Crustaceans, the most abundant group of organisms that make up zooplankton, form a critical link in the food web between primary-producing phytoplankton and planktivorous fish. Examining this link is essential in order to effectively estimate the amount of energy available to higher trophic levels. The most appropriate currency for tracking energy flow through these food webs is to measure production, or the amount of new biomass generated over a given period of time. Although measurements of primary productivity are routinely made in oceanographic studies, estimates of secondary productivity are rare due to their historical reliance on time-consuming methods. The overall objective of this thesis was to determine the factors influencing temporal variations in community-level crustacean productivity. A simplified lab experiment was used to establish a relationship between diet and chitobiase-based estimates of copepod productivity in response to single versus mixed species phytoplankton diets. In addition, the relationships between primary productivity and chitobiase-based productivity for the entire crustacean zooplankton community were examined over two years in Saanich Inlet, British Columbia, Canada. Lastly, this work determined the abiotic and biotic factors most strongly influencing crustacean productivity in the tropical Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, dominated by the microbial loop. Results from this work show that: (i) copepod populations fed a poor food item take longer to develop through early stages, have lower daily growth rates, and exhibit lower productivity than those fed a good quality food item; (ii) important variations in crustacean productivity are missed when biomass estimates, alone, are used to represent food available to higher trophic levels; (iii) relationships between primary productivity and crustacean productivity can vary interannually and are not necessarily controlled by bottom-up processes; (iv) substantial interannual variations in trophic transfer efficiency (TTE) occur even if average TTE is the same across years; and (v) community-level crustacean productivity in tropical regions dominated by the microbial food loop can be as high as, if not higher than, productivity measured in temperate regions. Ultimately, this work provides insight into how accurate productivity estimates can improve our understanding of zooplankton dynamics in both laboratory and field settings in marine ecosystems worldwide. / Graduate

Commercial farming of mud crab Scylla serrata is a significant industry throughout South East Asia. The limited scientific knowledge of mud crab nutritional requirements and digestive processes, however, is recognised as a major constraint to the future growth of this industry. To better understand the mechanisms of digestion in the mud crab we have analysed the diversity of digestive enzymes from the hepatopancreas. Significant protease, amylase,cellulase and xylanase activities were detected in soluble extracts from this organ. Temperature profiles for all enzymes were basically similar with optimal activities observed at 500C. Examination of pH tolerance revealed optimal activities for protease and amylase at pH 7.0 while optimal activities for cellulase and xylanase were observed at pH 5.5. Under optimum conditions,protease and amylase activities were approximately two orders of magnitude greater than those seen for either cellulase or xylanase. Interestingly, hepatopancreatic extracts were able to liberate glucose from either starch or carboxymethyl (CM)-cellulose suggesting that a range of carbohydrates may be utilised as energy sources. The effects of dietary carbohydrates on feed digestibility, digestive enzyme levels and growth were also studied by inclusion of additional starch or CM-cellulose at the expense of casein in formulated diets. It was shown that amylase, cellulase and xylanase activities in extracts from the hepatopancreas were highest in mud crabs fed diets containing 47% carbohydrate. Based on the findings, we suggest that the ability of the mud crab to modulate digestive enzyme activities may represent a mechanism to maximise access to essential nutrients when the dietary profile changes.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-17T14:49:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1978136 bytes, checksum: a9cd28a7bb9e6c41002d095af3139436 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The shrimp is a food well appreciated by consumers and represent important source of nutrients for the human diet. It is also a very perishable product that needs conservation treatments to maintain their freshness. Thus, the use of ionizing radiation, combined with cooling, may be a promising treatment for acting in disinfecting and increase its useful life. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different doses of ionizing radiation and lifetimes of peeled shrimp (no cephalothorax and carapace) and headless (without the cephalothorax) when combined cooling. The first step was to analyze different doses of ionizing radiation (2, 3 and 4 kGy) and storage time (10, 15 and 20 days) on the characteristics of pH, TVB, TBA and profile analysis of texture (hardness, chewiness, elasticity and cohesiveness) in headless shrimp peeled and stored at a temperature of (3±2 °C), with planning factorial of 22 full and 3 central points, totaling 7 tests. In the second step were selected the tests who maintained the best quality shrimp according to current legislation. Analyzes of moisture, protein, lipid, ash, water activity, instrumental color, cholesterol, fatty acid profile and microbiological analyzes (Staphylococcus coagulase positive (CFU/g); psychrotrophic aerobic (CFU/g) and Salmonella sp./25g) were performed. The results revealed a progressive decrease in the quality of the peeled shrimp (DCC) and headless (DCB) with the storage time, and irradiated samples maintained their quality with fifteen and twenty days of storage, while control samples have durability ten days. It was found that ionizing radiation did not influence the content of the shrimp studied (DCC and DCB). The cholesterol content presented next in all samples and the color remained of aspect of healthy shrimp. The main acid fatty saturated was palmitic (C16: 0), the monounsaturated featured was oleic acid (C18: 1 n-9) and the polyunsaturated was linoleic acid (C18: 2  6). Thus, can be detach the ionizing radiation as efficient in conserving the Litopenaeus vannamei, and that ensures the chemical composition of both types of maintenance of the physical and chemical composition of this food. / O camarão é um alimento bastante apreciado pelos consumidores e representa importante fonte de nutrientes para a dieta humana. É também um produto muito perecível que necessita de métodos de conservação para manter seu frescor. Assim, o uso da radiação ionizante, combinado com a refrigeração, pode ser um tratamento promissor por atuar na desinfecção e aumentar sua vida de prateleira. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos de diferentes doses de radiação ionizante e tempos de vida de prateleira do camarão descascado (sem carapaça e cefalotórax) e descabeçado (sem o cefalotórax) quando combinado a refrigeração. A primeira etapa consistiu em analisar diferentes doses de radiação ionizante (2, 3 e 4 kGy) e tempo de armazenamento (10, 15 e 20 dias) sobre as características de pH, BVT, TBA e o perfil de análise de textura (dureza, mastigabilidade, elasticidade e coesividade) em camarão descascado e descabeçado armazenado sob temperatura de (3±2 ºC), com o planejamento fatorial de 22 completo e 3 pontos centrais, totalizando 7 ensaios. Na segunda etapa foram selecionados os ensaios que mantiveram a melhor qualidade do camarão de acordo com a legislação vigente. Análises de umidade, proteínas lipídeos, cinzas, atividade de água, cor instrumental, colesterol, perfil de ácidos graxos e análises microbiológicas (Staphylococcus coagulase positiva (UFC/g); bactérias psicrotróficas aeróbias (UFC/g) e Salmonella sp./25g) foram realizadas. Os resultados mostraram uma diminuição progressiva na qualidade do camarão descascado (DCC) e descabeçado (DCB) com o tempo de armazenamento, sendo que as amostras irradiadas mantiveram sua qualidade com quinze e vinte dias de armazenamento, enquanto que amostras controle tiveram durabilidade de dez dias. Constatou-se que a radiação ionizante não influenciou negativamente no teor da composição química nos dois tipos de camarões estudados (DCC e DCB). O teor de colesterol apresentou-se próximo em todas as amostras e a cor permaneceu característica do camarão sadio. O principal ácido graxo saturado foi o palmítico (C16:0), o monoinsaturado em destaque foi o ácido óleico (C18:1 n-9) e o poliinsaturado foi o ácido linoléico (C18:26). Assim, pode-se destacar a radiação ionizante como eficiente na conservação do Litopenaeus vannamei, e que assegura a manutenção da composição física e química deste alimento

