Gap junctions are highly-conserved communicating junctions composed of the connexin family of proteins. In addition to this channel function, gap junctions mediate adhesive contacts at extracellular domains, and are host to a variety of signalling metabolites at intracellular surfaces. In this thesis, I explore the emerging theme of the connexin interactome. Starting with a non-biased proteomic approach, I identified endogenous protein interactions with the predominant liver and oligodendrocyte connexin, connexin32 (Cx32). Here, I identified novel mitochondrial protein interactions suggesting that Cx32 might localize to mitochondrial membranes, as has been reported for cardiac Cx43. Following proteomic quantitation of WT and Cx32 KO membranes, I determined that loss of Cx32 specifically induces mitochondrial protein expression. Bioenergetic analysis of isolated mitochondria then confirmed that oxygen consumption and rates of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation were elevated in Cx32 KO mitochondria. In addition to novel intracellular connexin protein interactions, we hypothesized that connexin-mediated glial cell:cell interactions were responsible for mediating fate decisions in the complex hippocampal neurogenic niche environment. We identified that Cx32-mediated glial cell:cell interactions exert significant proliferative and fate specifying pressures on hippocampal progenitor cell types, wherein the loss of Cx32 enables improved histological and functional regeneration following excitotoxic injury. Together, this thesis identifies novel connexin-mediated signalling pathways that provide mechanistic insight into both intracellular and extracellular interactomedependent functions for Cx32, and outlines a potentially transformative avenue for brain repair.

Da vorliegende Studien unserer Arbeitsgruppe auf eine Beteiligung von Connexinen an der oralen Plattenepithelkarzinogenese hindeuten, war es Ziel dieser Arbeit in-vivo am Hamstermodell die Expression der Connexine 26, 43 und 45 im Verlauf der Karzinogenese zu untersuchen. Die durch 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-Benzanthrazen (DMBA) induzierten Karzinome wurden makroskopisch, histologisch, sowie auf ihren Inflammationsgrad hin untersucht, um die Effektivität des Tiermodells zu prüfen. Weiterhin erfolgte sie Genexpressionsanalyse mittels RNA-Isolation, PCR-Analyse und statistischer Auswertung. Es konnte insgesamt gezeigt werden, dass die Applikation von DMBA in Abhängigkeit von Behandlungsdauer makroskopisch, histologisch und inflammatorisch einen deutlichen karzinogenen Effekt hatte und, dass das histopathologische Grading signifikant mit der Länge der Behandlungsdauer korrelierte. Im Rahmen der Genexpressionsanalyse konnte im Verlauf der DMBA-Behandlung für Connexin 26 und 45 eine signifikante Überexpression beschrieben werden. Connexin 43 zeigte sich als nicht differentiell exprimiert. Ein Zusammenhang zwischen histologischem Grading und Genexpression war nicht nachvollziehbar.

Die Fähigkeit dendritischer Zellen (DC) Immunität zu erzeugen und Antigen-spezifische Toleranz zu induzieren macht DC zu idealen Zielen pharmakologischer Interventionen zur Beeinflussung von Immunreaktionen. NF-kappaB Faktoren sind eine Gruppe von Transkriptionsregulatoren, die für die Entwicklung und Funktion von DC bedeutend sind. Trotz ihrer zentralen Bedeutung für die DC Biologie ist die Identität von NF-kappaB regulierten Genen in DC weitestgehend unbekannt. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde die Hemmung der NF-kappaB Aktivierung durch den IkappaBalpha Super Repressor (IkappaBalpha-SR) und die Analyse der Genexpression durch DNA Microarrays genutzt, um das Repertoire an NF-kappaB regulierten Genen in DC zu ermitteln. Mit diesem Ansatz wurden unter anderem Connexin-43 und Fascin als direkte NF-kappaB regulierte Gene identifiziert. Die Beeinflussung des NF-kappaB Signalwegs wurde als möglicher Weg zur Modifizierung von Immunantworten vorgeschlagen. Es wird vermutet, dass verschiedene immunmoduloratorische Verbindungen wie z.B. Vitamin D3 (VD3) in