Arguably one of the most prevalent issues in the field of Intellectual Property law, both international and domestic, is that of the emerging orphan works problem. Orphan works are any original literary, pictorial or graphic illustrations, and photographs whereas the prospective user cannot readily identify and/or locate the owner(s) of the copyrighted material. This poses a legal risk of liability upon the prospective user for copyright infringement. This thesis focuses on the legal topic of copyright with an emphasis on orphan works legislation. This study compared and contrasted the experiences in the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia which have all enacted legislation to mitigate the issue of liability to prospective users of orphaned works, to the United States which has been reluctant to do the same. Each country has used its own legislative model to mitigate the liability of orphan works. This study sought out to analyze each model as well as compare the legal, political, and economic similarities of each country to test the viability of a particular model being successful in the United States.

No description available.

No description available.

This paper basically tries to seek if there are any tendencies or possibilities that the power of colonizer still remains in the colonized country in terms of migration policy regarding migrant worker rights. In this paper, the author focuses on the policy of both Malaysia and the United Kingdom as a host country regarding the rights of migrant as the topic of the paper. In this paper the author uses comparative analysis by comparing the migration policy of Malaysia and the United Kingdom and focuses on the migrant worker rights to see if there are any possibilities or tendencies that Malaysia adopted the migration policy of the United Kingdom. In conclusion, the United Kingdom policy regarding the system and recruitment of migrant workers in order to limit the influx of migrant workers influenced Malaysia to adopt similar policy. But Malaysia has different implementation of policy regarding migrant worker rights comparing to the United Kingdom.

With its central role in the development of public-private partnership (PPP) contracts, procurement structure has a significant influence on the economic and policy success of privately-financed toll roads throughout their lifecycle. Following a review of PPP fundamentals and the public-policy differentiation between public interest and public objectives, several approaches for establishing the key contract strategies of toll pricing, concession length, and risk mitigation are explored. These underpinnings motivate the central research question: Given specific policy objectives for road pricing, how should public owners select PPP contract strategies which support these outcomes? Through qualitative comparative analysis (QCA), a recently-developed method for evaluating qualitative data quantitatively, patterns of PPP contract strategies which correspond to three common policy objectives--achieving a specific toll rate, managing congestion, and minimizing state subsidy/maximizing revenue--are identified through evaluation of 18 domestic and international projects. Three practical decision-making tools resulting from this work are illustrated through application to current PPP procurements: (1) a traffic-risk worksheet, which provides a rapid estimate of a toll-financed project's viability; (2) analytical QCA results, which offer guidance for structuring PPP contracts based on the desired pricing objectives; and (3) case-library comparisons, which enable drawing parallels between proposed procurements and established PPP projects. Additional insights explore the nature of risk in this study, which concludes with thoughts on the appropriate role of PPPs in infrastructure delivery. / Ph. D.

Since the 1950s, Capacity Development (CD) has been an important component of international development agendas. It established the widespread consensus that the capacity of individuals and organizations is critical to maintaining and enhancing the effectiveness of development projects and programs. A problem, however, is that the concept has been applied without due consideration to how it should be adapted to the local context, making it more of a symbolic gesture. The application of CD to urban infrastructure projects in India is one such example. Recognizing the shortage of urban infrastructure as one of the major impediments in India's economic growth and rapid urbanization, the Government of India (GOI) launched the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) in December 2005 to provide substantial central financial assistance to cities for urban development over a period of seven years. The GOI expected the JNNURM to reform institutions and strengthen human resource capability related to many areas of project delivery. During its implementation, however, the JNNURM has been confronted by problems related to a lack of capacity. This research reviews the capacity challenges related to the JNNURM program and considers the broader implications for urban infrastructure development in other developing countries. This research begins with the question "How can CD be operationalized?" From this starting point, the research seeks to reveal the operational values of CD. Following a detailed literature review on CD, capacity factors that are applicable to the urban sector in India are identified and a CD framework is developed. Two research methods--case studies and fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA)--are adopted to answer the primary research questions. By leveraging the strength of these two methods, this research advances our understanding of the relationship between capacity and development goals such as improving project performance. In the case studies, this research investigates the gaps between CD theory and practice through the lens of practitioner perceptions of CD. In addition, unlike traditional thinking on the linear relationship between capacity and project outcomes, the case studies reveal two-way causal relationships between capacity and project outcomes that form a spiral structure between the project delivery process and capacity factors. Better capacity can enhance project performance and lead to better outcomes, and project performance and outcomes also influence and reinforce capacity in the reverse direction. Moreover, through the fsQCA, this research identified causal relationships between capacity factors and outcomes and demonstrated that the capacity factors generate different outcomes through their interactions with other capacity factors. This finding contributes to our understanding of how capacity is interconnected with development goals. In summary, this research contributes to both CD theory and CD practice based on a comprehensive approach that not only considers CD at multiple levels (environmental, organizational/network, and individual/project), but also covers different CD subjects such as context, actors, dimensions, processes, and impacts. Through this comprehensive approach, a range of important findings are developed that can help researchers and practitioners operationalize the complex concept of CD. / Ph. D.

