Community-pharmacy is in a state of flux with a series of significant recent changes including the Community-pharmacy Contract, the reconstitution of the RPSGB and the General Pharmaceutical Council. There are also socio-cultural changes such as greater numbers of women in the profession, and an increase in pharmacists reducing their hours of work. The latter comes at a time when workload/roles are expanding and diversifying, leading to potential scenarios in which there are shortfalls between the hours worked and workload demands. This will have an impact on community pharmacists, but its magnitude may be dependent on how they are professionally and organisationally committed. Whilst there has been some promising commitment research in the USA, little research has been published in GB. However, multidimensional models of commitment have been researched extensively in other professions.A programme of research was developed and conducted to characterise and understand the role of professional and organisational commitment in community-pharmacy in GB using the Three-Component Model of commitment (TCM). Various methods were used to answer the research questions including focus-groups to assess qualitatively the contextual appropriateness of the constructs (stage 1.1), and cognitive-interviews to assess construct validity (stage 1.2). Stage 2 consisted of a large survey study, which examined the psychometric validity of the measurement scales as well as salient a-priori theoretical relationships found in both community pharmacy in GB and other professional contexts. A total of 32 participants were recruited for stage one and 713 community-pharmacists participated in stage two. Ethical approval was attained from the University of Manchester Ethics Committee for both stages one and two.The research found that beyond the affective facets of professional and organisational commitment both normative and continuance facets made significant, unique and yet varied contributions to the influence of both withdrawal-behaviours and work-performance behaviours in the community pharmacy population in GB. However, the levels and strengths of the different facets of professional and organisational commitment also appeared to differ amongst the different subgroups in community pharmacists in GB. For example, independent/small-chain pharmacists exhibited significantly higher levels of affective and normative organisational commitment and significantly lower levels of organisational withdrawal behaviours compared to large-multiple pharmacists. The implications of these and other differences were highlighted and recommendations made salient to the profession and community pharmacy organisations about how the levels of the different facets of commitment may be managed to foster greater work-performance behaviours and mitigate the different withdrawal behaviours.

A review of the literature reveals that organisational commitment is an outcome of organisational culture, when reviewing the definitions, theoretical development and models of these two concepts. The integration of organisational commitment with organisational culture indicates that there is a need for a scientific study to determine the relationship between these two variables. The empirical study involved the participation of 371 respondents in an organisation. A survey was conducted using the organisational commitment scale and the organisational culture questionnaire to determine the relationship between organisational culture and organisational commitment. The results suggest that organisational culture has an effect on organisational commitment. Recommendations are made to successfully implement both organisational culture and organisational commitment change initiatives. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M.A. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

本研究以針對B2B資訊系統設計之資訊系統成功模型(IS Success Model)作為假設架構，探討使用者滿意度與持續使用意願間的關係，並加入個人創新特質做為影響持續使用意願之假設，在研究架構中，分別探討資訊品質與系統品質與使用者滿意度的關係，以及使用者滿意度與個人創新特質分別對持續使用意願的關係。 本研究透過問卷法抽樣進行資料蒐集，選擇2010台北國際電子產業科技展之參展廠商作為研究對象，在回顧大量文獻與研究架構，並且排除無效問項後，進行問卷調查與分析，總共回收117份有效問卷，以PLS(Partial Least Squares)法進行分析後，得到以下結論： 使用者對於資訊系統的滿意度與系統品質及資訊品質呈現正相關，當資訊品質越高，也就是資訊系統產出的資訊之品質越好時；使用者滿意度會越高；當系統品質越高時，也就是資訊系統本身的特性越好時，使用者滿意度會越高。本研究更進一步發現，資訊系統持續使用意願受到使用者滿意度及個人創新特質影響，使用者滿意度與持續使用意願有正相關，滿意度越高時，持續使用的意願會越高；個人創新特質與持續使用意願也呈現正相關，當使用者之個人創新特質越強烈時，持續使用資訊系統的意願會越高。 / This research, based on the IS Success Model proposed by DeLone and McLean(1992), the B2B information system regarding the relationship between user satisfaction and continuance usage. Personal innovativeness was added to test its relationship with continuance usage. Within the hypothesized framework, the impacts of latent variables in system quality and information quality on user satisfaction are examined and tested, respectively. The research is conducted through sampling by a survey from companies attending the 2010 Taipei International Electronics Show. Of 121 samples collected, 117 are effective. By analyzing the samples with the PLS (Partial Least Squares) method, the research concluded the following: User satisfaction is positively influenced by system quality and information quality, which represents the characteristics of the information system itself and the form of information produced by the information system respectively. User satisfaction, together with personal innovativeness of the users, positively influence the continuance intentions to use the information systems.