NF-kappaB vermittelte Immunmechanismen eingreifen. Um die Effekte von VD3 in der Aktivierung von DC zu untersuchen, wurden DNA Microarray Analysen an DC von Mäusen mit mutiertem und wildtyp Vitamin D3 Rezeptor (VDR) durchgeführt und die Beteiligung der VDR vermittelten Repression von NF-kappaB regulierten Genen wie z.B. Connexin-43 untersucht. Die so identifizierten Gene stellen potentielle Ansatzpunkte für die Entwicklung von spezifischeren entzündungshemmenden Medikamenten für die klinische Anwendung dar. / The ability of dendritic cells (DC) to initiate immunity and induce antigen-specific tolerance makes DC ideal targets for pharmacological intervention into immune responses. NF-kappaB factors are a family of transcriptional regulators important for DC development and function. However, the identity of NF-kappaB target genes that are central to DC biology is largely unknown. In the present study, inhibition of the NF-kappaB activation by the IkappaBalpha super repressor (IkappaBalpha-SR) and DNA microarray analysis were used to determine the repertoire of NF-kappaB responsive genes in DC. This approach identified, among others, connexin-43 and fascin as direct NF-kappaB regulated genes. The targeting of the NF-kappaB signalling pathway has been suggested as a useful means to modify immune responses. A number of immunomodulatory compounds, such as vitamin D3 (VD3), are believed to affect NF-kappaB mediated immune mechanisms. Microarray analysis employing vitamin D3 receptor (VDR) mutant and wild-type mice was used to survey the effects of VD3 in DC. In this study, effects of VD3 on the activation of DC are evaluated, and involvement of VDR mediated repression of NF-?B regulated genes, such as connexin-43, is surveyed. Identified genes can be potentially useful targets for the development of more specific anti-inflammatory agents for clinical applications.

Doctor of Philosophy / Graduate Biochemistry Group / Dolores J. Takemoto / Eukaryotic cells possess a unique way to communicate with each other by passing metabolites and small molecules through protein pores that connect adjacent cells. Although there are many types and families of protein pores, connexins comprise a unique family. Six connexin monomers assemble into a hemichannel, which is transported to the cell membrane. An opposing cell membrane containing compatible connexin hemichannels is located and connected, forming an intercellular dodecameric protein complex. This results in a protein channel that connects two separate cytoplasmic compartments to each other. This type of channel is known as a gap junction. Connexin expression and function is commonly tissue specific. Of the 21 known human connexins, less than half are currently well characterized. Three connexins are expressed in the lens, connexin 43 (Cx43), 46 (Cx46), and 50 (Cx50). Of these three, Cx46 and Cx50 both have major functions in the mature lens. Cx46 functions as a major gap junction channel, which maintains mature lens homeostasis, while Cx50 possesses growth control properties in the lens. Cx46 expression is modulated in breast and bone tumors, and during ischemia. It is hypothesized that Cx46 provides resistance to hypoxia mediated cell death by prolonging survival. In this study, Cx46 expression was detected in human Y79 retinoblastoma cells. Decreasing the expression of Cx46 in nude mice carrying Y79 xenografts slowed early stage tumor growth. Y79 cells in culture survive for over 72 hours in 1% oxygen in vitro. C46 was upregulated in cultured lens cells when grown under hypoxia. Human lens epithelial cells, rabbit N/N1003A lens cells, and Y79 cells proliferated in 1% oxygen until Cx46 expression was depleted by use of siRNA. Protection from hypoxia-induced cell death was provided by transfection with the C-terminus of Cx46. We further determined that the promoter activity of Cx46 was increased in 1% oxygen. These results indicate that Cx46 would increase in response to hypoxia and suggest a role for Cx46 in protection from hypoxia. The studies demonstrate a novel function for Cx46 in cell survival during hypoxia.

