechanisms to bypass these blockages and maintenance the integrity of the circularity. At the molecular level the main factor involved is the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF). The VEGF expression associated with arterial occlusion is well documented but is lacking evidence when venous occlusion occurs. This study aimed to verify if the expression of VEGF when an occlusion occurs at venous level is the same or different from that caused at the arterial level. Two groups of rats were randomized by infra-renal aortic occlusion or inferior vena cava occlusion. VEGF was measured by counting the immunohistochemistry method marked cells at the omentum level. It was demonstrated that the VEGF expression is the same in the venous group obstruction as the arterial obstruction group.

O presente trabalho tem por escopo analisar a possibilidade de aplicação, nos processos coletivos, dos atuais institutos do Direito de Processual Civil, criados para solucionar os problemas decorrentes da relação entre demandas intersubjetivas, i.e., conexão, continência, litispendência e coisa julgada. Devido às características intrínsecas dos interesses metaindividuais, a propositura de mais de uma demanda coletiva, por diferentes legitimados ativos, todas com efeitos erga omnes e objeto indivisível, pode levar à prolação de comandos contraditórios, com desdobramentos no plano prático, podendo gerar situações insustentáveis - especificamente nos conflitos ambientais, dado o caráter difuso do bem tutelado. Diante das peculiaridades dos processos coletivos, o legislador e os operadores do direito podem optar por um de dois caminhos: adotar o sistema tradicional ou inovar. O presente trabalho propõe a inovação, a modernização, a adequação, a adaptação, enfim, a flexibilização dos institutos processuais clássicos - sem a pretensão de formular qualquer resposta definitiva. As inovações aqui propostas iniciam-se pelo próprio conceito de identidade de ações, perpassando por uma releitura dos elementos objetivos da demanda (pedido e causa de pedir), com foco no bem jurídico tutelado e no resultado prático visado pelos processos. Na seqüência, os institutos conexão, continência, litispendência e coisa julgada são revisitados, adaptando-se às necessidades da jurisdição coletiva. Em suma, o trabalho conclui que a transposição, sic et simpliciter, dos institutos processuais clássicos voltados à relação entre demandas individuais para o plano da jurisdição coletiva não é cabível, sendo necessário flexibilizar e modernizar algumas figuras, com vistas a impedir que a mesma situação de fato receba tratamentos diferenciados em duas ou mais demandas. Tudo em prol da efetividade do processo coletivo e dos princípios da economia processual, da isonomia e da certeza das relações jurídicas. / The scope of this study is to analyze the possibility of applying, in collective lawsuits, the current tools of the Civil Procedural Law, created to solve problems arising out of the relation between inter-subjective claims (i.e. same cause of action, encompassing lawsuit, collateral estoppel and res judicata). Due to the intrinsic characteristics of the meta-individual interests, the proposal of another collective claim, by different parties, all with erga omnes effect and indivisible object, may lead to the issuance of contradictory orders, affecting its practical aspect, and possibly generating unsustainable situations ? specifically in environmental conflicts, due to the public nature of the matter. Given the peculiarities of collective claims, legislators and Law operators may decide to adopt either the traditional system, or innovate. This paper proposes innovating, updating, adequating and adapting the classical procedural tools ? with no intention of reaching a definitive answer. The innovations proposed herein start by the identity of action concept itself, revisiting the objective elements of the claim (pleading and cause of action), focusing on the core of the matter and on the practical result sought by the lawsuits. Subsequently, tools such as same cause of action, encompassing lawsuit, collateral estoppel and res judicata are also revisited, adapting to the needs of collective jurisdiction. In short, this study concludes that transferring, sic et simpliciter, the classic procedural tools regarding the relations between individual claims to the collective jurisdiction is not possible, being necessary to adapt/update some concepts, so that the expected result is reached, preventing the same situation in fact is treated differently in two or more claims (on behalf of the effectiveness of the collective lawsuit and of the principles of the procedural economy, the isonomy and the certainty of the legal relations).

