Cockroaches apparently select balanced diets using simple. but robust rules (Geissler & Rollo 1987). These rules are general enough to deal with a complex habitat yet sufficiently specific to contribute a balanced diet, thus leading to the successful maintenance of fitness. Both internal and external stimuli are integrated to elicit the appropriate responses. Feedback information concerning nutritional status may be short-term (e.g. immediate physiological state or sensory input) or long-term (e.g. storage reserves. hormones or learning) so that both coarse and fine-tuning mechanisms are involved in the choice of nutritious and non-toxic foods. The insects' ability to evaluate palatability (scent and taste cues) and nutritional value are essential aspects of the decision-making process. This study investigated the general mechanisms governing changes in preferences with respect to tradeoffs between short and long-term stimuli. On a short-term scale, animals should prefer foods that present immediate positive stimuli according to their innate disposition. However, if a food does not meet long-term physiological needs. the animal should develop an aversion and learning may override a decision based upon a short-term stimulus, or alter innate preferences entirely. The experimental protocol involved measuring amounts and time spent eating. Where appropriate, these values were related to female reproductive productivity to show the link between nutrition and reproductive capacity (fitness). Investigations demonstrated the ability of cockroaches to use coarse controls to compensate for long term general starvation as well as specifically depleted nutrients such as carbohydrates and protein. Cockroaches also showed discrimination between the quality of carbohydrate diets. The ranking of palatability among foods was not a fixed attribute but varied relative to the items available. With large nutritional imbalances that required time to correct, dietary management was less discriminatory with respect to food quality and was largely concerned with increased quantity. Relatively well nourished animals showed much greater selectivity with regard to quality. Thus, the coarse and fine-tuned control systems stressed different strategic tactics. Reproductive success was linked to responses to malnourishment. Reproductive output was increased even over control levels when animals compensated for energy depletion by switching to alternate resources. This contradicted the prediction of maximization of reproductive output (fitness) by maximization of energy intake from optimality theory. The results were interpreted with respect to optimal foraging theory, the currently accepted paradigm for ecological feeding relations. The results not only conflicted with the predictions of optimal foraging theory in most respects, they suggest a completely different paradigm that is incompatible with a hypothesis of maximization of net energy gain. Instead. cockroaches appear to regulate feeding with respect to evolutionarily determined set points related to innate growth and production rates. Moreover, the criteria for decisions are a multiplicity of nutritional requirements, not simply energy, as proposed by optimal foraging theory. Some of the decisions made with respect to nutritional balancing result from direct response to external or internal stimuli, and others are a learned association between long-term benefits and correlated sensory cues. / Thesis / Master of Science (MS)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-29T14:09:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_218_.pdf: 2236828 bytes, checksum: 810fc5168eb8d6805028f42ba47dd852 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-03-27 / Diante das mudanças ocorridas no processo de consumo e o crescimento da importância da marca, este trabalho tem como proposta investigar como a marca é construída socialmente. Desta forma, este estudo estrutura-se sobre três pilares: a evolução do estudo da marca, o deslocamento da ênfase no comportamento do consumidor para o processo de consumo e a história da empresa Chocolates Garoto e sua marca. O processo de consumo vem sofrendo alterações com o tempo. Vive-se hoje em uma sociedade onde o consumo transformou-se em um processo incessante e ininterrupto. Com o aumento do consumo, a variedade dos produtos oferecidos aumentou, tornando-se muito importante identificá-los. A identificação dos produtos é feita principalmente pela marca, que pode ser do produto ou da empresa que o fabrica. A marca torna-se elemento na construção social, ou seja, o processo pelo qual os consumidores passam a conhecer e identificar os produtos por elas mesmas, indo além dos aspectos tangíveis. A marca pode estar relacionada a aspectos racionais como preço, tamanho e forma, mas, se além destes aspectos também forem trabalhadas questões emocionais, como status, sonho e personalização, os consumidores darão preferência a estas marcas. Para investigar como a marca é construída socialmente escolheu-se a fábrica de Chocolates Garoto. A Chocolates Garoto faz parte da história capixaba. A marca Garoto evoca, além dos aspectos tangíveis, aspectos intangíveis, uma vez que o consumo de chocolates e balas remete a várias situações e, conseqüentemente, emoções. Para a realização deste trabalho utilizou-se de dois tipos de pesquisa: bibliográfica e documental. A primeira foi utilizada para fazer um levantamento bibliográfico sobre marca, comportamento