<p>Our knowledge of the fine structure of the Human Spiral Ganglion (HSG) is still inadequate and new treatment techniques for deafness using electric stimulation, call for further information and studies on the neuronal elements of the human cochlea. This thesis presents results of analyses of human cochlear tissue and specimens obtained during neurosurgical transpetrosal removal of life-threatening meningeomas. The use of surgical biopsies produced a well-preserved material suitable for ultrastructural and immunohistochemical studies on the human inner ear. The SG was studied with respect to fine structure, using TEM technique and the immunostaining pattern of synaptophysin, which is an integral membrane protein of neuronal synaptic vesicles. The immunostaining patterns of the tight junctional protein ZO-1 and the gap junctional proteins Cx26 and Cx43 in the human cochlea were also studied. The ultrastructural morphology revealed an absence of myelination pattern in the HSG, thus differing from that in other species. Furthermore, formation of structural units as well as signs of neural interaction between the type 1 neurons could be observed. Type 1 cells were tightly packed in clusters, sharing the ensheathment of Schwann cells. The cells frequently made direct physical contact in Schwann cell gaps in which membrane specializations appeared. These specializations consisted of symmetrically or asymmetrically distributed filamentous densities along the apposed cell membranes. The same structures were also present between individual unmyelinated nerve fibres and the type 1 cells. Synapses were observed on the type 2 neurons, with nerve fibres originating from the intraganglionic spiral bundle. Such synapses, though rare, were also observed on the type 1 cells. The ultrastructural findings were confirmed by the synaptophysin study. A 3-D model of a Schwann cell gap between two type 1 cells was constructed, describing the distribution pattern of membrane specializations. In the immunohistochemical studies on the human cochlea, ZO-1 was expressed in tissues lining scala media, thus contributing to the formation of a closed compartment system, important for the maintenance of the specific ionic composition of the endolymph. Protein Cx26 could be identified in non-sensory epithelial cells of the organ of Corti, in connective tissue cells of the spiral ligament and spiral limbus, as well as in the basal and intermediate cell layers of stria vascularis. Cx26 in this region may be involved in the recycling of potassium. Protein Cx43 stained weakly in the spiral ligament, but intense staining in the SG may indicate that gap junctions exist between these neurons. A different functional role for the HSG can be assumed from the morphological characteristics and the signs of a neural interaction between the SG cells. This might be relevant for neural processing mechanisms in speech coding and could have implications for cochlear implant techniques.</p>

No description available.

Our knowledge of the fine structure of the Human Spiral Ganglion (HSG) is still inadequate and new treatment techniques for deafness using electric stimulation, call for further information and studies on the neuronal elements of the human cochlea. This thesis presents results of analyses of human cochlear tissue and specimens obtained during neurosurgical transpetrosal removal of life-threatening meningeomas. The use of surgical biopsies produced a well-preserved material suitable for ultrastructural and immunohistochemical studies on the human inner ear. The SG was studied with respect to fine structure, using TEM technique and the immunostaining pattern of synaptophysin, which is an integral membrane protein of neuronal synaptic vesicles. The immunostaining patterns of the tight junctional protein ZO-1 and the gap junctional proteins Cx26 and Cx43 in the human cochlea were also studied. The ultrastructural morphology revealed an absence of myelination pattern in the HSG, thus differing from that in other species. Furthermore, formation of structural units as well as signs of neural interaction between the type 1 neurons could be observed. Type 1 cells were tightly packed in clusters, sharing the ensheathment of Schwann cells. The cells frequently made direct physical contact in Schwann cell gaps in which membrane specializations appeared. These specializations consisted of symmetrically or asymmetrically distributed filamentous densities along the apposed cell membranes. The same structures were also present between individual unmyelinated nerve fibres and the type 1 cells. Synapses were observed on the type 2 neurons, with nerve fibres originating from the intraganglionic spiral bundle. Such synapses, though rare, were also observed on the type 1 cells. The ultrastructural findings were confirmed by the synaptophysin study. A 3-D model of a Schwann cell gap between two type 1 cells was constructed, describing the distribution pattern of membrane specializations. In the immunohistochemical studies on the human cochlea, ZO-1 was expressed in tissues lining scala media, thus contributing to the formation of a closed compartment system, important for the maintenance of the specific ionic composition of the endolymph. Protein Cx26 could be identified in non-sensory epithelial cells of the organ of Corti, in connective tissue cells of the spiral ligament and spiral limbus, as well as in the basal and intermediate cell layers of stria vascularis. Cx26 in this region may be involved in the recycling of potassium. Protein Cx43 stained weakly in the spiral ligament, but intense staining in the SG may indicate that gap junctions exist between these neurons. A different functional role for the HSG can be assumed from the morphological characteristics and the signs of a neural interaction between the SG cells. This might be relevant for neural processing mechanisms in speech coding and could have implications for cochlear implant techniques.

