The purpose of this study is to evaluate the Student Police Unity League as an effective program at fostering more positive views of the police from black citizens operating by the core tenants provided by Intergroup Contact Theory. It was expected that black students who participated in the Student Police Unity League would report higher levels of trust, legitimacy, willingness to work with the police, outcome justice, and lower level of perceived racial profiling. While the majority of the findings did not reach statistical significance at the .05 level, participation in the Student Police Unity league did lead to better views of police in terms of outcome justice and legitimacy. However, trust, profiling, and willingness to work with the police unexpectedly had inverse results. / Master of Science / The purpose of this study is to evaluate the Student Police Unity League as an effective program at fostering more positive views of the police from black citizens operating by the core tenants provided by Intergroup Contact Theory. Intergroup Contact Theory suggested that positive effects of intergroup (between two or more distinguishable groups) contact occur in contact situations characterized by four key conditions: equal status, intergroup cooperation, common goals, and support by social and institutional authorities. It was expected that black students who participated in the Student Police Unity League would report higher levels of trust, legitimacy (the idea of being treated fairly), willingness to work with the police, outcome justice (perceived police effectiveness), and lower level of perceived racial profiling. While the majority of the findings did not reach statistical significance at the .05 level, participation in the Student Police Unity league did lead to better views of police in terms of outcome justice and legitimacy. However, trust, profiling, and willingness to work with the police unexpectedly had inverse results.

Cette thèse traite du problème d’optimisation de formes dans le contexte de la mécanique des solides en contact. Le modèle physique considéré est celui de solides linéaires élastiques en petites déformations, en contact (glissant ou avec frottement de Tresca) avec un corps rigide. Les formulations mathématiques étudiées sont deux versions régularisées de l’inéquation variationnelle décrivant le système d’origine : la formulation pénalisée et la formulation Lagrangien augmenté. Comme ces deux formulations présentent des non différentiabilités, nous proposons une approche par dérivées directionnelles pour obtenir les dérivées de forme associées. En particulier, pour chacune des formulations, nous exprimons des conditions suffisantes pour que la solution soit dérivable par rapport à la forme. Ceci nous permet de construire un algorithme d’optimisation topologique de type gradient, s’appuyant sur les dérivées obtenues et une représentation des formes par des ensembles de niveau (level-sets). L’algorithme bénéficie en outre d’une technique de découpage de maillage qui permet d’obtenir une représentation explicite de la forme à chaque itération, et ainsi d’appliquer fortement les conditions aux limites sur la zone de contact. Après avoir détaillé les différentes étapes de la méthode, nous présentons des résultats numériques en deux et trois dimensions pour en tester la validité. / This thesis deals with shape optimization for contact mechanics. More specifically, the linear elasticity model is considered under the small deformations hypothesis, and the elastic bodyis assumed to be in contact (sliding or with Tresca friction) with a rigid foundation. The mathematical formulations studied are two regularized versions of the original variational inequality: the penalty formulation and the augmented Lagrangian formulation. In order to get the shape derivatives associated to those two non-differentiable formulations, we suggest an approach based on directional derivatives. Especially, we derive sufficient conditions for the solution to be shape differentiable. This allows to develop a gradient-based topology optimization algorithm, built on these derivatives and a level-set representation of shapes. The algorithm also benefits from a mesh-cutting technique, which gives an explicit representation of the shape at each iteration, and enables to apply the boundary conditions strongly on the contact zone. The different steps of the method are detailed. Then, to validate the approach,some numerical results on two-dimensional and three-dimensional benchmarks are presented.

