Thesis (LLM. (Labour Law)) --University of Limpopo, 2014 / This research focuses on the application of the double jeopardy principle in labour law, section 188(1)(a (b) of the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995, (herein the LRA) which provides that the dismissal is unfair if the employer fails to prove that the reason for the dismissal is fair and was effected in accordance with a fair procedure. The first point which I would explain is the meaning of double jeopardy and whether it is applicable in labour law. The research articulates that the double jeopardy principle applies to labour law and enumerates ways it can be applied. The South African courts, in particular, the Labour Court and the Labour Appeal Court have delivered several judgements on the double jeopardy principle. These cases will be critically discussed in detail. Comparison will be made with foreign labour law jurisprudence on the double jeopardy principle, particularly in Australia and the United States of America.

No description available.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universiẗat Hannover, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 307-330).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2006. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 212-232).

<p>The International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur (Commission) began its work in October 2004 and provided its final report only three months later on 25 January 2005.2 There, it concluded, inter alia, &ldquo / that the Government of Sudan has not pursued a policy of genocide&rdquo / and that at least the central Government authorities did not act with genocidal intent.3 However, these findings would not exclude the possibility that the atrocities committed by individuals against victims were carried out with the specific intent to destroy and therefore could possibly fulfil all necessary requirements of the crime of genocide.</p>

The aim of this essay is to describe and analyse the legal complications that arise in connection with preliminary investigations involving several juvenile offenders, where all suspected persons have not attained the age of criminal liability. It is also intended to give a broad analysis of the concept preliminary investigation, with particular emphasis on juvenile offenders. It further analyses the legislation and legal complications on the basis of a rule of law perspective. The method previously used is court dogmatic, where in front law text, preparatory work, case law and legal doctrine have been used in order to present the existing sources relating to the subject matter of discussion. The criminal investigative bodies consider juvenile offenders are regulated under the Swedish RB 23 - 28 chapters, FUK and LUL. The fundamental basis used in deciding whether to commence a preliminary investigation, is that of evidence gathered and if it can be reasonably concluded that a crime has been committed under general legislation. A preliminary investigation is initiated and led by either the police authority or the prosecutor. The preliminary investigation is always led by the prosecutor in serious criminal matters. There are certain specific rules that apply when juvenile offenders become the subject of a criminal investigation. The rules applied vary dependant upon and with due regard to the age of the offenders. The age of criminal liability is a crucial and definite factor in this context, where by preliminary investigations can be initiated only against young people that have attained an age of 15 years, but not against those yet to have reached that age. Criminal investigations may however under certain circumstances be initiated against juvenile offenders that have not reached the age of 15 years, as per LUL 31§. The most significant conclusion reached is that the rule of law be applied and met when young people become subjects of a criminal investigation. A majority of the regulations contained within the legislation limit and make the investigative process problematic, particular emphasis being under the interrogation process and the use of means of compulsion. A discussion or inquiry should be entered with regard to the effectiveness of the preliminary investigative process pertaining to juvenile offenders, with a means to improving the procedure whilst maintaining rule of law.