do consumidor e processo de consumo. Já a pesquisa documental foi utilizada para analisar a história da empresa Chocolates Garoto e da evolução da marca Garoto, ao longo do tempo. Para isso buscaram-se informações no Centro de Documentação e Memória (CDM), que a empresa possui, onde muitas informações sobre a empresa e a marca publicadas em jornais e revistas de todo o Brasil estão disponíveis. Através do estudo da marca Garoto foram identificados três momentos de evolução desta marca: passagem da marca associada ao nome da família, surgimento da marca Garoto cunhada pelo senso comum e consolidação regional; desenvolvimento da marca da empresa nacional e internacionalmente; tendência à desterritorialização da marca. / In face of modification occurred in the consumption process and increasing importance of the mark, this work proposes to investigate how is the mark socially built up. Then, the study is structured over three columns: mark evolution study, displacement in the emphasis behavior for the consumption process and the history of the Chocolates Garoto and their marks. Consumption process is suffering alteration with the time. One lives today in a society where consumption has transformed itself in an incessant and a uninterrupted process. With the increase if the consumption, the variety of offered products have increased. Identification of products is mainly done by the mark which can be that of product or from the company that manufactures it. Mark became itself an element in the social construction, that is, the process by which consumers pass to acknowledge and identify products by the marks themselves, going beyond the tangible aspects such as price, size and shape but, if beyond these aspects, also consider emotional questions, such as status, dream and personalization, consumers will give preference to these marks. To investigate how the mark is built socially chose the Chocolates Garoto Factory`s. The Chocolates Garoto is part of the history capixaba. The mark Garoto evokes, beyond the tangible aspects, intangible aspects, since the consumption of chocolates and candies lets remits to several situations and, consequently, emotions. For elaboration of this work two kinds of approaches were employed: bibliographic and documental The first was exploited in order to make a bibliographical survey about the mark, consumer behavior and consumption process. As to documental investigation it was employed to analize the Chocolates Garoto Company`s history along the time. For this purpose information was collected from Centro de Documentação e Memória (CDM) maintained by the Company, where many information about the Company and the mark were avaiable from publications in newspapers and reviews from the entire Brazil. Through the Garoto trademark study, three moments were identified in the evolution of this marks: the range of time associated with the family name, the appearance of Garoto trademark forged by common sense and regional consolidation; nation and internationally development of Company mark; tendency of the mark to expand itself to other territories.

Este trabalho examina o papel dos alimentos industrializados no acesso às gorduras. Ele analisa os determinantes socioeconâmicos da quantidade e do tipo de gordura disponível para consumo pelas famílias paulistanas, presentes nos alimentos industrializados. Essa análise envolveu uma amostra de 576 famílias no município de São Paulo, cujos dados foram coletados no período de 2008 a dezembro de 20 10, selecionada após alguns critérios excludentes. A fonte dos dados é a Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares da FIPE, que está em andamento desde 2008, atualizada através da ponderação do Índice de Custo de Vida da FIPE. Baseado em métodos analíticos de estatística descritiva (média, desvio-padrão, mediana), testes t de student, e métodos econométricos de regressão múltipla, alguns resultados foram encontrados. Os fatores associados aos gastos com alimentos industrializados foram renda, tamanho da família, idade e grau de instrução do chefe. Em relação à gordura total identificou-se como fatores associados renda, tamanho da família, idade do chefe, a presença de crianças na família e a proporção do gasto com alimentação com derivados de leite e derivados de carne. / This work examines the paper of industrialized foods in the access to the fats. It analyzes the socioeconomics determinants of the amount and the type of available fat for consumption for the paulistians families, gifts in industrialized foods. This analysis involved a sample of 576 families in the city of São Paulo, whose given had been collected in the period of 2008 the December of 2010, selected some criteria after exculpatory. The source of the data is the POF (Research of Familiar Budgets) of the FIPE, that is in progress since 2008, brought up to date through the balance of the Index of Cost of living of the FIPE. Based in analytical methods of descriptive statistics (average, shunting line-standard, medium), tests \'t\' of student, and econometrical methods of multiple regression, some results had been found. The factors associated with spending on processed foods were income, family size, age and level of education of the head of family. In relation to total fat was identified as factors associated with income, family size, age of the head of family, the presence of children in the family and the proportion spent on food with dairy and meat products.