O sistema cardiovascular está estrutural e funcionalmente disposto de modo “circular”. Situações de obstrução do fluxo sanguíneo determinam o aparecimento de mecanismos que visam suplantar tais interrupções e manter a circularidade íntegra. À nível molecular, o principal elemento envolvido nestes mecanismos é o Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF). A expressão do VEGF quando há oclusão arterial está bem documentada, faltando elementos com relação à oclusão venosa. Neste estudo objetivamos verificar se a oclusão à nível arterial determina uma expressão do VEGF diferente daquela que ocorre se a oclusão acontecer à nível venoso. Para isso randomizamos dois grupos de ratos de experimentação. Em um grupo realizamos a oclusão da aorta infra-renal e em outro a oclusão da veia cava infra-renal. Posteriormente medimos a expressão do VEGF através da contagem do número de células marcadas imunoistoquimicamente no omento destes ratos. O resultado demonstrou que a expressão do VEGF, quando analisada pelo método proposto foi igual no grupo da oclusão venosa e no grupo da oclusão arterial. / The cardiovascular system is structurally and functionally circular. Situations in which there is obstruction to blood flow trigger mechanisms to bypass these blockages and maintenance the integrity of the circularity. At the molecular level the main factor involved is the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF). The VEGF expression associated with arterial occlusion is well documented but is lacking evidence when venous occlusion occurs. This study aimed to verify if the expression of VEGF when an occlusion occurs at venous level is the same or different from that caused at the arterial level. Two groups of rats were randomized by infra-renal aortic occlusion or inferior vena cava occlusion. VEGF was measured by counting the immunohistochemistry method marked cells at the omentum level. It was demonstrated that the VEGF expression is the same in the venous group obstruction as the arterial obstruction group.

Submitted by Cláudia Bueno (claudiamoura18@gmail.com) on 2016-06-08T21:04:44Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Gustavo Henrique Coutinho Ribeiro - 2015.pdf: 1861535 bytes, checksum: dbcf200e9f28a73a6beb4e4697cae540 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-06-09T11:47:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Gustavo Henrique Coutinho Ribeiro - 2015.pdf: 1861535 bytes, checksum: dbcf200e9f28a73a6beb4e4697cae540 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-09T11:47:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Gustavo Henrique Coutinho Ribeiro - 2015.pdf: 1861535 bytes, checksum: dbcf200e9f28a73a6beb4e4697cae540 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The main structures that restrict movements in frontal plane and rotation of the distal inter phalangeal joint (DIJ) are the collateral ligaments (CL). Lesions of CLs represent one of the major cause of lameness in horses and can affect all limbs, but the incidence is much higher in forelimbs. It can be either unilateral or bilateral. Medial or lateral CLs, can be affected simultaneously, but medial desmitis has been reported more often. The CL appears as an oval and echogenic structure in ultrasound images in the collateral fossa of the middle phalanx. This study has aimed to evaluate the collateral ligaments of the distal inter phalangeal joint of the forelimbs in Quarter horses without lameness, through ultrasound examination. Thirty Quarter horses, aged between two and 23 years (7 ± 3.30), of both genders, average weight of 442.9 ± 40.2, body score 3/5, with no lameness, were used for ultra-sonographic evaluation of the forelimbs collateral ligaments (CL) of the distal interphalangeal joint. All animals were calf roping (13) or barrel race (17) horses, divided into three groups (A, B and C) based on the age. Six parameters were evaluated: ligament area (LA), hypoechogenicity (HO), collapse of coronal vessels (CV), heterogeneity (HT), hyperechogenicity (HR) and irregularity of ligament margins (IM). In average, the ligament was 7.0 ± 0.9 mm thick, 11.7 ± 1.4 mm wide