The ability of jurors and juries to comprehend and utilise scientific evidence in Australian criminal trials has been examined. From mock jury surveys relating to DNA profiling evidence, it was determined that most respondents were able to comprehend some basic and applied statistics, although their ability was in part related to their knowledge of English and their level of education. The point at which mock jurors were prepared to convict an accused solely on the basis of DNA profiling evidence was examined and found to be low compared with the strength of DNA profiling evidence commonly presented in Australian courts. Mock jurors also demonstrated the ability to process evidence that was presented in a Bayesian framework; commencing with prior odds, introducing new information and culminating in posterior odds. From a survey of Australian forensic scientists, including fraud investigators, it was found that most practitioners' concerns could be addressed by greater pre-trial consultation between experts and legal advocates. Improved knowledge within the legal profession concerning the jargon, principles, procedures, limitations and conclusions to be drawn from different scientific disciplines, prior to presenting this evidence in court, is recommended as the means by which complex evidence can be better adduced from expert witnesses and better presented to juries in criminal trials. Finally, from interviewing actual jurors in criminal trials in the Australian Capital Territory it was determined that where jurors' expectations of scientific evidence, particularly DNA profiling evidence, are not met, high levels of juror frustration and speculation may culminate in hung juries. The adversarial setting of criminal proceedings was also found to produce an environment in which jurors felt that information that would assist them in reaching a verdict was being deliberately withheld. The ability of the jury to ask questions and the allowed nature of those questions were also examined, with the resultant recommendation that juries be given more explicit information at the commencement of trials to inform them about their rights and obligations when asking questions.

Techn. Universiẗat, Diss., 2006--Dresden.

This dissertation consists of five chapters, each of which focuses on various aspects of the forensic discipline of Firearms and Toolmarks. This dissertation for the most part attempts to highlight the exposure of projectiles to blood and the degradation over time of the fine detail, which is necessary for microscopic examination. This study should be of interest to students and qualified role-players in forensic science, the criminal justice system, the law community and the general population globally. Chapter 1 identifies the research problem and the necessary steps that were taken to ensure that the research methodol.ogy applied is relevant and reliable. Chapter 2 focuses on various factors that have to be considered in damage to bullets and investigation procedures that should be followed to ensure that physical evidence is preserved for submitting to a forensic science laboratory. Chapter 3 investigates the degradation effects of fired bullets exposed to various materials in a laboratory environment and the timelines associated with the degradation effects. Chapter 4 evaluates the examination procedures for fired bullets and the contributing factors that may influence the striation marks on bullets needed for microscopic examination. It also examines the scientific method used for firearm identification, and explores the admissibility of physical evidence in a court of law. The final chapter, Chapter 5 discusses the findings and recommendation of this research study. / Criminology and Security Science / M. Tech. (Forensic Investigation)

Esta pesquisa analisa em perspectiva compara entre Moçambique e Brasil, a estrutura e o funcionamento das instituições do setor da administração da justiça, com ênfase nos procedimentos processuais adotados no âmbito da investigação criminal e/ou inquérito policial, e na decretação da prisão preventiva. A finalidade desta comparação é averiguar as diferenças e semelhanças, e aferir as causas das prisões arbitrárias (prisões preventivas ou provisórias com prazos esgotados). Tratou-se de investigar as estratégias no âmbito da prevenção e do combate ao crime, indagando o posicionamento das instituições governamentais, dos agentes do controle penal (Polícias, Ministério Público, Poderes Judiciários e Agentes da Ordem dos Advogados), assim como às políticas de reclusão e das organizações da sociedade civil que zelam pela observância dos direitos humanos. Em termos metodológicos, optou-se por uma abordagem qualitativa coadjuvada pelo método quantitativo numa perspectiva comparada. Os dados foram coletados por meio da utilização das técnicas de observação participante, análise documental e a revisão bibliográfica. No que respeita ao instrumento de recolha de dado foi usada a técnica de entrevista. / This research analyzes in perspective compares between Mozambique and Brazil, the structure and the functioning of the justice administration institutions sector, with an emphasis on procedures adopted in the context of a criminal investigation and/or Police investigation, and the declaring of pre-trial detention, whose purpose is to assess the differences and similarities, and assess the causes of arbitrary arrests (detention orders or interim deadlines exhausted). It was to investigate strategies within the framework of the prevention and combating of crime, questioning the placement of governmental institutions, the agents of criminal control (Police, prosecutors, Judiciary Powers and Agents of the Order of Lawyers), as well as the policies of detention and of civil society organizations that shall ensure the observance of Human Rights. In methodological terms, is qualitative approach was chosen for assisted by quantitative approach in a comparative perspective. The data were collected through the following techniques: participant observation, document analysis and the literature review. In the case of instruments for the collection of data was used to interview technique.

Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Ana Keila Mosca Pinezi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Humanas e Sociais, 2014. / Esta pesquisa pretende demonstrar como a cultura profissional dos policiais civis lotados no Departamento Estadual de Prevenção e Repressão ao Narcotráfico (DENARC) de São Paulo, responsáveis pela investigação dos delitos relacionados a entorpecentes na capital, opera no modo de atuação desses agentes em suas atividades de serviço, levando à reprodução de preconceitos sociais. Ela foi desenvolvida por meio de trabalho de campo com a realização de entrevistas semi-estruturadas, abertas, realizadas com 04 (quatro) policiais desse órgão. O texto usa como substrato teórico o conceito de estigma, proposto por Goffman (1963), a fim de entender o processo de filtragem e rotulação de acusados feito pelos policiais. O trabalho apontou que o discurso dos policiais do DENARC tende a supor que a pobreza e a marginalização são fortes fatores que levam pessoas ao envolvimento com o tráfico de entorpecentes. Dessa maneira, foi possível perceber que a investigação realizada por policiais desse departamento é fundamentada em elementos culturais que pressupõe conceitos pré-estabelecidos sobre o perfil do criminoso. Isso tem, por sua vez, um forte impacto no trato da criminalidade, neste caso, ligada ao tráfico de entorpecentes, e leva à possível redução do respeito aos direitos humanos e civis de uma parcela já marginalizada da sociedade. / This research aims to demonstrate how the professional culture of police officers crowded in the State Department of Prevention and Suppression of Drug Trafficking (DENARC) of São Paulo, responsible for the investigation of crimes related to drugs in the capital, operates in the mode of action of these agents in their activities service, leading to the reproduction of social prejudices. It was developed through fieldwork with the implementation of semistructured, open interviews with 04 (four) police that body. The text uses as theoretical basis the concept of stigma, proposed by Goffman (1963), in order to understand the process of filtering and labeling accused made by the police. This work indicates that the discourse of DENARC the police tend to assume that poverty and marginalization are strong factors that lead people to involvement in drug trafficking. Thus, it is noted that the investigation carried out by police officers of this department is founded on cultural elements that requires preestablished concepts of the criminal profile. This has, in turn, a strong impact on crime tract in this case related to trafficking in narcotics, and leads to the possible reduction of respect for human and civil rights of an already marginalized section of society.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:27:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RodrigoTS_DISSERT.pdf: 2054262 bytes, checksum: a442d5049733fd558a4becf94783b22a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-27 / The thesis, prepared with basis on deductive reasoning (through the utilization of general concepts of the fundamental rights theory) and on inductive logic (by means of the consideration of particular situations in which the theme has been approached) deals with the criminal investigation and the prohibition of anonymity in the Brazilian law system. The state criminal investigation activity presents not only a substantial constitutional basis, due to the objective dimension of fundamental rights (which imposes an obligation to protect these essential values), but also a formal constitutional basis, arising from the administrative principles of rule of law, morality and efficiency, referred to in article 37 of the Constitution. The criminal investigation, however, is not an unlimited pursuit, being restrained by the duty to consider fundamental rights that oppose to its realization. One of the limits of the state investigation activity, in the Brazilian law system, is the prohibition of anonymity, referred to in article 5?, IV, of the Constitution. This prohibition is a direct constitutional restriction to the freedom of expression that aims to ensure the credibility of the diffusion of ideas and prevent the abusive exercise of this fundamental right, which could harm both persons and the state, with no possibility of punishment to the offending party. Generally, based on this prohibition, it is affirmed that a criminal investigation cannot begin and progress founded on anonymous communication of crimes. Informations about crimes to the investigative authorities require the correct identification of the stakeholders. Therefore, it is sustained that the prohibition of anonymity also comprehends the prohibition of utilization of pseudonyms and heteronyms. The main