A review of the literature reveals that organisational commitment is an outcome of organisational culture, when reviewing the definitions, theoretical development and models of these two concepts. The integration of organisational commitment with organisational culture indicates that there is a need for a scientific study to determine the relationship between these two variables. The empirical study involved the participation of 371 respondents in an organisation. A survey was conducted using the organisational commitment scale and the organisational culture questionnaire to determine the relationship between organisational culture and organisational commitment. The results suggest that organisational culture has an effect on organisational commitment. Recommendations are made to successfully implement both organisational culture and organisational commitment change initiatives. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M.A. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

Corporate culture is believed to be integral to organisational success and sustainability. This research study was conducted according to a humanistic, positive psychology and an open systems paradigm in order to examine the theoretical relationship between organisational culture and organisational commitment. The quantitative measuring instruments used for data collection were the Harrison and Stokes organisational culture questionnaire (OCQ) and Allen and Meyer’s organisational commitment scale (OCS). The empirical study involved respondents from a selected IT company in the KwaZulu-Natal region. This study revealed that there was no significant relationship between organisational culture and organisational commitment. However, there was a difference between the existing and preferred power culture as well as the existing and preferred role culture dimensions. The main recommendation for this study is that the selected IT company should set stretch targets with a focus on common vision, purpose and company values, with a strong emphasis on creating meaningful rewards for top performers at both individual and team level. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M. Com. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

本研究從金融科技創新應用之觀點，舉行動銀行app之應用為例，整合過去行銷與科技採用之相關文獻，並呼應金融科技時代的創新元素，據此探究使用者對於行動銀行app持續採用行為、與提供未來創新發展上之建議。首先以質化研究的方式，了解行動銀行app使用者的使用原因、使用經驗、對app的整體評價與建議；其次發展出量化研究模型，找出各種影響消費者持續使用意願的因素。 本研究針對「僅使用行動銀行app者」、與「行動銀行app和網路銀行皆有使用者」發放網路問卷調查，在量化研究的部分，首先根據Fintech重要核心價值中的差異化與利基型專業產品，提出競業差異作為研究模型之第一層探討面，結果顯示: 1. 設計美感對使用者能產生正向的情感品質知覺，提升對科技使用的知覺有用性、知覺易用性與降低知覺風險。 2. 品牌聲望有助於提升消費者對於業者所提供之產品與服務的相對優勢。 其次，結合過去創新擴散理論、科技接受模式以及個人知覺風險，作為研究模型之第二層探討面，結果顯示: 複雜性、知覺有用性、知覺風險能顯著影響消費者對於行動銀行app的採用意願。 最後，整合質化訪談發現與量化結果分析，給予結論與建議: 1. 業者可從設計美感加強消費者對於新科技使用的知覺有用性與降低知覺風險 2. 品牌聲望為輔，實質創新為主，首先降低複雜性 3. 從知覺有用性方面創造創新競爭優勢、同時兼顧知覺風險 4. 持續推廣行動銀行app，作為創新發展基礎後盾、與開拓市場之契機。 / This paper takes mobile banking application as an example in the view of FinTech innovation. Combined with findings from marketing and information system research, this study adopts key elements of FinTech innovation to arrive at a more complete understanding of consumers’ continuance intention toward mobile banking. By first taking the qualitative method and conducting semi-structured interviews, we look into consumers’ motivations, experiences, and evaluations of using mobile banking. For the quantitative part our empirical tests involve structural equation modeling. In addition, with the reference to one of main core values of FinTech innovation: differentiation and niche, specialized products, we propose competitive differences among competitors to form our first layer research model, the results demonstrate that: 1. Design aesthetics can increase one’s perceived affective quality of system usage, which in turn, had a significant positive impact on perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and lower perceived risk 2. Brand reputation can positively affect consumers’ sense of relative advantage in terms of the product and service provided by specific vendor. Meanwhile, our research integrates the concepts of Rogers’ innovation diffusion model, technology acceptance model, and personal perceived risk to further propose our second layer research model, and the result shows that: complexity, perceived usefulness, and perceived risk emerge as important antecedents of consumers’ continuance intention toward mobile banking. Lastly, we conclude our analysis of both qualitative and quantitative survey and make suggestions as below: 1. Placing a high value on the influence of design beauty, could increase consumers’ perceived usefulness and reduce perceived risk of new technology. 2. Focusing mainly on innovation while brand reputation subsidiary, and take complexity as priority. 3. Creating competitive advantage of innovation based on perceived usefulness, without overlooking the significant influence of perceived risk. 4. Keeping giving an impetus actively to the usage of mobile banking to solidify foundations of innovation development and increase opportunities in the market.