Ce travail a été réalisé au Centre de Recherche en Nanofabrication et Nanocaractérisation (CRN[indice supérieur 2]) de l'Université de Sherbrooke. Il porte sur l'étude, la réalisation et la caractérisation de structures métal - isolant - semiconducteur (MIS) sur nitrure de gallium. Le nitrure de gallium (GaN) est un matériau semiconducteur de la famille III-V à large bande interdite directe, ayant des propriétés électriques, physiques et mécaniques très intéressantes. Il a été découvert depuis plus de quatre décennies. Les difficultés de son élaboration, les problèmes d'inefficacités du dopage p et les densités élevées des défauts cristallins dans les couches épitaxiées, ont constitué pendant longtemps des obstacles majeurs au développement de la technologie GaN [I. Akasaki, 2002]. Il a fallu attendre jusqu'au début des années 1990 pour voir apparaître des couches de meilleure qualité et pour améliorer l'efficacité du dopage p [J.Y. Duboz, 1999]. Cet événement a été l'étape majeure qui a révolutionné la technologie à base de GaN et a permis d'amorcer son intégration dans le milieu industriel. Depuis, la technologie à base de ce matériau ne cesse de progresser à un rythme exponentiel. Il se présente aujourd'hui comme un matériau de choix pour la réalisation de dispositifs électroniques de puissances et de hautes fréquences pouvant fonctionner dans des milieux hostiles. Grâce à sa bande interdite directe et son pouvoir d'émission à faible longueur d'onde, il est aussi très convoité pour la réalisation de dispositifs optoélectroniques de hautes performances en émission ou en détection, tels que les DELs, Lasers ou les photodétecteurs. Malgré l'avancé rapide qu'a connu le GaN, certains aspects de ce matériau restent encore mal maîtrisés, tels que la réalisation de contacts ohmiques de bonne qualité ou encore le contrôle des interfaces métal/GaN et isolant/GaN. Les hétérostructures isolant/GaN sont caractérisées par une forte densité d'états de surface (D[indice inférieur it]). Ce phénomène, aussi rapporté sur GaAs et sur la plupart des matériaux III-V, induit l'ancrage du niveau de fermi au centre de la bande interdite. Il constitue l'un des freins majeurs au développement d'une technologie MIS (MOS) fiable sur GaN. À travers ce document, nous rapportons les résultats des travaux entrepris pour la réalisation de capacités MIS, de contacts ohmiques et de diodes Schottky sur les deux types de substrat GaN et p-GaN. Le diélectrique utilisé comme couche isolante pour les structures MIS est le Nitrure de Silicium (Si[indice inférieur x]N[indice inférieur y]) déposé par PECVD. Ces travaux constituent une introduction aux procédés de microfabrication sur nitrure de gallium, aux difficultés liées aux effets de surface dans le GaN et aux étapes de préparation chimique en vue de minimiser la densité de charges d'état à l'interface métal/GaN et diélectrique/GaN. La première partie du document est dédiée à la caractérisation optique et électrique des substrats GaN utilisés par étude de spectroscopie de photoluminescence (PL) et par étude Schottky.

L'étude du contact électrique quasi statique à plusieurs échelles permet de comprendre celui des micro-relais MEMS. Au cours de ce travail, une modélisation fine du contact est développée pour valider des lois de comportement établies à partir des mesures obtenues grâce à la mise au point de deux dispositifs expérimentaux originaux : la balance de précision, qui permet de réaliser un contact à l'échelle macroscopique entre barreaux croisés recouverts des films minces des matériaux à tester, et un nanoindenteur instrumenté pour la mesure électrique reproduisant un micro-contact identique à celui des micro-relais. Ils permettent tous deux de mener une étude comparative de différents échantillons en fonction de la force (de la dizaine de µN à quelques N), du courant (du µA à l'A), de l'état de surface (rugosité) ou encore du temps ; le contact étant caractérisé par sa résistance électrique. Ce travail concerne principalement le contact réalisé entre films minces en Au, matériau de contact de référence pour les applications micro-relais MEMS. L'étude des contacts de grande dimension a néanmoins été élargie à Ru, Rh, Pt et à l'alliage Au-Ni.Les résultats obtenus à l'aide de la balance de précision ont démontré la nécessité de prendre en compte l'influence de la configuration en film mince des matériaux de contact, tant du point de vue mécanique (rugosité) qu'électrique (répartition des lignes de courant). Leur comparaison à une modélisation statistique du contact rugueux donne des résultats satisfaisants. Cette approche a par ailleurs nécessité le développement d'un algorithme d'analyse d'image des relevés topographiques réalisés au microscope à force atomique, permettant ainsi de quantifier précisément les positions, taille et rayon de courbure de chaque aspérité de la surface.Les mesures effectuées à l'aide du nanoindenteur ont mis en évidence l'effet de la durée de fermeture des microcontacts sur la valeur de la résistance électrique. Le fluage des aspérités serait en partie responsable de la décroissance temporelle observée, aboutissant à des valeurs de résistance limite comparables à celles calculées à l'aide d'une modélisation numérique du contact entre des aspérités discrétisées et une sphère lisse.