purpose of this essay is to recognize the limits and possibilities in starting and conducting criminal investigations based on communication of crimes made by unidentified persons, behind the veil of anonymity or hidden by pseudonyms or heteronyms. Although the prohibition of article 5?, IV, of the Constitution is not submitted to direct or indirect constitutional restrictions, this impediment can be object of mitigation in certain cases, in attention to the constitutional values that support state investigation. The pertinence analysis of the restrictions to the constitutional anonymity prohibition must consider the proportionality, integrated by the partial elements of adequacy, necessity and strict sense proportionality. The criminal investigation is a means to achieve a purpose, the protection of fundamental rights, because the disclosure of facts, through the investigatory activity, gives rise to the accomplishment of measures in order to prevent or punish the violations eventually verified. So, the start and the development of the state criminal investigation activity, based on a crime communication carried out by an unidentified person, will depend on the demonstration that the setting up and continuity of an investigation procedure, in each case, are an adequate, necessary and (in a strict sense) proportional means to the protection of fundamental rights / A disserta??o, elaborada com base no m?todo dedutivo, atrav?s da utiliza??o de conceitos gerais de teoria dos direitos fundamentais, e no m?todo indutivo, mediante a considera??o de situa??es particulares em que o assunto foi abordado, trata da investiga??o criminal e da veda??o ao anonimato no sistema jur?dico brasileiro. A atividade investigat?ria criminal do Estado apresenta um fundamento constitucional substancial ou final?stico, decorrente da dimens?o objetiva dos direitos fundamentais, que imp?e um dever de prote??o eficiente a esses valores b?sicos, e outro formal ou instrumental, derivado dos princ?pios administrativos da legalidade, da moralidade e da efici?ncia, previstos no artigo 37 da Constitui??o. A investiga??o criminal, entretanto, n?o ? ilimitada, submetendo-se a restri??es decorrentes da obrigatoriedade de considera??o de direitos fundamentais que venham a contrapor-se ? sua concretiza??o. Uma das limita??es a que se sujeita a atividade estatal investigat?ria, no sistema jur?dico brasileiro, consiste na veda??o ao anonimato, consagrada no artigo 5?, IV, da Constitui??o. Tal proibi??o ? uma restri??o diretamente constitucional ? liberdade de manifesta??o do pensamento e objetiva assegurar a credibilidade da divulga??o de ideias, bem como evitar que o direito fundamental em refer?ncia seja exercido de forma abusiva, causando danos a particulares e ao poder p?blico, sem que seja poss?vel a puni??o do respons?vel. Normalmente, com base nessa veda??o, afirma-se que uma investiga??o criminal n?o pode iniciar-se ou desenvolver-se a partir de comunica??es an?nimas de il?citos. As informa??es sobre il?citos penais ao poder p?blico, para fins de investiga??o, pressup?em a correta identifica??o dos respectivos interessados. Por isso se sustenta que a veda??o ao anonimato tamb?m abrange a proibi??o do uso de pseud?nimos e heter?nimos. O objetivo principal do trabalho consiste em demarcar os limites e as possibilidades do in?cio e do desenvolvimento de investiga??es criminais com base em comunica??es de il?citos formuladas por pessoas n?o identificadas, sob o manto do anonimato, de pseud?nimos ou de heter?nimos. Embora a proibi??o do artigo 5?, IV, da Constitui??o n?o esteja sujeita a restri??es direta ou indiretamente estabelecidas pelo texto constitucional, tal veda??o pode ser alvo de interven??o em certos casos, em aten??o aos valores constitucionais que fundamentam a investiga??o do Estado. O exame do cabimento e da medida da restri??o ? veda??o constitucional ao anonimato, em prol da efetividade da investiga??o estatal, h? de concretizarse mediante o recurso ? proporcionalidade, formada pelos elementos parciais da adequa??o, da necessidade e da proporcionalidade em sentido estrito. O desempenho da atividade investigat?ria criminal ? um meio para o alcance de uma finalidade, o exerc?cio do dever estatal de prote??o a direitos fundamentais, pois o esclarecimento dos fatos, mediante a investiga??o, permite a ado??o de medidas preventivas ou repressivas em rela??o ?s viola??es eventualmente constatadas. Assim, o in?cio e o desenvolvimento da atividade investigat?ria criminal do Estado com base em uma comunica??o de il?cito formulada por pessoa n?o identificada dependem da demonstra??o de que a instaura??o e a continuidade de uma investiga??o, em cada caso, s?o meios adequados, necess?rios e proporcionais em sentido estrito para a prote??o a direitos fundamentais

