The COVID-19 pandemic outbreak in 2020 has brought many teaching and learning challenges into higher education, such as innovative learning technology issues, the quality of sudden remote studying, a significant drop in international student mobility, and the overall flow of international students, that made the learning environment uncertain. The pandemic outbreak has also brought an understanding that it is a collectively shared challenge. International students, while feeling homesick during the pandemic times, were largely involved in a new social and academic reality and had become a vulnerable population, whose adaptation and adjustment processes in any country were disrupted. This study is focused on international students in Sweden and China during a period of unique experiences in higher education. Under the influence of the pandemic, it is of great interest and importance to investigate and compare the different practices of COVID-19 response strategies and their outcomes at the academic level. Some countries imposed suppressive public health approaches to arrest transmission, while others chose mitigation approaches to slow virus spread and protect vulnerable population. Regarding contrasting political, cultural, and socio-academic contexts in dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic, this study took Sweden and China as examples to investigate and compare their approaches in a fight against such a global issue with further consequences on international students’ mobility. Thus, this research aims to investigate and compare COVID-19 strategies in Sweden and China and their impact on international students. This thesis intents to answer the following question: what challenges for international students arose as a result of socio-educational policies in Sweden and China during the COVID-19 pandemic, and in what ways did restricting mobility impact their academic studies?

Bakgrund: SARS-CoV-2 är ett nytt coronavirus som har framkallat en pandemisk luftvägsinfektion. Infekrionssjukdomen heter Covid-19 och kan ha ett allvarligt förlopp som kräver omfattande och komplex omvårdnad. Sjuksköterskor är oftast de som arbetar närmast patienter och riskerar själva att bli smittade i vårdarbetet med Covid-19. Syfte: Att belysa sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att vårda patienter med Covid-19. Metod: Allmän strukturerad litteraturstudie som grundades på tio kvalitativa artiklar. Resultatartiklarna analyserades med inspiration av innehållsanalys. Resultat: Litteraturstudiens resultat utgjordes av sex kategorier som belyste sjuksköterskors upplevelser av omställningar i omvårdnadsarbete, samarbete i vårdteam, omvårdnad vid hög smittrisk, användning av skyddsutrustning, kunskap om sjukdomen och hur omvårdnad av patienter med Covid-19 skulle utföras samt hur relationen mellan sjuksköterskor och patienter med Covid-19 påverkades. Konklision: Sjuksköterskor upplevde akuta organisatoriska omställningar, rädsla för att smittas, samt brist på kunskaper om sjukdom och användning av skyddsutrustning. Nya kunskaper utvecklades under omvårdnadsarbete. Samarbete i vårdteam var viktigt för optimal omvårdnad och utgjorde ett psykologiskt stöd. Sjuksköterskor upplevde en ansvarskänsla och plikt för yrket trots medvetenheten om riskerna för den egna hälsan. / Background: SARS-CoV-2 is a new coronavirus that has caused a pandemic respiratory infection. The infectious disease is called Covid-19 and can have a serious course that requires extensive and complex care. Nurses who spend the time closest to the patients are at risk becoming infected while caring for patients with Covid-19. Aim: To explore nurse´s experiences of caring for patients with Covid-19. Method: A general structured literature study based on ten qualitative articles. The articles were analysed with inspiration of content analysis. Result: The result of literature study includes six categories exploring nurse´s experiences of changes in nursing work, teamwork, nursing at high risk of infection, use of protective equipment, knowledge about the disease and how nursing of patients with Covid-19 shoud be performed and how the relationship between nurses and patients with Covid-19 was affected. Conclusion: Nurses caring för patients with Covid-19 experienced acute organizational changes, fear of becoming infected and lack of knowledge about the disease and the use of protective equipment. New knowledge was developed during nursing work. Teamwork has been important for optimal nursing and provided psychological support. Nurses experienced a sense of responsability and duty for the profession despite the awareness of the risks to their own health.

Introducción: La pandemia de la COVID-19 ha provocado aproximadamente 182 millones de casos y cerca de cuatro millones de muertes en todo el mundo, comprometiendo con mayor frecuencia a personas de 25 y 64 años de edad. Esta infección afecta principalmente al sistema respiratorio, pero otros órganos y sistemas pueden verse afectados a corto plazo como el neurológico. Una gran población de pacientes ha logrado superar la infección por el SARS-CoV-2, sin embargo, han comenzado a reportarse una serie de manifestaciones clínicas tardías, básicamente neuropsiquiátricas, dentro de ellas se ha referido a la ansiedad, depresión, deterioro del sueño, dolor muscular, mareos, cefaleas, fatiga, anosmia, entre otros; a este conjunto de manifestaciones tardías se le ha denominado síndrome neurológico post-Covid-19 y requiere por un lado, la atención de la comunidad médica para investigar las manifestaciones tardías o secuelas de esta enfermedad y por otro lado, una vigilancia médica ante la consulta de pacientes con estas manifestaciones.