and had 0.77 ± 0.17 cm² of cross-sectional area, and appeared as an oval and echogenic structure. Sixteen percent of CLs had at least one of the above related changes. When comparing medial and lateral CLs, the medial CL showed changes more often (17%) than the lateral CL (14%). The most common findings included changes in echogenicity of the fibers and thickening of the CL, measured by LA; this parameter was abnormal in 17% of examined CL. Considering lateral and medial CLs separately, this rate was 13% and 20%, respectively. When the medial CL was compared in different groups, it was also more affected by increasing LA. In group B, the rate of increased LA was significantly higher (25%). Animals from groups B and C showed an upward trend in the frequency of HR (28 and 31%, respectively). Ligament fibers HT was significantly more frequent in group C. HO was observed in only 20% of the examined CLs. IM appeared in 38% animals of group C, while CV was only observed in a few horses. / As principais estruturas que limitam o movimento colateral e a rotação da articulação inter falangeana distal são os ligamentos colaterais (LC). As lesões dos LCs representam uma causa importante de claudicação em equinos e podem acometer qualquer um dos membros no cavalo, porém a frequência é bem maior nos membros torácicos, de modo uni ou bilateral. Ambos os LCs, medial ou lateral, podem ser afetados, simultaneamente, mas a desmite do LC medial tem sido relatada com maior frequência. As imagens ultrassonográficas do LC aparecem como uma estrutura oval e ecogênica dentro da fossa colateral da falange média (FM). Esse trabalho objetivou avaliar o ligamento colateral da articulação inter falangeana distal dos membros torácicos em equinos Quarto de Milha sem claudicação, empregando o exame ultrassonográfico. Foram utilizados trinta equinos, da raça quarto de milha, com idades entre dois e 23 anos (7 ± 3,30), de ambos os sexos, média de peso de 442,9 ± 40,2, escore corporal 3/5 e sem claudicação para avaliação ultrassonográfica dos ligamentos colaterais da articulação inter falangeana distal nos membros torácicos. Os animais praticavam provas de laço de bezerro (13) ou três tambores (17) e foram divididos em três grupos, de acordo com a idade: A: entre três e quatro anos; B entre cinco e dez anos; C: acima de dez anos. Foram avaliados seis parâmetros ao ultrassom: área do ligamento (AL), hipoecogenicidade (HO), colapso dos vasos coronais (CV), heterogeneidade (HT), hiperecogenicidade (HR) e irregularidade de bordas do ligamento (IB). O LC apresentou, em média, 7,0 ± 0,9 mm de espessura, 11,7 ± 1,4 mm de largura, área transversal de 0,77 ± 0,17 cm², e apareceu como uma estrutura oval e ecogênica. Dos 30 animais, 16% dos LCs apresentaram pelo menos uma das alterações relacionadas. Quando comparados os LCs medial e lateral, o LCM apresentou alterações com maior frequência (17%) que o LCL (14%). Na imagem transversal, os achados mais comuns incluíram mudanças na ecogenicidade das fibras e espessamento do LC, medido pela AL, parâmetro que se mostrou alterado em 17% dos LC examinados. Quando foram considerados os LCLs e LCMs separadamente, a frequência de alterações foi de 13% e 20%, respectivamente. O LCM, quando analisado em grupos de diferentes idades, também foi o mais acometido pelo aumento da AL; no grupo B, a frequência do aumento de área se mostrou aumentada significativamente (25%). Animais dos grupos B e C demonstraram uma tendência de aumento da frequência da HR (28 e 31%, respectivamente). A HT de fibras foi observada com uma frequência significativamente maior no grupo C. A HO apareceu em apenas 20% dos LCs examinados. A IB apareceu em 38% dos animais do grupo C, enquanto o CV foi observado em poucos animais.