Employee commitment is one of the most important aspects that help an organisation achieve its desired goals. This study investigates the possible effects of gender and age differences between managers and employees on organisational commitment among lower-level employees in selected factories in the Buffalo City Metropolitan area. The organisational commitment instrument used in this research is the Meyer and Allen (1997) organisational commitment questionnaire which contains 18 items (6 items for each scale: affective commitment, continuance commitment and normative commitment). For this purpose, a sample of 100 lower-level employees was used. The results indicated significant differences in the unexpected directions in affective commitment and continuance commitment between male employees supervised by male managers and male employees supervised by female managers; male employees were found to have higher levels of affective and continuance commitment when supervised by female managers. Female employees were found to have a higher level of normative commitment when supervised by male managers than when supervised by female managers which was also in the unexpected direction. In addition, the study showed surprising results in terms of the social or cultural hypothesis where employees supervised by male managers and older managers were not significantly different in organisational commitment to those managed by female and by younger or same-age managers.

För att företag idag ska klara av den hårda konkurrensen på marknaden, tillhandahålla och skapa produkter som är framgångsrika, är återkopplingar från kunder på produkter både viktigt och värdefullt för företagen. Det är inte alltid enkelt att få in återkopplingar från kunder, vilket specifikt gäller B2B2C- företag som inte har någon direktkontakt med kundens-kund. För att samla in, hantera och bearbeta återkopplingar från kunder behövs i högre grad relevanta insamlingstekniker och systemstöd för arkivering av informationen. Adoption av kundrelationshanteringssystem (CRM-system) möjliggör för företagen att hantera återkopplingar från deras kunder, men också för att hantera sina företagsrelationer i stort, vilket blir extra viktigt i B2B2C-kontexter. Adoption av CRM-system är riskfyllt och ställer höga krav på företagen, vilket medför att det är extra viktigt att utforska och analysera de befintliga systemen innan beslut om adoption av ett nytt system fattas. För utveckling och förändringar av verksamheters affärsprocesser oavsett om det gäller adoption av nya system, användning av befintliga system eller förändringar i arbetssätt – är processkartläggningar ett användbart tillvägagångssätt för att identifiera nu-läget, för att därefter ta fram förbättringsförslag.  Syftet med denna kandidatuppsats i informatik är att identifiera, kartlägga och beskriva återkopplingsprocessen för tester mellan fallföretaget–återförsäljaren–återförsäljarens kund och genom en entreprenöriell ansats identifiera och presentera ett bör-läge och förslag till förbättringar av processen, som understöds av en eventuell adoption av ett CRM-system eller användning av befintlig CRM-modul hos fallföretaget.  För fallstudien har en entreprenöriell ansats valts, med målet att ge förbättringsförslag utifrån nu- läget mellan fallföretaget, en återförsäljare och återförsäljarens kund. Fem kvalitativa SPIN-intervjuer har genomförts med tre rollinnehavare hos fallföretaget, och en rollinnehavare vardera hos en återförsäljare och en kund till återförsäljaren. SPIN-intervjuerna och kunskaper hämtade från teori och tidigare studier har legat till grund för de MVP-prototyper som tagits fram som förbättringsförslag, vilka har testats och säkerställts i två omgångar.  De tre viktigaste slutsatserna från studien är att med hjälp av processkartläggningar av företagens affärsprocesser är det möjligt att identifiera problem och möjligheter för att utveckla eller skapa mer produktiva och ändamålsenliga processer. En annan viktig slutsats är betydelsen av att utforska och analysera företagens befintliga system innan beslut om adoption av nytt system fattas. Till sist är det viktigt att genomföra både interna och externa möten och utbildningar, för att ta vara på i högre grad värdefulla kunskaper från externa partners och utveckla de interna kunskaperna.