Digesting Dystopia There is a discrepancy between where our food comes from and where we believe it comes from. Our understanding of the origins of our consumable food is often distorted. The relationship between consumers and the ingredients keeping us alive is characterized by an overwhelming amount of contradictory information. The decisions that we make regarding these products have a profound effect on every facet of our existence. I use the contentious climate of the food industry as the background for making surreal images that open up conversations about the politics of eating. These compositions are fabricated representations of our relationship with food and the industry that surrounds it. The images exaggerate the realities that exist within our culture and illuminate our desensitization and disconnect to the consequences of what we chose to consume. What does our food culture look like, and what will it lead to in the near future?

Abstract Egyptian Queen Cleopatra was famous of her make-up skills, and using cosmetics have become a fashionable trend among women throughout the world since then. When Greek invaded Egypt, they brought the technology of cosmetics back to Greece, and cosmetics were widely spread in Europe from Rome. The technology of makeup skills began to prevail in French at the year of 1700s, while Americans started to know it during the colonization period. Nowadays, the cosmetics industry takes a great part in American consuming market that makes billion of U.S dollars each year. Make-up skills result from the instinct of humanity of beauty pursuing and it turn to be an art in peoples¡¦ life, thus, cosmetics is a potential industry on the modern earth. Prevailing comes from the industry of consuming trend, and it could possibly change the consumers¡¦ behavior. Hence, the researches observe consumers¡¦ behavior form consumption information, customer demand, appraisal, preference, action, contentment, etc. Analyzing the psychological anticipation of the consumers, consumers¡¦ behavior could be divided into three stages: the past, present and oncoming consuming behavior information. The value of marketing analysis lies on the past experience learning, and the future tendency predicting. If you can take control over the prospective consuming trend and plan a correct marketing strategy, you will be in success in the trade of management. Above all, the future of cosmetics consuming group will propose four sorts of hypothesis: 1.To analyze consumers¡¦ behavior and psychology. 2. A consumer behavior. 3. A marketing characteristic. 4. The variable of demographic statistics that will design on the research structure from the female student of college on consuming behavior in Taiwan. This researches application of respectively a school theory that include consume decision-make model, consumer psychology, consumer behavior method, ¡uMaslow¡v theory the hierarchy of needs, demography, to explain the structure relationship of four sorts of hypothesis and develop the questionnaire to draft the result of study. It majors in trend of future on consuming to compare female student of college of survey report with Path Analysis Models of Statistics. The study will be designed to anticipate at cosmetics consume trend to two dimensions of biochemical products and the digit science and technology (business of Internet).

The standard Keynesian view predicts that equalization of the income distribution leads to an increase in aggregate consumption. We revisit the analysis carried out by the seminal empirical contributions which test such a hypothesis using modern econometric methods and the most comprehensive dataset existing on income distribution measures. Our results indicate that there is no substantive empirical evidence of an effect of income inequality on aggregate consumption. (authors' abstract) / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

The standard Keynesian view predicts that equalization of the income distribution leads to an increase in aggregate consumption. We revisit the analysis carried out by the seminal empirical contributions which test such a hypothesis using modern econometric methods and the most comprehensive dataset existing on income distribution measures. Our results indicate that there is no empirical evidence of a negative effect of income inequality on aggregate consumption.