Gallium Oxide (Ga2O3) has emerged over the last decade as a new up-and-coming alternative to traditional wide bandgap semiconductors. It exists as five polymorphs (α-, β-, γ-, δ-, and ε-Ga2O3), of which β-Ga2O3 is the thermodynamically stable form, and the most extensively studied phase. β-Ga2O3 has a wide bandgap of ~4.8 eV and exhibits a superior figure-of-merit for power devices compared to other wide bandgap materials, such as SiC and GaN. These make β-Ga2O3 a promising candidate in a host of electronic and optoelectronic applications. Recent advances in β-Ga2O3 single crystals growth have also made inexpensive β-Ga2O3 single crystal grown from the melt a possibility in the near future. Despite the plethora of literature on β-Ga2O3-based devices, understanding of contacts to this material --- a device component that fundamentally determines device characteristics — remained lacking. For this research, ohmic and Schottky metal contacts to Sn-doped β-Ga2O3 (-201) single crystal substrates, unintentionally doped (UID) homoepitaxial β-Ga2O3 (010) on Sn-doped β-Ga2O3 grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), and UID heteroepitaxial β-Ga2O3 (-201) epitaxial layers on c-plane sapphire by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) were investigated. Each of the substrates was characterized for their structural, morphological, electrical, and optical properties, the results will be presented in the following document. Nine metals (Ti, In, Ag, Sn, W, Mo, Sc, Zn, and Zr) with low to moderate work functions were studied as possible ohmic contacts to β-Ga2O3. It was found that select metals displayed either ohmic (Ti and In) or pseudo-ohmic (Ag, Sn and Zr) behavior under certain conditions. However, the morphology was often a problem as many thin film metal contacts dewetted the substrate surface. Ti with a Au capping layer with post-metallization annealing treatment was the only consistently reliable ohmic contact to β-Ga2O3. It was concluded that metal work function is not a dominant factor in forming an ohmic contact to β-Ga2O3 and that limited interfacial reactions appear to play an important role. Prior to a systematic study of Schottky contacts to β-Ga2O3, a comparison of the effects of five different wet chemical surface treatments on the β-Ga2O3 Schottky diodes was made. It was established that a treatment with an organic solvent clean followed by HCl, H2O2 and a deionized water rinse following each step yielded the best results. Schottky diodes based on (-201) β-Ga2O3 substrates and (010) β-Ga2O3 homoepitaxial layers were formed using five different Schottky metals with moderate to high work functions: W, Cu, Ni, Ir, and Pt. Schottky barrier heights (SBHs) calculated from current-voltage (I-V) and capacitance-voltage (C-V) measurements of the five selected metals were typically in the range of 1.0 – 1.3 eV and 1.6 – 2.0 eV, respectively, and showed little dependence on the metal work function. Several diodes also displayed inhomogeneous Schottky barrier behavior at room temperature. The results indicate that bulk or near-surface defects and/or unpassivated surface states may have a more dominant effect on the electrical behavior of these diodes compared to the choice of Schottky metal and its work function. Lastly, working with collaborators at Structured Materials Industries (SMI) Inc., heteroepitaxial films of Ga2O3 were grown on c-plane sapphire (001) using a variety of vapor phase epitaxy methods, including MOVPE, and halide vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE). The stable phase β-Ga2O3 was observed when grown using MOVPE technique, regardless of precursor flow rates, at temperatures ranging between 500 – 850 °C. With HVPE growth techniques, instead of the stable β-phase, we observed the growth of the metastable α- and ε-phases, often a combination of the two. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) shows the better lattice matched α-phase first growing semi-coherently on the c-plane sapphire substrate, followed by domain matched epitaxy of ε-Ga2O3 on top. Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) revealed that epilayers forming the ε-phase contain higher concentrations of chlorine, which suggests that compressive stress due to Cl- impurities may play a role in the growth of ε-Ga2O3 despite it being less than thermodynamically favorable.