Целью дипломной работы является изучение развития зрительного восприятия у детей с помощью субтестов на зрительное восприятие и зрительную память. Дипломная работа состоит из семи глав, каждая из которых посвящена различным аспектам зрительного восприятия и зрительной памяти у детей. В результате можно сделать вывод, что средний возраст составляет 8 лет (SD = 0,78). Согласно статическому одностороннему психологическому анализу, значение p составило 0,99, что указывает на отсутствие значимой статистической разницы в возрастной группе. Среди этих детей 29 были правшами (99 %) и 1 левшой (1 %). / The purpose of this graduation thesis is to examine the development visual perception in children by using visual perception and visual memory subtests. The graduation thesis is composed of seven chapters, each of them dealing with different aspect of visual perception and visual memory in children. Result this is can conclude an average age of 8 (SD = 0.78). According to the one way psychology static analysis, the p-value was 0.99, indicating no significant statistical difference in age group. Among these children, 29 were right handed (99 %) and 1 were left handed (1 %).

The purpose of this document is to examine the effects of learning music similarly to the way humans learn language to answer the following questions: (1) what are the correlations between language learning and music learning? and (2) how can the ideals of language learning be used to maximize the effectiveness of the music learning process? To achieve this, the stages of language acquisition is examined alongside Edwin Gordon's skill learning sequence to draw comparisons between the music and language learning processes. Examined materials include common beginning band method books and trumpet-specific materials. Common problems public school educators face, as well as solutions to those difficulties are addressed. The solutions are concepts inspired by the language learning process that can be utilized to maximize the learning at both the beginning and advanced stages of learning. A beginner level piece ("Lyra" from Trumpet Stars by H.A. Vandercook) and an advanced level piece ("Danse" from Incantation, Threne, and Danse by Alfred Desenclos) are examined thouroughly with these ideals in mind. In order to maximize results of the music learning process, incorporation of language acquisition ideals is necessary not only at the beginning of one's musical journey, but also into the later years of higher-level learning. Through this, a musician can achieve maximum results with any musical endeavor, ultimately presenting the true opportunity for expression through music.

The purposes of this descriptive survey research study were (a) to describe novice band directors' perceptions of the importance of skills/knowledge used n effective music teaching, (b) to describe novice band directors' perception of the difficulty of acquiring each skill or knowledge component, (c) to compare novice band directors' perceptions of the importance and difficulty of the skills/knowledge used in their classrooms, (d) to describe ways that novice band directors perceived university coursework as helpful in acquiring teaching skills/knowledge, and (e) to describe improvements to university coursework that novice band directors perceived could help future band directors. The personal skills/knowledge category (M = 4.64) was rated highest for importance, followed by the teaching (M = 4.60) and musical (M = 4.29) categories. Additionally, participants rated the personal skills/knowledge category (M = 3.57) as the easiest to acquire, followed by musical (M = 3.14), and teaching (M = 3.09) categories. There was a statistically significant difference between teaching importance ratings and teaching acquisition ratings, with the teaching importance category rated higher by participants. Participants perceived secondary instrument instruction, teaching experiences, core music curriculum, and practical skills/knowledge as positive aspects of university coursework. Finally, secondary instrument instruction, field experiences, non-instructional aspects of teaching, and musical pedagogy were reported by participants as areas for possible improvement.