The aim of the work is to map the experience of employees who during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic found themselves compulsorily and at the same time for the first time at the home office, for at least 3 weeks. Differences in experience between men and women and personality dimensions of extraversion are also monitored. The first part of the thesis deals with the theoretical description of classical work from home, the basic concepts are introduced and various psychological aspects are discussed. The second part traces the time of the first wave of the pandemic in the Czech Republic, characterizes the Czech Republic's approach to home office and similarly discusses the experience of people in a mandatory HO in various aspects. The type of work is a mixed research. Data collection was performed with the help of a self- created questionnaire, which also contains two scales from the DOPEN questionnaire: extraversion and L-scale. The aim of the work was achieved in two ways. Qualitative analysis of written answers was performed using the method of grounded theory. In the quantitative analysis of the data, the Mann-Whitney U test method was used to compare overall satisfaction at mandatory HO by gender and Spearman's correlation coefficient to monitor the relationship between variables such as...

Bakgrund: Under våren 2020 förklarade World Health Organization att världen befann sig i en pandemi. Stort inflöde av patienter och nya hygienrutiner så som skyddsutrustning inom hälso- och sjukvården förändrade allmänsjuksköterskors arbetsförhållande. Allmänsjuksköterskor var tvungna att anpassa sitt arbete under Covid-19, Roys anpassningsmodellen (2009) kan bidra till att förklara denna process.  Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva allmänsjuksköterskors upplevelser av att utföra omvårdnad i rådande covid-19 pandemi inom slutenvård. Metod: Litteraturöversikt genomfördes med kvalitativ metod och induktiv ansats. För artikelsökningen användes databaserna CINAHL och PsycInfo och en innehållsanalys genomfördes. Resultatet bestod av 12 kvalitativa artiklar som analyserades enligt Friberg (2017). Resultat: Resultatet tar upp de faktorer som påverkat sjuksköterskors upplevelse i samband med Covid-19. Resultatet bestod av två huvudkategorier och åtta underkategorier som sammanställdes. Huvudkategorierna är ogynnsamma upplevelser (psykisk påverkan, smittorisk, kunskapsbrist, arbetsbelastning) som sjuksköterskor upplevde negativt under pandemin och förändrad arbetssyn (kollegor, sjuksköterskans profession, förbättrad kunskap, samhällets stöd) som sjuksköterskor upplevde positivt relaterat till anpassning av Covid-19.  Slutsatser: Initialt beskrevs arbetsförhållanden under Coronapandemin som negativa relaterat till bland annat kunskapsbrist och arbetsbelastning samt skyddsutrustning. Med tiden framkom positiva upplevelser relaterat till ökad kunskap och utveckling av professionen. / Background: The World Health Organization declared a worldwide pandemic in spring of 2020. High patient flow and new hygiene procedures such as protective equipment at the hospitals changed the general nurses' working conditions.   General nurses had to adjust their work during Covid-10, the Roy adaption model (2009) can help to explain this process. Aim: The aim was to describe general nurses' experiences of performing nursing in the current Covid-19 pandemic in inpatient care. Method:  Literature review with a qualitative method and inductive approach. CINAHL and PsycInfo were used for the article search and contents analysis were used in the process. The result consists of 12 qualitative articles that were analyzed according to Friberg (2017). Result: The result consists of two head categories and eight subcategories. The head categories are unfavorable experiences (psychological impact, risk of contamination, lack of knowledge, workload) which nurses experienced during the beginning of the pandemic and changed view of work (colleagues, the nurse profession, improved knowledge, support from the community) that nurses experienced related to adjustment of Covid-19. The results address the factors that have influenced nurses 'experiences in connection with Covid-19. Conclusion: Initially the working conditions during the pandemic were described as negative inter alia due to lack of knowledge, workload and protective equipment. In time, positive experiences emerged related to increased knowledge and development of the profession.