Critics of anti-social behaviour policy (ASB) introduced by New Labour Government since 1997 argue that it is overly punitive, and criminalises what is often sub-criminal or nuisance behaviour. Further criticism is that policy implementation through formal channels has led to the public increasingly relying on formal agencies in the governance of ASB, and becoming less willing to play an active role. The catalyst for my research was two Community Safety Teams aim to reverse this trend. I have developed an innovative approach in the form of a booklet (Let s Talk) based on the under-researched Imagined Intergroup Contact model associated with the Intergroup Contact Theory which underpins Intergenerational Practice. My thesis centres on the piloting of the booklet in two regions in England, and the proposition that Intergenerational approaches can be a useful way of understanding and addressing tensions associated with perceived anti-social behaviour by young people . Drawing broadly on a social constructionist paradigm (Burr, 1995), and using an inductive case study approach, both quantitative and qualitative data were collected via various research tools. The sample included local residents, representatives of community organisations and the Community Safety Teams (CST). Data were coded and analysed using NVivo and SPSS. Theoretical data analysis was underpinned by the Integrated Threat Theory and the Social Cognitive Theory. Compared with other theories associated with Intergenerational Practice, the Integrated Threat Theory gave a more comprehensive explanation for intergenerational tensions. SCT gave new insights into the concept of agency in relation to the governance of ASB. My research identified anti-social behaviour that the CSTs felt did not warrant formal intervention, and the booklet received enthusiastic support from all parties consulted as an alternative, community-based approach. Reasons for a few individuals not wanting to adopt the booklet approach were identified; these included personal factors and social dynamics. My findings provided important knowledge for the future development and use of the booklet. This thesis makes a significant contribution to knowledge. Firstly, it extends the theoretical explanation of intergenerational tensions, and adds insights into the concept of governance and the theoretical underpinnings of Intergenerational Practice. Secondly, it advances implications for practice in relation to fully exploring social dynamics other than intergenerational issues, taking account of potential multigenerational factors, and being aware that preparatory activities to strengthen selfefficacy may be required.

La question abordée est celle de la structure génétique des anchois Atlanto-méditerranéens analysée grâce à 6 locus microsatellites et un gène du cytochrome b de l'ADN mitochondrial sur un échantillonnage dont quatre en provenance de lagunes réparti entre la Tunisie, la France, la Mer Noire et le Maroc. Deux locus microsatellites parmi les six étudiés révèlent une forte différenciation liée à l'habitat lagunaire. L'étude du cytochrome b de l'ADN mitochondrial montre la présence de deux clades mitochondriaux trouvés en sympatrie en fréquence variable dans tous les échantillons. L'analyse combinée montre un déséquilibre nucléo-cytoplasmique significatif, confirmant l'existence d'incompatibilités génétiques partielles entre les deux entités. Ces deux entités génétiques doivent de ce fait être considérées comme des unités de gestion distinctes. / We study the genetic structure of Mediterranean anchovy by analyzing six microsatellite loci and the cytochrome b gene of mitochondrial DNA on anchovy populations with four lagoons, which are from Tunisia, Morocco, France and Black Sea. Two strongly differentiated loci and nucleo-cytoplasmic disequilibrium revealed a differentiation related to a lagoon habitat. The study of cytochrome b mitochondrial DNA showed the presence of two mitochondrial clades found on sympatric with variable frequency in all samples. By contrast, four microsatellites were undifferentiated within the entire set of samples, testifying to a variable permeability of the two interacting genomes. Our findings confirm the existence of partial genetic incompatibilities between the two entities that should then be considered as distinct from a conservation point of view.