Le récepteur atypique ACKR3 et le récepteur CXCR4 sont des récepteurs couplés aux protéines G appartenant à la famille des récepteurs CXC des chimiokines. Ces deux récepteurs sont activés par la chimiokine CXCL12 et sont surexprimés dans de nombreux cancers comme les gliomes, dont ils favorisent la prolifération et le caractère invasif. Le récepteur CXCR4 active des voies de signalisation qui dépendent de la protéine Gi et des β-arrestines et s’associe à plusieurs protéines impliquées dans la transduction du signal, le trafic et la localisation cellulaire du récepteur. Par contre, les mécanismes de signalisation impliqués dans les effets d’ACKR3 restent mal connus. Le récepteur déclenche une signalisation dépendant des β-arrestines, mais son couplage aux protéines G dépend du type cellulaire ou se fait par un mécanisme indirect via son association au récepteur CXCR4. Le récepteur ACKR3 s’associe également au récepteur de l’EGF pour induire la prolifération cellulaire par un mécanisme indépendant de sa stimulation par un agoniste. Ces données illustrent l’intérêt de caractériser de façon systématique l’interactome de ces récepteurs pour comprendre leurs rôles physiologiques et pathologiques. Cette thèse a poursuivi cet objectif grâce à la mise en œuvre d’une approche protéomique combinant la purification des partenaires des deux récepteurs par affinité suivie de leur identification par spectrométrie de masse. J’ai ainsi identifié respectivement 19 et 151 partenaires protéiques potentiels des récepteurs CXCR4 et ACKR3 exprimés dans les cellules HEK-293T. Parmi les protéines recrutées par ACKR3, nous nous sommes focalisés sur la connexine 43 (Cx43, une des protéines constituant les jonctions Gap) du fait de la similitude des effets du récepteur et de la Cx43 dans la pénétration des leucocytes dans le parenchyme cérébral, la migration des interneurones et la progression des gliomes. J’ai confirmé par Western blot et par BRET l’association spécifique de la Cx43 à l’ACKR3 et non pas au CXCR4. De la même façon, j’ai montré une co-localisation de la Cx43 et de l’ACKR3 dans des cellules de gliome humain, ainsi que dans les astrocytes de la zone sous-ventriculaire et les pieds astrocytaires entourant les capillaires cérébraux chez la souris, suggérant que les deux protéines forment un complexe protéique dans un contexte biologique authentique. Des études fonctionnelles ont révélé que l’ACKR3 module les fonctions de la Cx43 par différents mécanismes. L’expression de l’ACKR3 dans les cellules HEK-293T (mimant la surexpression du récepteur dans les tumeurs), induit par elle-même une inhibition de l’activité jonctionnelle de la Cx43. De même, la stimulation du récepteur par un agoniste réduit l’activité jonctionnelle de la Cx43 par un mécanisme impliquant l’activation d’une protéine Gi, la β-arrestine2 et l’internalisation de la Cx43. Cette thèse établit donc pour la première fois un lien fonctionnel entre le système constitué par les chimiokines CXCL11, CXCL12 et leur récepteur ACKR3 d’une part et les jonctions Gap d’autre part qui pourrait jouer un rôle critique dans la progression des gliomes. / The Atypical Chemokine Receptor 3 (ACKR3) and CXCR4 are two G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) belonging to the CXC chemokine receptor family. Both receptors are activated upon CXCL12 binding and are over-expressed in various tumours, including glioma, where they have been found to promote proliferation and invasive behaviours. Upon CXCL12 binding, CXCR4 activates canonical GPCR signalling pathways involving Gαi protein and β-arrestins. In addition, CXCR4 was found to interact with several proteins able to modify its signalling, trafficking and localization. In contrast, the cellular pathways underlying ACKR3-dependent effects remain poorly characterized. Several reports show that ACKR3 engages β-arrestin-dependent signalling pathways, but its coupling to G proteins is restricted to either specific cellular populations, including astrocytes, or occurs indirectly via its interaction with CXCR4. ACKR3 also associates with the epidermal growth factor receptor to promote proliferation of tumour cells in an agonist-independent manner. These examples suggest that the extensive characterization of ACKR3 and CXCR4 interactomes might be a key step in understanding or clarifying their roles in physiological and pathological contexts. This thesis addressed this issue employing an affinity purification coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry proteomic strategy that identified 19 and 151 potential protein partners of CXCR4 and ACKR3 transiently expressed in HEK-293T cells, respectively. Amongst ACKR3 interacting proteins identified, we paid particular attention on the gap junction protein Connexin-43 (Cx43), in line with its overlapping roles with the receptor in the control of leukocyte entry into the brain, interneuron migration and glioma progression. Western blotting and BRET confirmed the specific association of Cx43 with ACKR3 compared to CXCR4. Likewise, Cx43 is co-localized with ACKR3 but not CXCR4 in glioma initiating cell lines, and ACKR3 and Cx43 are co-expressed in astrocytes of the sub-ventricular zone and surrounding blood vessels in adult mouse brain, suggesting that both proteins form a complex in authentic cell or tissue contexts. Further functional studies showed that ACKR3 influences Cx43 trafficking and functionality at multiple levels. Transient expression of ACKR3 in HEK-293T cells to mimic ACKR3 overexpression detected in several cancer types, induces Gap Junctional Intercellular Communication (GJIC) inhibition in an agonist-independent manner. In addition, agonist stimulation of endogenously expressed ACKR3 in primary cultured astrocytes inhibits Cx43-mediated GJIC through a mechanism that requires activation of Gαi protein, and dynamin- and β-arrestin2-dependent Cx43 internalisation. Therefore, this thesis work provides the first functional link between the CXCL11/CXCL12/ACKR3 axis and gap junctions that might underlie their critical role in glioma progression.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A incidência de doenças renais crônicas está aumentando no mundo, e há uma grande necessidade de identificar as terapias capazes de deter ou reduzir a progressão da doença. Há crescente evidência clínica e experimental de que as estatinas poderiam desempenhar um papel terapêutico. Recentes estudos clínicos e experimentais têm mostrado que as estatinas têm "efeitos pleiotrópicos", além da modulação lipídica. Estudos têm avaliado os efeitos das estatinas sobre a progressão da doença renal crônica, mas os resultados são controversos. Estudos ultra-estruturais em humanos e em ratos demonstraram a presença de junções GAP dentro de todas as células do glomérulo e os podocitos demonstraram conter principalmente conexina-43 (Cx-43). O presente estudo tem como objetivo observar os efeitos da rosuvastatina na estrutura e ultra-estrutura renal e a expressão glomerular de Cx-43 em ratos normotensos (WKY) e em ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR). O foco do estudo foi avaliar os efeitos pleiotrópicos da rosuvastatina em rins de animais hipertensos normocolesterolêmicos. Os ratos foram divididos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos: WKY-C: animais normotensos que não receberam rosuvastatina; WKY-ROS: animais normotensos que receberam rosuvastatina 20mg/kg/dia por gavagem orogástrica; SHR-C: animais hipertensos que não receberam rosuvastatina; SHR-ROS: animais hipertensos que receberam rosuvastatina, como descrito no grupo WKY-ROS. Os animais dos grupos SHR-C e SHR-ROS apresentaram níveis de pressão arterial maiores que os animais dos grupos WKY-C e WKY-Ros. A massa corporal dos grupos de animais não diferiram significativamente durante o experimento. Não houve diferença nos níveis sanguíneos de uréia, creatinina, ácido úrico e creatinafosfoquinase entre os animas dos grupos estudados. No entanto, houve um aumento da excreção de proteína de 24 horas nos animais do grupo SHR-C. Houve um aumento na área capsular nos animais do grupo SHR-C. Por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão observou-se que nos animais SHR-C a barreira de filtração glomerular, o diafragma de fenda e os podócitos estão alterados exibindo os vacúolos nos podócitos e pedicelos mais curtos e mais espessos. Por microscopia eletrônica de varredura, os animais SHR-C exibiram pedicelos mais afilados, curtos e tortuosos. Um aumento da imunofluorescência para Cx-43 foi observada em células epiteliais viscerais dos glomérulos dos animais do grupo WKY-ROS e nas células parietais e viscerais dos glomérulos dos animais do grupo SHR-ROS, se comparado com os grupos WKY-C e SHR-C. Em conclusão, podemos supor que o efeito pleiotrópico renal da rosuvastatina pode ser uma ferramenta terapêutica para melhorar a estrutura e conseqüentemente a função renal em indivíduos hipertensos. / The incidence of chronic renal diseases is increasing worldwide, and there is a great need to identify therapies capable of arresting or reducing disease progression. There is growing clinical and experimental evidence that statins could play a therapeutic role. Recent clinical and experimental studies have shown that statins have pleiotropic effects, besides modulating lipid. Studies have evaluated the effects of statins on the progression of chronic kidney disease but the results are controversial. Ultrastructural studies in both humans and rats have shown the presence of gap junctions within all the