江戶時期知名的大商人三井高利（宗壽）創立了「三井越後屋（和服店，三越百貨的前身）」，奠定了三井家的事業基礎。三井高利注重家族的延續，為了避免家族的分裂，於其遺書「宗壽居士古遺言」中揭示了家產共有的方向。第二代的高平（宗竺）於元祿七年(一六九四)改寫父親三井高利的遺書，制定三井家族一家的家法「宗竺遺書」。當中規定由限定的血緣團體，也就是由九名「同苗」共同擁有「三井」的事業及資產；確立了家產共有制度。另外，「宗竺遺書」對於家族及事業之管理機構「大元方」，以及事業經營辦法都有詳細的規定，其中不依附政權為三井事業經營的最高指導原則。由特定的血縁集團所構成的三井家並沒有隨著德川幕府一起走入歷史，成功的將家族的命脈延續至明治時期。 而與江戶時代相當、明清時期的徽商靠著宗族的力量發展茁壯，成為中國十大商幫之首。徽商認識到宗族的擴大強化和家庭的延續息息相關，因此對宗族十分重視。此外，依附政權為徽商經營的一個顯著特徵。為了使事業和政權結合，徽商對於宗族子弟透過科舉任官十分熱心。透過和政治權力結合而叱吒商場上三四百年的徽商，和清朝政府如同命運共同體，一起走向衰亡的道路。 本稿想探討的是，為什麼徽商的家業(商)於清末凋零，而三井家的家業卻能成功地延續到明治時期。因此本稿從中日社會差異、考察三井和徽商的家族組織、家訓、教育、經營的特質，並藉由家族延續的志向及實際的行動，掌握家族延續的思維及戰略。結果發現徽商家族無法存續的原因在於，財產的分割繼承，削弱了家族的財力。此外，事業寄生於政權發展的徽商，欠缺商人的獨立品格，也是造成其衰亡的要因之一。 相較於徽商，三井利用封閉的血緣集團，來經營三井的家族事業。為避免因為分產造成家族力量的削弱，三井實施家產共有制度，由封閉的血緣集團成員共同擁有。自立自強，不圖附著於政權發展的三井，不僅具備商人的獨立品格，也說明了「自立」為使其存續到近代的基本條件。 透過和徽商的比較，觀察出徽商和三井家家族延續的思維與戰略再某些方面，恰恰相反，這也突顯了三井家成功延續到明治時期的原因。 / 江戸時代において豪商として知られている三井高利は三井越後屋（三越デパートの前身）の創業祖である。高利は「家」の存続を念頭に、「宗寿居士古遺言」を残して家産の共有を指示している。二代目の高平（宗竺）は、元禄七年(一六九四)に書かれた宗寿の遺書を改め、三井家とその事業を規定する家法「宗竺遺書」を制定し、同苗の範囲を規定し限定的な血縁集団＝九家からなる「同苗」集団によって「三井」の事業を維持する方針を決め、家産の共有制度を明文化した。また、「宗竺遺書」は三井家の同苗と事業の管理機関である大元方について、細かく規定し、事業経営の方針を決めた。事業経営に際し、政治権力に依存しないのは三井的な経営の主な経営方針である。限定的な血縁集団で構成された三井家は幕末から明治まで生き残った。 それに対して、江戸時代に相当する明清朝期において、全国のトップの商人団体として知られている徽商は「宗族」の力によって発展したのである。「宗族」の拡大・強化は家の存続に繋がると認識している徽商は宗族を重視した。 そして、政治権力との結びつきを重視する点は徽商的経営の大きな特徴として注目される。富を築いた徽商は宗族子弟が科挙官僚になるための教育に熱心に力を注いだ。徽商は三四百年にわたって活躍したが、清末に清朝政府とともに衰微の道を辿った。すなわち、清朝の政権とともに運命をともにした。 本論では、日中社会の違いを考慮し、三井家と徽商のそれぞれの同族組織、家訓、教育、経営の特質を考察した。家存続のための志向性と実際の行動から、家存続の考え方を把握して、比較を行った。その結果、徽商が家存続を困難にした要因は財産の分割相続と権力との結びつきであると発見した。それに対して、三井家の家存続の考え方は、閉鎖的な血縁集団によって三井家を存続させる、また、財産の不分割相続によって家の弱体化を防ぐ、そして、三井家は権力から自立的であったことが、近代に生きのこる基本的な条件であったことを解明した。 徽商と家存続の考え方との比較を通して、三井家が明治時代まで存続した理由は一層明らかである。 【キーワード】：三井家、同苗三井越後屋、三井高利、三井高平、『宗竺遺書』、大元方、徽商、宗族、家存続 / The well-known businessman in the Edo era, Mitsui Takatoshi, founded the Mitsui Echigoya, a kimono-style shop which was regarded as the forerunner of Mitsukoshi department store and laid the foundations of Mitsui Family’s business industry at that time. Since Mitsui Takatoshi was much more concerned about the continuance of his family, he therefore formulated the direction of family possessions shared inheritance in his will宗壽居士古遺言for fear of the family disintegration. However, Mitsui Takatoshi’s eldest son, Takahira (Soujiku), laid down the Mitsui’s family rules, ‘The Family Code of Mitsui Drawn by the Soujiku’ in 1964 by reforming his father’s will, in which he regulated that the family business and properties are only held by some specific family members, that is, by nine Dobyous, and subsequently set up the system of family possessions shared inheritance. Furthermore, “The Family Code of Mitsui” was as well drawn up puissant rules on its family, business running, and the administration, Mitsui Omotokata, especially for the characteristic of independent politic inclination being the paramount principle. Afterwards, the newly-formed Mitsui