Comme son nom l'indique, le tolérancement flexible a pour objectif de tenir compte de la souplesse des pièces dans un processus de tolérancement. Il permet d'évaluer les défauts géométriques admissibles par des critères aussi bien géométriques que mécaniques. Ces travaux abordent en premier lieu l'élaboration de modèles adéquats permettant de prédire le comportement mécanique d'un assemblage de grandes pièces relativement souples lorsqu'elles sont sujettes à des défauts géométriques issues du procédé de fabrication. Une méthode a alors été proposée pour y implémenter des variations géométriques aléatoires réalistes vis-à-vis de ces hypothétiques défauts géométriques. Pour simuler les opérations d'assemblage, le phénomène de contact unilatéral et les variations de rigidité dues aux variabilités géométriques ont été prises en compte. En fonction de ces hypothèses, les stratégies d'analyse de tolérance avec Monte Carlo ou la méthode des coefficients d'influence ont été comparées afin de choisir celle minimisant les coûts de calcul tout en conservant la justesse des résultats. Finalement, ces travaux s'achèvent sur une étude de cas industriel : un treillis supportant des équipements sous le plancher du fuselage d'un Airbus A350. / As indicated by its name, the purpose of flexible tolerancing is to take into account the flexibility of the parts in a tolerancing process. It allows to evaluate the permissibles geometrical defects by both geometrical and mechanical criteria. These works deal first with the elaboration of a model able to predict the mechanical behaviour of an assembly of larges and flexibles parts which are suject to geometrical defects induced by their manufacturing process. A method has thus been suggested in order to implement geometrical variations which are realistic according to these hypothetical geometrical defects. To simulate the assembling process, the unilateral contact phenomenon and the stiffness variations induced by the geometrical variability have been taken into account. Depending on these assumptions, some strategies of tolerance analysis with Monte Carlo or the method of influence coefficients have been compared in order to choose the one minimizing the computational costs while maintaining the accuracy of the results. Finally, these works are completed with an industrial study case: a truss supporting equipments and hanging under the fuselage floor of an Airbus A350.

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / 100 m/s). Low voltage electrical contact was not maintained for some experimental shots and non-parallel rails were the suspected cause. In this thesis, we used a non-contact capacitive sensor to determine rail spacing to within 2/kAcm10mael, so that the rails will be parallel within small tolerances. Several rails were used in these experiments: 75-25 copper-tungsten, chromium-plated 75-25 Cu-W, and chromium-plated pure copper rails. Improving the control of rail spacing and parallelity did not ensure low-voltage electrical contact for our configurations. The largest damage was observed for chromium-plated copper rails and the least damage occurred for chromium-plated 75-25 Cu-W rails. / Lieutenant, United States Navy

M.Phil.(Optometry) / The concept of contact lenses was conceived over 500 years ago and has now evolved into a fundamental component of optometric practice. Soft contact lenses have become a convenient, aesthetically pleasing and comfortable alternative to spectacles that are becoming increasingly popular. The use of rigid contact lenses is imperative in the management of conditions such as keratoconus due to spectacles being insufficient in providing adequate vision. Placing a contact lens onto the cornea is an invasive procedure. The contact lens is a foreign body to the eye hence it is expected that the eye would react to that foreign body. Literature has revealed that the general reactions of the eye to contact lens wear are initial tearing, alteration of the tear layer and oedema due to reduced oxygen transmission but these are just a few of the known consequences amongst the multitude of the unknown consequences. What exactly goes on under a contact lens remains an enigma which contact lens researchers have strived to uncover over the past century. The consequence of contact lens wear is a vast area of research and can best be investigated by focusing on one aspect at a time. The aim of this study was to use dioptric power matrices and multivariate statistics to explore the effects of both gas permeable and gas non-permeable rigid contact lenses on corneal curvature. This study involves auto-keratometric measurements of the corneal curvature before and after lens wear to establish if there are any curvature changes induced by the contact lens. Keratometric data was collected with an automated keratometer (Nidek ARK-700) and was analysed correctly and completely using multivariate statistics. This thesis presents the findings of a study done in an effort to establish the short-term effects of rigid contact lens wear on keratometric behaviour by using complete methods of multivariate statistical analysis. Twenty four subjects were equally divided into three groups. One group wore polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) rigid lenses, another group wore rigid gas permeable (RGP) contact lenses and the third group served as the control. The control group was included in the study to establish a reference for normal diurnal changes in keratometric behaviour. Fifty autoii keratometric measurements were taken before and immediately after three hours of rigid contact lens wear for the experimental groups and 50 auto-keratometric measurements were taken before and immediately after three hours of no lens wear for the control group. Data collected was analysed using multivariate statistical methods that in the past have been used infrequently in this area of research.