The study aims to identify the role of artificial intelligence and big data that can help us to confront the COVID-19. The study adopted the literature review methodology by reading and analyzing academic studies. This study was divided into two parts: a theoretical part that deals with the basic concepts of artificial intelligence and big data, and an analytical section that deals with reviewing and analyzing artificial intelligence and big data applications to confront COVID-19, including Contact Tracing Apps, then find the weaknesses and develop a recommendation list. The paper concludes that artificial intelligence and big data applications and apps could help to confrontCOVID-19 to some extent. However, artificial intelligence and big data are in the first steps. Moreover, they have not yet had a significant impact on controlling the COVID-19 since some issues and challenges hamper the use of these technologies like accuracy and public trust, etc. Hard work from governments is required in order to overcome these challenges in the first place. It is doubtful that these challenges will be addressed during the COVID-19. However, it is a great learning experience and an opportunity to develop our technologies to overcome future pandemics.

Bakgrund: I början av år 2020 konstaterades det att en ny pandemi drabbat världen. Sjuksköterskor har arbetat i frontlinjen av covid-19 pandemin och var den mest utsatta yrkeskategorin.   Syfte: Litteraturstudiens syfte var att beskriva sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att vårda patienter med covid-19. Metod: Elva kvalitativa studier utgjorde basen i litteraturstudien. Databassökningen genomfördes i CINAHL, PubMed och Scopus. Analysprocessen genomfördes med hjälp av Fribergs femstegsmodell.  Resultat: Analysen resulterade i 3 teman och 11 subteman. Teman var: ‘En utmanande arbetsmiljö’, ‘Betydelse av stöd’ och ‘Påverkan på omvårdnad’. Konklusion: Litteraturstudiens resultat visade att sjuksköterskor hade flera olika erfarenheter av att vårda patienter med covid-19. Erfarenheterna var både positiva och negativa. Sjuksköterskors hälsa bör prioriteras, minskad arbetsbelastning och adekvat mängd skyddsutrustning bör finnas tillgänglig. Stödet från arbetsgivaren behöver stärkas. Det behövs vidare forskning kring sätt att minska arbetsbelastningen, för att ha möjlighet att arbeta personcentrerat. / Background: At the beginning of the year 2020, it was certain that a new pandemic had hit the world. Nurses have been working on the frontline of the covid-19 pandemic and were the most vulnerable occupational category.  Aim: The purpose of this literature study was to describe nurses’ experiences of caring for patients diagnosed with covid-19.   Methods: The literature study was based on eleven qualitative studies. The database search was conducted in CINAHL, PubMed and Scopus. The Fribergs Five- Step model was utilized in the analysis process. Results: The analysis resulted in three themes and eleven subthemes. The themes were: ‘A challenging work environment’, ‘Importance of support’ and ‘Impact of nursing’. Conclusion: The results of the literature study showed that nurses had different experiences of caring for patients with covid-19. These experiences were both positive and negative. Nurses' health should be prioritized, workload should be reduced and adequate amount of protective equipment should be available. The support from the employer needs to be strengthened. Further research on ways to reduce the workload is needed; to be able to provide person-centered care.

Bakgrund: Den kraftiga omorganiseringen som skedde inom hälso- och sjukvården på grund av covid-19 orsakade bland annat att operationspersonal förflyttades till andra avdelningar. Patienter som väntade på att genomgå elektiv operation drabbades då dessa ställdes in eller flyttades fram. Någon sammanställning av dessa patienters erfarenheter identifierades inte varpå en vetenskaplig kunskapslucka existerade. Syfte: Beskriva patienters erfarenheter av att få sin elektiva operation inställd eller framflyttad på grund av covid-19 pandemin. Metod: En integrativ litteraturöversikt med engelsk vetenskaplig litteratur som eftersöktes i databaserna PubMed, Scopus och CINAHL. Datan analyserades enligt en integrativ analysprocess som bestod av fyra steg. 13 artiklar inkluderades. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i tre huvudteman “Komplicerad tid där livet påverkas och influeras av acceptans”, “Informationen från sjukvården påverkar erfarenheten” och “Förvärrade symtom och oro för långsiktiga konsekvenser” med totalt nio underteman. Slutsats: Erfarenheterna som framkom påverkades av mängden adekvat kommunikation och information från hälso- och sjukvården samt om denna var direkt eller indirekt. Patienternas bakomliggande sjukdom eller tillstånd var även avgörande för erfarenheterna. Bibehållen kontakt med patienter under förseningen var primärt då föreliggande studie visade att detta kunde minska oro och förbättra erfarenheten. / Background: The major reorganization that took place in healthcare due to covid-19 caused, among other things, the transfer of operating personnel to other departments. Patients waiting to undergo elective operation were affected when these were canceled or postponed. No compilation of these patients’ experiences was identified, therefore a scientific knowledge gap existed. Aim: Describe patients experiences of having their elective operation canceled or postponed due to the covid-19 pandemic. Method: An integrative literature review with English science literature were searched for in PubMed, Scopus and CINAHL databases. The data was analyzed according to an integrative analysis process consisted of four steps. 13 articles were included. Result: The analysis resulted in three main themes: “Complicated time where life is affected and influenced by acceptance”, “Information from healthcare affects the experience” and “Deteriorated symptoms and concern for long-term consequences” with a total of nine sub-themes. Conclusion: The experiences that emerged were influenced by the amount of adequate communication and information from healthcare and whether this was direct or indirect. The patients’ underlying illness or condition was also decisive for the experiences. Maintaining contact with the patients during the delay was primary as the present study showed that this could reduce anxiety and improve the experience.