Uppsatsen syftar till att ge en överblick över bevisprövningen i svensk praxis och doktrin. Särskilt fokus är på erkännandets roll i samband med bevisprövningen och framför allt på dess betydelse i samband med uppnåendet av beviskravet i brottmål. Huvudfrågeställningen är: Vilken betydelse har erkännandet i samband med att beviskravet anses uppnått i bevisprövningen? I uppsatsen finns även tre underfrågeställningar: Vad innebär beviskravet ställt utom rimligt tvivel inom straffprocessen? Vilken betydelse ges erkännandet i bevisprövningen? Hur ser rättsläget ut beträffande erkännandet? I uppsatsen används huvudsakligen den traditionella rättsdogmatiska metoden. Vad gäller överblicken av bevisprövningen hos våra grannländer används istället en komparativ metod då en, om än mycket begränsad, jämförelse mellan Sverige och övriga länder sker.   Idag råder i Sverige principen om fri bevisprövning, vilken stadgas i 35 kap. 1 § RB. Med detta menas att det inte finns någon begränsning vare sig gällande de kunskapskällor som får användas för att bevisa det inträffade eller gällande domarens frihet vid själva värderingen av bevisen. Inom doktrinen finns olika förslag på bevisvärderingsmetoder, och de som diskuteras oftast är temametoden, värdemetoden samt falsifiering av alternativa hypoteser. I svensk lag finns inget beviskrav för brottmål fastställt, men på 1980-talet fastslog HD att den tilltalades skuld måste vara ställd utom rimligt tvivel för att personen ifråga skall kunna fällas. Termen kan sägas vara en definition av den felmarginal som domstolarna skall hålla sig inom, att det inte finns något rimligt tvivel för att det skulle kunna vara på annat sätt än vad åklagaren påstår i sin gärningsbeskrivning. Anser domarna att det finns ett rimligt tvivel skall de istället fria.   Erkännandet regleras i kap. 35 § 3 RB och oavsett vilken typ av brott det handlar om skall rätten alltid pröva ett erkännande innan det kan läggas till grund för domen. Prövningen kan dock vara mer eller mindre omfattande, och det beror till stor del på om det är frågan om ett grovt eller ett ringa brott. Det ställs höga krav både på utredningens omfattning och på samverkande bevis för att erkännandet skall kunna läggas till grund för domen gällande grova brott. Med andra ord måste erkännandets betydelse vid allvarliga brott sägas vara relativt begränsad. Resultatet gällande de mindre allvarliga brotten verkar vara att det både är en mindre omfattande utredning och en mindre omfattande prövning av erkännandet eftersom det i vissa fall presumeras att erkännandet är riktigt.   De huvudsakliga slutsatser som kan dras är att erkännandet har betydelse för om beviskravet skall anses uppnått. Vid grövre brott krävs att erkännandet kan styrkas av annan samverkande bevisning. Den nedre gränsen för samverkande bevisning kan sägas gå vid specifika uppgifter lämnade av den tilltalade som enbart den skyldige torde kunna känna till. Erkännandets betydelse för grövre brott har definitivt minskat i samband med den fria bevisprövningens inträdande i svensk rätt och det är nog snarast i undantagsfall som erkännandet ges alltför stor betydelse. I de fall då erkännandet ändå givits stor betydelse kan konsekvenserna bli allvarliga om erkännandet exempelvis tas tillbaka. Ett aktuellt exempel på detta är Thomas Quick som efter resning precis blivit friad från en av sina morddomar på grund av att bevisningen inte längre räckte till. Vad gäller de mindre allvarliga brotten ges erkännandet dock stor betydelse eftersom erkännandet i vissa fall ensamt kan ligga till grund för domen. I kombination med mindre omfattande prövningar kan det ge osäkra domslut.

The Code of Criminal Procedure is an indispensable procedure law to a modern rule-of-law state. An accused will be tried in compliance with the procedures provided under the Code, to examine whether the constitutive elements of the alleged crime have been met and how the accused shall be punished accordingly. Under legal positivism, only guilt provided under written code corresponds to justice (¡§just-by-law¡¨); whereas under natural law, apart from ¡§just-by-law,¡¨ ¡§just-by-nature¡¨ exists from the reason of human beings. Besides domestic laws, ideologies and universal norms conforming to contemporary civilization also provide references to the implementation of the procedure. This dissertation analyzes the criminal procedure system of the People's Republic of China (¡§PRC¡¨), including the Criminal Procedure Law, first adopted in 1979 and later amended in 1996, and National Human Rights Action Plan 2009-2010 released on April 13, 2009. From the history perspective, it looks into the evolution of legal system and the development of humanism in China. It also compares the PRC¡¦s criminal procedure with other countries in modern times. Finally, through case studies, it examines the difficulty and distress of PRC¡¦s criminal procedure system. From the perspective of historical study and comparative study, different history and culture background affect a regime¡¦s understanding of criminal procedure; however, following the execution of international conventions and closer interaction among countries, economic development continuously presses on improvement of political development. Consequently, the criminal due process has become a defined human rights ideology under a rule-of-law system. Finally, from the viewpoint of New Institutionalism, this dissertation tries to discover the impact of criminal due process to the legitimacy of a political regime. The author sincerely hopes that this dissertation will benefit the Chinese people, the development of the criminal due process, and the governance of the Chinese government.

published_or_final_version / Public Administration / Master / Master of Social Sciences

Many factors such as increase of the international crime rate, establishing of the free movement amongst the countries and others have been determining the importance of the international cooperation in the penal field, the aim of which is to administer justice in the penal actions, where the legal help from the foreign countries is needed. The competence of the law-enforcement officers is limited by the territory of the Republic of Lithuania thus in such cases when investigation data, witnesses or suspect himself are located in the other country, crime was committed by the country citizen abroad, convict is hiding in the foreign country etc. the authorities of the other country are addressed for legal assistance in penal action. The grounds for legal assistance are multilateral and bilateral treaties. Sending the requests and carrying them out according the national law fulfill it. Despite the fact that the communication between the two country's authorities is regulated in many acts of legislation, there are still many gaps. For instance, there are no laid down rules (except the rules regarding the European arrest warrant) when the requests for legal assistance should be send via the Office of the Prosecutor General and in which cases – via Ministry of Justice. This and many other issues are being solved in the practice relations that arise while communicating with other countries. The analysis of communication practice can be also useful as it often uncovers the... [to full text]