nÃo hà / Na Ãrea de marketing de vestuÃrio, a compreensÃo das atitudes e comportamentos de compra dos consumidores face ao indumentÃrio de moda à condiÃÃo essencial para o lanÃamento de novos produtos no mercado. à neste contexto que se pretendeu estudar a dimensÃo simbÃlica do vestuÃrio de moda, consumido por jovens executivas, ampliando o campo de compreensÃo desta Ãrea de pesquisa. O presente estudo refere-se Ãs jovens executivas em atividade na cidade de Fortaleza, sendo a seleÃÃo das participantes feita, inicialmente, por meio de listagem de sÃcios das duas principais associaÃÃes que reÃnem jovens empresÃrios na cidade. Ao observar que a escolha do vestuÃrio funciona como forma de comunicaÃÃo nÃo-verbal, este trabalho contribui na persecuÃÃo do entendimento do consumo simbÃlico de vestuÃrio de moda por jovens executivas e mostra a sua importÃncia para a mulher contemporÃnea como forma de expressÃo e interaÃÃo social. Os tipos de pesquisa adotados neste estudo foram os estudos exploratÃrios e descritivos. Portanto, escolheu-se a pesquisa descritiva, considerando um estudo transversal Ãnico com a adoÃÃo de tÃcnicas quantitativas. A priori, os resultados da pesquisa foram depurados com anÃlise simples de freqÃÃncia, de forma a caracterizar a amostra. Num segundo momento, para a identificaÃÃo das estruturas de fatores subjacentes aos itens de atitude utilizou-se a anÃlise fatorial, que identificou a existÃncia de cinco dimensÃes subjacentes à atitude em relaÃÃo à compra de vestuÃrio de moda. / In the clothing marketing field, the understanding of the consumerâs attitudes and buying behavior relating to the fashion apparel is an essential condition for introducing new products on the market. In that context we intended to study the symbolic dimension of the fashion apparel consumed by young female executives, widening the comprehension in this research field. This study refers to young female executives who work in the city of Fortaleza. The selection of the participants was initially made through lists of members of the two main associations that congregate young business men. Observing that the clothing choice works as a non-verbal way of communication, this production contributes in the persecution of understanding the symbolic dimension of fashion apparel consume by young female executives and show its significance to the contemporary woman as a way of expression and social interaction. The research methods used were exploratory and descriptive studies. Therefore, the descriptive research was chosen, considering a single transversal study with the adoption of quantitative techniques. A priori, the research results were depurated with simple frequency analyses, so as to delineate the sample. Subsequently, for identifying the factor structures relating to the attitude items, the factorial analyses was used, which identified the existence of five dimensions relating to the attitude concerning the buying of fashion apparel.

Este trabalho examina o papel dos alimentos industrializados no acesso às gorduras. Ele analisa os determinantes socioeconâmicos da quantidade e do tipo de gordura disponível para consumo pelas famílias paulistanas, presentes nos alimentos industrializados. Essa análise envolveu uma amostra de 576 famílias no município de São Paulo, cujos dados foram coletados no período de 2008 a dezembro de 20 10, selecionada após alguns critérios excludentes. A fonte dos dados é a Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares da FIPE, que está em andamento desde 2008, atualizada através da ponderação do Índice de Custo de Vida da FIPE. Baseado em métodos analíticos de estatística descritiva (média, desvio-padrão, mediana), testes t de student, e métodos econométricos de regressão múltipla, alguns resultados foram encontrados. Os fatores associados aos gastos com alimentos industrializados foram renda, tamanho da família, idade e grau de instrução do chefe. Em relação à gordura total identificou-se como fatores associados renda, tamanho da família, idade do chefe, a presença de crianças na família e a proporção do gasto com alimentação com derivados de leite e derivados de carne. / This work examines the paper of industrialized foods in the access to the fats. It analyzes the socioeconomics determinants of the amount and the type of available fat for consumption for the paulistians families, gifts in industrialized foods. This analysis involved a sample of 576 families in the city of São Paulo, whose given had been collected in the period of 2008 the December of 2010, selected some criteria after exculpatory. The source of the data is the POF (Research of Familiar Budgets) of the FIPE, that is in progress since 2008, brought up to date through the balance of the Index of Cost of living of the FIPE. Based in analytical methods of descriptive statistics (average, shunting line-standard, medium), tests \'t\' of student, and econometrical methods of multiple regression, some results had been found. The factors associated with spending on processed foods were income, family size, age and level of education of the head of family. In relation to total fat was identified as factors associated with income, family size, age of the head of family, the presence of children in the family and the proportion spent on food with dairy and meat products.