This Applied Research Project (ARP) utilized qualitative research, specifically hermeneutic phenomenology, to investigate the vital roles of chaplains in healthcare during the COVID-19 pandemic. Chaplains played a significant role in providing spiritual care to patients, their families, and staff during the pandemic. Since there were limited studies about the role of chaplains during the pandemic, this research project adds to the knowledge and resources of what is known about the role of chaplains amid the pandemic. In this qualitative study, I convened and interviewed five Board Certified Chaplains (BCC) to identify their role during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic. This research shows the different roles of chaplains, the interventions they used, the challenges they experienced, and the changes in their roles because of the pandemic. The result of this study tells us that the chaplain's role did not change; chaplains continue to provide spiritual care. What changed was the implementation of the care they provided and the shifting of their priorities.

Bakgrund: SARS-CoV-2 är ett nytt virus som framkallar infektionssjukdomen covid-19. Covid-19 är en luftvägsinfektion med risk för ett allvarligt sjukdomsförlopp som kräver omfattande och komplex omvårdnad. SARS-CoV-2 utlöste 2019 en pandemi som utmanade vården och påverkade patientsäkerheten. Patientsäkerheten är en grundpelare i sjuksköterskans omvårdnadsarbete. Bristande patientsäkerhet ökar risken för vårdskador och vårdlidande. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa hur covid-19 pandemin påverkade patientsäkerheten inom sluten vård sett ur ett sjuksköterskeperspektiv. Metod: En allmän strukturerad litteraturstudie baserat på fem kvalitativa artiklar, tre artiklar med mixad metod och en kvantitativ artikel. Resultatartiklarna analyserades enligt Popenoe et al. (2021) modell. Resultat: Sjuksköterskorna upplevde covid-19 pandemirelaterade förändringar som påverkade sjuksköterskornas arbetsmiljö och arbetssätt, vilket kunde äventyra patientsäkerheten. Förändringarna som framkom var roterande personal, ökad arbetsbelastning, resursbrist, utebliven omvårdnad, felaktig läkemedelshantering, användning av skyddsutrustning mot covid-19 och bristande kommunikation. Konklusion: Litteraturstudiens resultat visar att covid-19 pandemin innebar utmaningar i sjuksköterskans arbetsmiljö och arbetssätt som äventyrade patientsäkerheten. Sjuksköterskorna axlade det nya vårdandet med en plikt- och ansvarskänslan för sin profession, vilket bidrog till att patientsäkerheten till stor del kunde hållas intakt med ett fåtal brister. / Background: SARS-CoV-2 is a new virus that causes the infectious disease covid-19. Covid-19 is a respiratory infection with the risk of a severe disease course that requires extensive and complex care. In 2019, SARS-CoV-2 triggered a pandemic that challenged healthcare and affected patient safety. Patient safety is a cornerstone of nursing care. Inadequate patient safety increases the risk of health care injuries and suffering. Purpose: The purpose was to illustrate how the covid-19 pandemic affected patient safety in inpatient care from a nurse's perspective. Method: A general structured literature study based on five qualitative articles, three mixed method articles and one quantitative article. The articles were analyzed according to Popenoe et al. (2021) model. Results: The nurses experienced covid-19 pandemic-related changes that affected the nurses' work environment and practices, which could jeopardize patient safety. The changes that emerged were rotating staff, increased workload, lack of resources, lack of nursing care, incorrect medication management, use of protective equipment against covid-19, and lack of communication. Conclusion: The results of the literature study show that the covid-19 pandemic posed challenges in the nurses' work environment and working methods that jeopardized patient safety. The nurses shouldered the new care with a sense of duty and responsibility for their profession, which contributed to the fact that patient safety could largely be kept intact with a few shortcomings.