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:33:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Otmar Plec.pdf: 1699195 bytes, checksum: 19cc33a2e51e7d92a59fc89a6c06842a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-08 / Work carried out on a empirical research on the difficulties of Micro and Small Company in obtaining credit from the financial market and the establishment of a Credit Guarantee Organization in the Western Region of Paraná as a tool for facilitating access to credit from bank. The object of study is the Micro, Small and Medium Company- MSME and Financial Institutions of the Western Region of Paraná. Where 1250 questionnaires were analyzed of a total population of 48,350 companies and 23 financial institutions. The dissertation aims to contribute to the advancement of knowledge of the difficulties surrounding the MSMEs from the region and diagnose if the lack of guarantees and the asymmetry of information are inhibiting factors on getting resources from the banks. The conclusion of this study contributes to the academy to examine the feasibility of this new tool in helping the development of the region than in other countries has been highlighted as a facilitator and supporter of the SMEs as a transforming force in society and that has been fostered by SEBRAE together with various entities. / O Trabalho realiza uma investigação empírica sobre as dificuldades da Micro e da Pequena Empresa na obtenção do crédito junto ao mercado financeiro e sobre a implantação de uma Sociedade de Garantia de Crédito na Região Oeste do Paraná como ferramenta facilitadora de acesso ao crédito junto aos bancos. O objeto de estudo será a Micro, a Pequena e a Média Empresa (MPME) e as instituições financeiras da Região Oeste do Paraná. Foram analisados 1250 questionários aplicados a empresas da Região de uma população total de 48.350 empresas e 23 instituições financeiras. A dissertação tem como objetivo contribuir para o avanço do conhecimento das dificuldades que cercam as MPMEs e diagnosticar se a falta de garantias e a assimetria de informação são fatores inibidores na tomada de recursos junto aos bancos na região Oeste do Paraná. A conclusão deste estudo contribui para a academia no sentido de examinar a viabilidade desta nova ferramenta na ajuda do desenvolvimento da região, ferramenta que, em outros países, tem tido destaque como facilitadora e apoiadora das MPMEs como força transformadora da sociedade e que vem sendo fomentada pelo SEBRAE num trabalho conjunto com diversas entidades.

No description available.

Magister Commercii - MCom / The Small Enterprise Development Agency (SEDA) is an organisation that gives various types of business support to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in order to foster their growth. It is widely believed that there can be failure in the performance of SMEs that is partly due to limited provision of business support. This study aims to assess the work of SEDA, in particular the ‘business plan’ support it provides to SMEs. This will assist in establishing factors that hinder, or promote, the growth and success of SMEs.The main objectives of this study were firstly, to assess the perceptions of SEDA’s business clients with regards to the business plan intervention. Secondly, to assess the effectiveness of the SEDA’s business plan intervention, and lastly to identify and recommend other interventions that its clients suggest, that can improve the services it provides to business owners.A review of literature highlighted the continued difficulty that SMEs in South Africa face in accessing finance, and the vital role that support institutions like SEDA can play to not only alleviate the problem, but also strengthen the owners business and entrepreneurial skills. A qualitative case study design was used in this study. Two data collection methods, document analysis and in-depth interviews, were employed. A thematic data analysis was conducted to assess the business plan support activities provided by SEDA.The findings of the study show that, firstly, access to finance remains a challenge for most SMEs. Secondly, the lack of business skills is a key limitation to success among SEDA’s clients and thirdly, the study revealed a communication gap between SEDA and its business clients.The study recommends that SEDA should bridge the communication gap in order to improve the impact of the vital services it offers to existing, and potential clients. The Results of the study may apply, generally, to the development of SMEs in South Africa.