Ägypten hat durch kollektive Bewässerungsmaßnahmen, insbesondere durch gemeinsame Pumpstationen (SPS), die Wasserbewirtschaftung für Landwirte gefördert. Diese Dissertation untersucht kollektive Handlungsprobleme bei SPS in Ägypten, fokussiert auf (i) Bedingungen für eine funktionierende SPS, (ii) wie physische und institutionelle Eigenschaften der SPS zu ungleicher Wasserverteilung beitragen, und (iii) wie soziale Gemeinschaftsmerkmale und SPS-Regeln die Bewältigung von Wasserknappheit beeinflussen. Mit Fuzzy Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA), Crisp Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (csQCA) und einer vergleichenden Fallanalyse werden Daten von 45 SPS im Nildelta analysiert. Die fsQCA zeigt drei Wege für funktionierende SPS: (1) klare Regeln für Allokation, Überwachung und Sanktionen; (2) kleine Gruppen bei großen Bewässerungsflächen; oder (3) ausreichende Wasserzufuhr und passende Lage des SPS-Einzugsgebiets. Die csQCA zeigt zwei Wege zu asymmetrischer Wasserverteilung: das Vorhandensein sowohl alternativer Wasserquellen als auch individueller Pumpmaschinen in Verbindung mit unzureichender Durchsetzung der Regeln; oder das Vorliegen einer räumlichen Wasserverteilung, unzureichender Regelumsetzung und mangelhafter Bereitstellungsregeln. Abschließend zeigt die fallbezogene Analyse, dass kleine Gruppen, positive Erfahrungen und gleichmäßiger Zugang zu Wasserquellen das Teilen von Wasserknappheit fördern, während große Gruppen, negative Erfahrungen und ungleicher Zugang die Bewältigung behindern. Diese Dissertation erweitert das Verständnis für das Zusammenspiel physischer, sozialer und institutioneller SPS-Merkmale in kollektiven Bewässerungssystemen, indem kausale Zusammenhänge beleuchtet und Konfigurationen identifiziert werden, die SPS-Ergebnisse beeinflussen. / Egypt has worked to enhance irrigation management through collective action initiatives, notably by establishing shared pumping stations (SPSs) to aid farmers in water management. This thesis investigates collective action challenges facing SPSs in Egypt, focusing on (i) conditions that enable effective SPS function, (ii) how the physical and institutional characteristics of SPSs contribute to asymmetric water distribution among farmers, and (iii) how community social attributes and the institutional rules of the SPS shape the outcome of sharing or not sharing water shortage. Using Fuzzy Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA), Crisp Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (csQCA), and within-case comparative analysis, this research draws on empirical data from 45 SPSs in Egypt’s Nile Delta. The fsQCA findings reveal three pathways for successful SPS operation: (1) effective rules for allocation, monitoring, and sanctions; (2) small group size combined with large irrigated areas; or (3) adequate water supply and appropriate location of the SPS command area. The csQCA analysis indicates two paths leading to asymmetric water distribution: the existence of both alternative water sources and individual-pumping machines coupled with inadequate rule enforcement; or the existence of spatial variability of water, inadequate rules enforcement, and inadequate provisioning rules. Finally, within-case analysis shows that small groups, positive past experiences, and uniform access to water sources enhance sharing water shortage. Conversely, large groups, negative past experiences, and unequal access to water sources hinder sharing water shortage. This thesis deepens understanding of the interplay between physical, social, and institutional SPS attributes in promoting or hindering collective action by elucidating causal complexities in common-pool resource systems and identifying key configurations that influence SPS outcomes.