Family didn’t fall into decay together with Edo government but had successfully maintained its prosperity from Edo till Meiji instead. Parallel to the Edo era, Huizhou Merchants in Ming and Qing Dynasties have become the top trading group in China under the backup of their lineage. To be more specific, the realization of Huizhou Merchants and the amplification and intensification of the lineage were contingent upon the continuance of family; therefore, more attention was paid on the development of lineage. Additionally, Huizhou Merchant‘s business is also characterized for its significant dependence on politic power. For the purpose of combining business and regime, Huizhou Merchants were extremely concerned about their offspring in the way of being qualified as the officials through the Imperial Examinations. Despite the combined political power which enables Huizhou Merchants to prosper for about three or four hundred years, they still could not escape from the fate that declined and fell with Qing dynasty in the long run. In general, the different application of the strategies on family continuance might roughly reflect on the contrast between the success of Mitsui Family and the failure of Huizhou Merchants. This study attempts to explore the perspectives between the Mitsui Family and Huizhou Merchant on family organization, family laws and education, and business based on the cultural difference between Chinese and Japan. Besides, the study also investigates how the family continued and which strategy they adopted through the direction and realization and by using comparative analysis to highlight the better use of strategies and perspectives on the continuance of the family. On the other hand, the reason of Huizhou Merchants’ failure in their family continuance could be attributed to the division of family possessions, which weakened the financial power of family as well. Moreover, one of primary factors that caused Huizhou Merchants’ family business to fall may result from the reliance on government, lacking its independent spirit and characteristic. Compared to Huizhou Merchants, the Mitsui Family made fully use of limited blood relationship to run their business. In order to avert the deprival of family possession from division, the family business and possessions were solely run and owned by these limited members. Most important of all, it is the independence of political inclination that finally leads to the Mitsui Family’s triumph in business industry, thereby creating its unique spirit in business and further shedding some light on how political autonomy leads to its golden age. Through the Comparison to Huizhou Merchant as aforementioned, the author found that the use of strategies and perspectives on the continuance of Huizhou Merchants are right opposite in some ways to those of Mitsui Family, which is also the reason that the Mitsui Family could prosper from Edo Era to Meiji Era.