Partant du constat que l’affectation en garantie de la monnaie est aujourd’hui susceptible de revêtir de multiples qualifications et d’obéir à des régimes tout aussi divers, selon que la monnaie est analysée comme un bien corporel ou incorporel et selon que les sommes affectées en garantie sont ou non confondues dans le patrimoine du créancier, cet essai propose d’adopter une conception unifiée de la monnaie susceptible de la soumettre à un régime simplifié d’affectation en garantie qui, sans faire fi de l’irréductible dualité tenant au caractère individualisé ou non des sommes d’argent, est appelé à remplacer les actuels gage de choses fongibles, nantissement de compte, nantissement de créance ou fiducie-sûreté sur créances et sommes d’argent, par un unique nantissement de monnaie. Les modalités de constitution de ce nantissement seront propres à évincer les sempiternelles querelles sur le caractère ou non translatif de propriété du « gage-espèces » puisque la confusion des sommes nanties dans le patrimoine du créancier nanti opérera un démembrement de propriété sui generis qui, s’apparentant à un quasi-usufruit à titre de garantie, ne conférera au créancier ni un simple droit de préférence, ni un droit de propriété plein et entier, ni même un droit comparable à celui d’un fiduciaire, mais un droit de disposer à titre provisoire grevant temporairement la propriété restée entre les mains du constituant. Ses conditions de constitution ainsi clarifiées, le nantissement de monnaie pourra se réaliser plus rapidement et plus efficacement par la reconstitution de la propriété démembrée entre les mains du constituant ou du créancier nanti, selon que la dette garantie aura ou non été payée, sans même qu’il soit besoin s’interroger sur le fait de savoir s’il faut recourir à l’attribution judiciaire ou conventionnelle ou à la compensation. / As the law stands, security rights in money are likely to be subject to different legal treatment, depending on whether money is regarded as a tangible asset or as an intangible asset, and depending on whether sums of money as a guarantee are assimilated with the secured creditor’s property or not. Taking this observation as its starting point, the present essay suggests adopting a unified approach of legal nature of money, that is likely to justify that money should be subject to a simplified security regime. Without ignoring that it is bound to be dual, depending on whether sums of money as a guarantee are separated from the secured creditor’s property or not, this security regime would be called upon to replace the present fungible assets, bank account and receivables pledge agreements, and also security trust on receivables and money, with a single money pledge agreement.The rules of the lodging of this money pledge agreement will be designed to eliminate the never-ending debates as to whether the “cash collateral” vests ownership of the encumbered money in the secured creditor, or not. Indeed, the assimilation of the encumbered sums of money with the secured creditor’s property will involve a sui generis division of the ownership rights that will be like an irregular usufruct by way of collateral, and that will grant the creditor neither mere preferential rights, nor ownership rights, nor any right similar to the right of a security trustee, but the right to dispose of money provisionally. This right of disposal will encumber temporarily the ownership rights that will remain in the hands of the grantor of the security.The rules of its lodging being therefore clarified, the rights granted by the money pledge agreement will be enforced more quickly and more effectively since the divided ownership of money will be reconstructed in the hands of the grantor of the security or in the hands of the secured creditor, depending on whether the secured debt will be paid or not, and without there being a need to wonder if the rights granted by the pledge have to be enforced either through judicial or contractual award of the right of ownership, or through legal, judicial or contractual compensation.

The current thesis titled "Credit risk of central bank foreign exchange operations" aims to explain the concept of credit risk and its types from theoretical perspective and to define sources of credit risk that are specific for central banks and which arise from central bank's operations. It also aims at the analysis of possible methods of credit risk limitation. The practical part of this thesis is dedicated to the study of specific sources of credit risk as well as methods of credit risk management which are presented on the examples of the central banks of Great Britain, Japan and the European central bank. Closer attention is also paid to the response of these central banks to the 2008 financial crisis and the impact that this crisis had on the extent of their exposure to credit risk.

In this study we analyse relationship between classical approach to valuation of linear interest rate derivatives and post-crisis approach when the valuation better reflects credit and liquidity risk and economic costs of the transaction on top of the risk-free rate. We discuss the method of collateralization to diminish counterparty credit risk, its impact on derivatives pricing, and how overnight indexed swap (OIS) rates became market standard for discounting future derivatives' cash flows. We show that using one yield curve to both estimating the forward rates and discounting the expected future cash flows is no longer possible in arbitrage free market. We review in detail three fundamental interest rate derivatives (interest rate swap, basis swap and cross-currency swap) and we derive discount factors used for calculating the present value of expected future cash flows that are consistent with market quotes. We also investigate drivers behind basis spreads, in particular, credit and liquidity risk, and supply and demand forces, and show how they impact valuation of derivatives. We analyse Czech swap rates and propose an estimation of CZK OIS curve and approximate discount rates in case of cross-currency swaps. Finally, we discuss inflation markets and consistent valuation of inflation swaps.