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Ornamental plants in general are highly susceptive to water deficiency, principally to the elevated soil water level variation that effects at a precarious and uneven final product development. The study was conducted on greenhouse at the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS. It aimed to observe if rice husk ash substrate offers limitation to the pot cultivation of the specie, to evaluate de the root development under different water availability levels and to analyze the effects on the flower stem qualities and pack yields in two different cultivation periods. The studied specie was Gypsophila paniculata Golan . The seedlings were attained from donor plants at the Floriculture Sector of the Phytotecny Department of UFSM. The experiment was conducted in flexible polyethylene pots with 18 liters of capacity, filled with rice husk ash carbonized on a rice drier mill and kept on 100%, 80%, 60% and 40% of the limit water retention capacity of the pot. The humidity was kept by the weighing method, three times a week (Monday, Wednesday and Friday) the pots were weighted on a decimal precision scale and the difference of the pot weight was added with water to attain the limit established weights to each treatment on the two cultivation periods. The comparison of the production components among the treatments was performed through the variance analyses (ANOVA) significance level of 5% and the regression analyses, because the treatments are quantitative. The comparison between the periods of cultivation was obtained throughout the Tukey Test at the mistake significance level. The results showed that the fine granulometry of the rice husk ash is not a limitation to the cultivation of gypsophila in 18 liters pots. The water consume is higher at the production cycle of spring/summer and it rises with increasing of the water availability, independently the period. The water availability changes the roots spatial distribution in the pot, also changes the length and the dry mass. The commercial quality of the produced stems is not affected importantly by the humidity levels of the substrate or the cultivation cycle. The yield of packs is higher with above 60 % end 80%, humidity for the fall/winter cultivation. However, the 80% of availability provides the best yield. / As plantas ornamentais, de forma geral, são bastante susceptíveis às deficiências hídricas, principalmente às grandes variações do nível de água no solo, refletindo-se num desenvolvimento precário e desuniforme do produto final. O presente trabalho foi realizado em casa de vegetação da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS. Teve como objetivo observar se o substrato casca de arroz carbonizada oferece limitação para o cultivo da espécie em vasos, avaliar o desenvolvimento radicular sob variados níveis de disponibilidade hídrica e analisar sua resposta sob qualidade das hastes florais, e a produtividade de maços, em duas épocas de cultivo. A espécie utilizada foi Gypsophila paniculata variedade Golan . As mudas utilizadas neste experimento foram obtidas a partir de plantas matrizes existentes no Setor de Floricultura do Departamento de Fitotecnia, da UFSM. O ensaio foi conduzido em vasos com capacidade para 18 litros de polietileno flexível, os quais foram preenchidos com substrato de casca de arroz carbonizada, e mantidos em 100%, 80%, 60% e 40% do limite da capacidade de retenção hídrica do vaso. A manutenção da umidade foi realizada pelo método das pesagens, onde três vezes por semana (segunda, quarta e sexta) os vasos eram pesados em balança com precisão decimal, a diferença de peso do vaso, era complementada com água até atingir os limites de peso estipulados para cada tratamento nos dois ciclos de cultivo. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado composto por quatro tratamentos e 10 repetições. A comparação dos componentes de produção entre os tratamentos aplicados para os distintos ciclos foi realizada por análise de variância (ANOVA) ao nível de 5% de significância e regressão visto que são tratamentos qualitativos. A comparação entre os ciclos foi feita pelo Teste de Tukey ao nível de 5% de significância de erro. Os resultados obtidos mostram que o tipo de granulometria fina do substrato casca de arroz carbonizada não oferece limitação ao cultivo de gipsofila em vasos de 18 litros. O consumo de água é maior no ciclo de produção correspondente a época primavera/verão e aumenta à medida que a disponibilidade se eleva, independente de época. A disponibilidade hídrica altera a distribuição espacial das raízes no vaso assim como e comprimento e a matéria seca. A qualidade comercial das hastes produzidas não é afetada de modo importante pelos níveis de umidade do substrato ou ciclo de cultivo. A produtividade de maços por m2 é superior com níveis de umidade entre 60 e 80% para os dois ciclos. A disponibilidade de 80% foi aquela que proporcionou a melhor rentabilidade. Palavras-Chave: Flor de corte. Consumo hídrico. Substrato alternativo.