Esta pesquisa analisa em perspectiva compara entre Moçambique e Brasil, a estrutura e o funcionamento das instituições do setor da administração da justiça, com ênfase nos procedimentos processuais adotados no âmbito da investigação criminal e/ou inquérito policial, e na decretação da prisão preventiva. A finalidade desta comparação é averiguar as diferenças e semelhanças, e aferir as causas das prisões arbitrárias (prisões preventivas ou provisórias com prazos esgotados). Tratou-se de investigar as estratégias no âmbito da prevenção e do combate ao crime, indagando o posicionamento das instituições governamentais, dos agentes do controle penal (Polícias, Ministério Público, Poderes Judiciários e Agentes da Ordem dos Advogados), assim como às políticas de reclusão e das organizações da sociedade civil que zelam pela observância dos direitos humanos. Em termos metodológicos, optou-se por uma abordagem qualitativa coadjuvada pelo método quantitativo numa perspectiva comparada. Os dados foram coletados por meio da utilização das técnicas de observação participante, análise documental e a revisão bibliográfica. No que respeita ao instrumento de recolha de dado foi usada a técnica de entrevista. / This research analyzes in perspective compares between Mozambique and Brazil, the structure and the functioning of the justice administration institutions sector, with an emphasis on procedures adopted in the context of a criminal investigation and/or Police investigation, and the declaring of pre-trial detention, whose purpose is to assess the differences and similarities, and assess the causes of arbitrary arrests (detention orders or interim deadlines exhausted). It was to investigate strategies within the framework of the prevention and combating of crime, questioning the placement of governmental institutions, the agents of criminal control (Police, prosecutors, Judiciary Powers and Agents of the Order of Lawyers), as well as the policies of detention and of civil society organizations that shall ensure the observance of Human Rights. In methodological terms, is qualitative approach was chosen for assisted by quantitative approach in a comparative perspective. The data were collected through the following techniques: participant observation, document analysis and the literature review. In the case of instruments for the collection of data was used to interview technique.

Esta pesquisa analisa em perspectiva compara entre Moçambique e Brasil, a estrutura e o funcionamento das instituições do setor da administração da justiça, com ênfase nos procedimentos processuais adotados no âmbito da investigação criminal e/ou inquérito policial, e na decretação da prisão preventiva. A finalidade desta comparação é averiguar as diferenças e semelhanças, e aferir as causas das prisões arbitrárias (prisões preventivas ou provisórias com prazos esgotados). Tratou-se de investigar as estratégias no âmbito da prevenção e do combate ao crime, indagando o posicionamento das instituições governamentais, dos agentes do controle penal (Polícias, Ministério Público, Poderes Judiciários e Agentes da Ordem dos Advogados), assim como às políticas de reclusão e das organizações da sociedade civil que zelam pela observância dos direitos humanos. Em termos metodológicos, optou-se por uma abordagem qualitativa coadjuvada pelo método quantitativo numa perspectiva comparada. Os dados foram coletados por meio da utilização das técnicas de observação participante, análise documental e a revisão bibliográfica. No que respeita ao instrumento de recolha de dado foi usada a técnica de entrevista. / This research analyzes in perspective compares between Mozambique and Brazil, the structure and the functioning of the justice administration institutions sector, with an emphasis on procedures adopted in the context of a criminal investigation and/or Police investigation, and the declaring of pre-trial detention, whose purpose is to assess the differences and similarities, and assess the causes of arbitrary arrests (detention orders or interim deadlines exhausted). It was to investigate strategies within the framework of the prevention and combating of crime, questioning the placement of governmental institutions, the agents of criminal control (Police, prosecutors, Judiciary Powers and Agents of the Order of Lawyers), as well as the policies of detention and of civil society organizations that shall ensure the observance of Human Rights. In methodological terms, is qualitative approach was chosen for assisted by quantitative approach in a comparative perspective. The data were collected through the following techniques: participant observation, document analysis and the literature review. In the case of instruments for the collection of data was used to interview technique.