cells of the glomerulus and podocytes have been found to contain primarily connexin-43 (Cx-43). The present study aims to observe the effects of rosuvastatin on structural and ultrastructural renal morphology and on glomerular Cx-43 expression in normotensive rats and SHR. The focus of the study was to evaluate the pleiotropic action of rosuvastatin upon kidney in hypertensive normocholesterolemic animals. Rats were randomly allocated into four groups (n=8 each): WKY-C: normotensive animals no receiving rosuvastatin; WKY-ROS: normotensive animals receiving rosuvastatin 20mg/kg/day by orogastric gavage; SHR-C: hypertensive animals no receiving rosuvastatin; SHR-ROS: hypertensive animals receiving rosuvastatin, as described for WKY-ROS group. The SHR-C and SHR-ROS had increased blood pressure levels. The body mass of the animal groups did not differ significantly throughout the experiment. There were no differences in blood urea, creatinine, uric acid and CPK levels between the groups. However, there was an increasing of 24 hour protein excretion in SHR-C. There was an increasing in capsular area in SHR-C. By transmission electron microscopy it was observed that in SHR-C animals the glomerular filtration barrier, the slit diaphragm and the podocyte foot processes are altered exhibiting the vacuoles in the podocytes and the pedicels are shorter and thicker. By scanning electron microscopy the SHR-C animals shows the thinner, shorter and more tortuous pedicels. Increased Cx-43 immunofluorescence was observed at visceral epithelial cells of the glomeruli of WKY-ROS and at parietal and visceral epithelial cells of the glomeruli SHR-ROS groups if compared with WKY-C and SHR-C groups. In conclusion, we hypothesize that renal pleiotropic effect of rosuvastatin can be a therapeutic tool for improving kidney ultrastructure and, consequently, renal function in hypertensive individuals.

Les protéines membranaires (PMs) sont les composants fonctionnels principaux des membranes biologiques. Les processus cellulaires fondamentaux sont régulés à l’aide des PMs. Malgré leur importance et leur intérêt scientifique et pharmaceutique, les structures des PMs ne représentent qu’une partie mineure des structures 3D répertoriées. Les PMs humaines sont des cibles particulièrement intéressantes mais parmi plus de 7000 PMs humaines, seules 30 structures ont été élucidées.Les raisons principales qui rendent les PMs très difficiles à étudier sont leur faible abondance et leur nature hydrophobe. En effet, le niveau d’expression des PMs dans leur environnement naturel est habituellement faible et la surexpression hétérologue aboutit souvent à une protéine inactive.Les connexines font partie de la famille des PMs intégrales de vertébrés. Elles sont largement exprimées dans tout le corps et sont impliquées dans les processus essentiels à un fonctionnement physiologique normal. En s’oligomérisant elles établissent des canaux intercellulaires qui forment des jonctions lacunaires. La communication des jonctions lacunaires joue un rôle essentiel dans la fonction des tissus et le développement des organes. Ainsi, les mutations génétiques des connexines provoquent des désordres héréditaires. Les connaissances actuelles portent principalement sur la physiologie des connexines et la perméabilité des pores. Difficiles à produire pure, homogène et en quantité suffisante pour la cristallisation, l’unique structure de résolution atomique de jonction lacunaire est un polymère de la connexine 26. La connexine 43 (Cx43), protéine de jonction lacunaire la mieux étudiée, est exprimée dans tout le corps humain. Les études structurales de microscopie électronique ont montré que le domaine cytoplasmique C-terminal de Cx43 (Cx43CT) est flexible et diminue la qualité de diffraction des cristaux 2D. La troncation de la majorité de Cx43CT améliore la résolution des segments transmembranaires de Cx43. Tronqué au niveau du résidu 263, le mutant Cx43-263T est néanmoins capable de former des cristaux 2D et de s’assembler en jonctions lacunaires. L’œuvre présenté est consacré à l’étude de Cx43, Cx43-263T et Cx43CT.L’optimisation des codons du gène de la connexine et la minimisation de la stabilité de la structure secondaire d’ARNm ont considérablement augmenté l’expression de Cx43 et Cx43-263T. De nouvelles procédures de purification de Cx43-263T et Cx43 ont été élaborées. La protéine purifiée a été reconstituée en polymère amphiphile amphipol A8-35 et caractérisée par des approches de SEC, DLS et SAXS. Des techniques indépendantes ont montré l’auto-assemblage de Cx43-263T fonctionnelle en hexamères.Cx43 homogène a été surexprimée dans E. coli, purifiée et caractérisée par SEC, DLS, DSC et SAXS. L’oligomérisation a été mesurée en fonction de la concentration.Cx43-263T