The distance between how much normalized in the legal order and what, in fact, is materialized by the apparatus of Brazilian criminal prosecution is a serious problem to be faced. It is necessary to delimit the activity of criminal investigation, with the aim, at the same time, to ensure efficiency in the elucidation of alleged criminal acts and the observance of the rights of Brazilian citizens, removing the false idea that respect for the rights of the target of the system of criminal prosecution means impetus to impunity. Such a situation will be faced with the creation of axioms, true filters for state action during the police investigation, that allow the correct collection of evidence, capable of triggering a process free of wrongdoing. In this way, the investigation that intends to strictly follow what is outlined by the Federal Constitution and the regulative legislation must be created by law, must be presided over by impartial, impartial and disinterested authority, can only be triggered with just cause freedom, to the detriment of incarceration), must be collected and based on lawful evidence, should only admit mitigation of individual rights if it proves effective necessity, must have a strictly investigative purpose (should not serve unambiguous objectives) and should guarantee minimum internal advertising (investigated / indicted science) and external (right to information society). / A distância entre o quanto normatizado no ordenamento jurídico e o que, de fato, é materializado pelo aparelho de persecução penal estatal brasileiro é problema sério a ser enfrentado. É preciso delimitar a atividade de apuração criminal, com o fito de, a um só tempo, garantir a eficiência na elucidação dos fatos supostamente criminosos e a observância dos direitos dos cidadãos brasileiros, afastando a falsa ideia de que o respeito dos direitos do alvo do sistema de persecução penal significa estímulo à impunidade. Tão situação será enfrentada com a criação de axiomas, verdadeiros filtros para atuação estatal durante o inquérito policial, que possibilitam a correta coleta de provas, aptas a deflagrar um processo livre de ilicitudes. Nesta senda, a investigação que pretende seguir estritamente o quanto delineado pela Constituição Federal e pela legislação de regência deve ser criada por meio de lei, deve ser presidida por autoridade impartial, imparcial e desinteressada, só pode ser deflagrada com justa causa (primando-se pela liberdade, em detrimento do encarceramento), deve colher e ser baseada em provas lícitas, só deve admitir mitigação de direitos individuais caso se demonstre efetiva necessidade, deve ter finalidade estritamente investigativa (não deve servir a objetivos escusos e inconfessáveis) e deve garantir mínima publicidade interna (ciência do investigado/indiciado) e externa (direito de informação da sociedade). / São Cristóvão, SE

This thesis seeks to answer the principal question as to whether international criminal justice systems can serve as adequate truth-ascertaining forums. In doing so, it reviews the practice of three international criminal justice systems: the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) and the International Criminal Court (ICC). It is not the purpose of this research to review the black letter law adopted and applied by these international tribunals and court, but rather to review the implementation of the legal principles in practice. It is a socio-legal research project which focuses on the practice of the tribunals and court. It discusses socio-legal, institutional and political issues relating to the ascertainment of the truth in international criminal justice. In addition, it examines the gaps between the theory and practice of ascertaining the truth in the ICTY, ICTR and ICC. It does so principally by exploring the roles of the parties, participants and judges in ascertaining the truth. This includes the obstacles they face in doing so and the responses given, if any, to accommodate these difficulties. Challenges include the politicised climate of most post-conflict societies, the remoteness of the crime base areas from the seat of the Court, the lack of enforcement mechanisms and reliance on State cooperation, as well as the unfamiliarities with the cultural and linguistic features of the affected communities. This thesis reveals that these difficulties are not the principal cause of truth-searching impediments. Indeed, it is asserted that the ascertainment of the truth can be fair and effective notwithstanding these difficulties. It also demonstrates that truth-ascertaining impediments are mainly caused by failures to adequately investigate the crimes and relevant evidence. At the ICTY, investigations have been carried out in the most efficient and fair manner possible under the circumstances. By contrast, the ICTR and ICC investigations are far from adequate and should be improved. The Prosecution should make more efforts to obtain the best evidence available. It further concludes that international justice systems have set their goals too highly. Instead of seeking to meet objectives such as reconciliation, peace and security, they should restrict their focus to the question as to whether the guilt of a particular accused has been established in respect of the crimes charged.