et Cx43 fusionnées à la protéine Mistic ont été surexprimées dans E. coli. La séparation de Mistic de la connexin a été testée avec différentes protéases, jonctions, conditions de clivage et soit in vivo soit in vitro. Toutes les constructions ainsi générées ont démontré une haute résistance aux protéolyses spécifiques. Mistic (membrane integrating sequence for translation of integral membrane protein constructs) est une séquence de protéine de B. subtilis, qui permet l'adressage des PMs intégrales dans la membrane. Mistic a été surexprimée chez E. coli et la protéine homogène a été purifiée avec divers détergents. Alors que la structure tertiaire de Mistic, solubilisée avec de l'oxyde de lauryldimethylamine, est déjà déterminée, la structure native de Mistic dans un milieu lipidique, qui permettrait de comprendre sa fonction, n’est pas encore disponible. Dans le travail présenté ici, Mistic a été reconstituée dans des lipides différents et utilisée pour des essais initiaux de cristallisation in meso. Mistic a de plus été utilisée pour la production d’anticorps anti-Mistic. / Membrane proteins (MPs) are major functional components of biological membranes. Keycellular processes are regulated with the help of MPs. Despite high importance and greatscientific and pharmaceutical interest, structures of MPs represent only a tiny fraction of all3D structures in Protein Data Bank. Human MPs are particularly challenging targets. Out ofmore than 7000 human MPs, structures of only about 30 were elucidated.The main reasons which make MPs so difficult to study are their low natural abundance andhydrophobic nature. Expression level of MPs in their natural sources is usually rather low.Heterologous overexpression often leads to inactive protein.Connexins comprise a family of vertebrate integral MPs that are widely expressed throughoutbody and involved in a wide variety of processes essential for normal physiological function.They are able to oligomerize and form intercellular channels which compose gap junctions.Gap junctional communication plays crucial role in normal tissue function and organdevelopment. Connexin gene mutations cause a number of inherited disorders.By now a wealth of knowledge is available about physiology of connexins and their channelpore permeability. However, atomic resolution structure of gap junction channel formed byonly one connexin family member (connexin 26) was determined. This is mostly explained bydifficulty to produce sufficient for crystallization amount of pure and homogenous protein.Connexin 43 (Cx43) is the best-studied gap junction protein, and it is widely expressedthroughout the human body. Initial structural studies by electron microscopy have shown thatflexible C-terminal cytoplasmic domain of Cx43 (Cx43CT) worsens diffraction quality of 2Dcrystals. Removal of most of the Cx43CT improved resolution of transmembrane segments ofCx43. Truncated at residue 263 mutant of Cx43 (Cx43-263T) still was able to form2D crystals and assembled into gap junctions. Thus, the present work is dedicated to the studyof three forms of Cx43, namely Cx43-263T, Cx43CT, and full-length Cx43.Performed in our work connexin gene optimization for E.coli codon bias and minimization ofstability of mRNA secondary structure significantly enhanced expression of Cx43 and Cx43-263T. Procedures for Cx43-263T and Cx43 purification were developed. The purified proteinwas reconstituted into amphipathic polymer amphipol A8-35 and characterized by SEC, DLS,and SAXS. Applied independent techniques showed self-assembling of purified Cx43-263Tinto hexamers demonstrating its functionality.Cx43CT was overexpressed in E.coli and purified to homogeneity. The protein wascharacterized by SEC, DLS, TSA, and SAXS. The concentration-dependent oligomerizationwas established.In the beginning of our project Cx43-263T and Cx43 were overexpressed in E. coli usingMistic fusion protein. A number of constructs providing various linkers and proteaserecognition sites were generated. To remove Mistic from the produced proteins in vivo and invitro cleavage were tested. All generated constructs demonstrated high resistance to specificproteolysis in wide range of conditions.Mistic (membrane integrating sequence for translation of integral membrane proteinconstructs) from B. subtilis was overexpressed in E.coli and purified to homogeneity usingdifferent detergents. While the tertiary structure of solubilized in lauryldimethylamine oxideMistic was determined earlier, the native structure of Mistic in lipid environment elucidatingits function is not available yet. In the present work Mistic was reconstituted into differentlipids and used for initial in meso crystallization trials. Additionally, Mistic was used forproduction of anti-Mistic antibodies.