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:27:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:57:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

TENUTA, Laura Freire. Análise da composição centesimal e perfil de ácidos graxos e crustáceos. 2010. 49 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Engenharia de Pesca, Fortaleza-CE, 2010 / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-07-19T12:21:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_lftenuta.pdf: 1643433 bytes, checksum: 1955346111c04ce4d178d523b865b80b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-07-19T12:21:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_lftenuta.pdf: 1643433 bytes, checksum: 1955346111c04ce4d178d523b865b80b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-19T12:21:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_lftenuta.pdf: 1643433 bytes, checksum: 1955346111c04ce4d178d523b865b80b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / This study aimed to determine the chemical composition, the profile fatty acids and caloric value of three species of crustaceans of the State of Ceará. The species are the most commercialized, spiny lobster (Panulirus argus), white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), crab uçá (Ucides cordatus). The results showed high levels of moisture in Crab viscera. The meat of lobster and crab presented higher percentages of protein. The levels of total lipids were higher in lagosta.Quanto hepatopancreas of the ash, the highest values ​​were detected the head of shrimp and crab meat. The caloric value was greater found in the hepatopancreas of lobster. In meat and lobster hepatopancreas highlights are the fatty acids: palmitic, stearic, oleic. In the fraction of lipids neutral shrimp head, the four major fatty acids were linoleic, palmitic, oleic and DHA. Phospholipids in this sample, the fatty palmitic, linoleic, oleic and stearic acids were the major ones. / Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar a composição centesimal, o perfil de ácidos graxos e o valor calórico de três espécies de crustáceos do Estado do Ceará. As espécies estudadas são as mais comercializadas: lagosta espinhosa (Panulirus argus), camarão branco (Litopenaeus vannamei), caranguejo uçá, (Ucides cordatus).Os resultados obtidos demonstraram elevados teores de umidade na víscera de caranguejo. As carnes de lagosta e de caranguejo apresentaram os maiores percentuais de proteína. Os teores de lipídios totais foram maiores no hepatopâncreas de lagosta.Quanto às cinzas, os maiores valores foram detectados na cabeça de camarão e na carne de caranguejo. O maior valor calórico foi encontrado no hepatopâncreas de lagosta. Na carne e hepatopâncreas de lagosta destacaram-se os ácidos graxos: palmítico, esteárico, oléico. Na fração de lipídios neutros de cabeça de camarão, os quatros ácidos graxos majoritários foram linoléico, palmítico, oléico e DHA. Nos fosfolipídios dessa amostra, os ácidos palmítico, linoléico, oléico e esteárico foram os majoritários.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:20:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5383.pdf: 8938173 bytes, checksum: 7745ba92d6e324eb3bfdfdadb149d797 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-14 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Macrobrachium amazonicum is an endemic species in South America, which has been exploited by artisanal fisheries in northern and northeastern Brazil. The overexploitation of this species has led to the decline of its natural stocks. This scenario affects the riverine communities and the genetic status of populations of this crustacean. In this context, the aquaculture emerges as a sustainable alternative to soften this impact over the natural stocks. A molecular view of adaptations and modifications in response to environmental variables is important for understanding the biology, distribution and capacity of this crustacean to adapt to different conditions and geographic regions, either in its natural habitat or in captivity. Considering these aspects, SNPs markers within fitness-related candidate gene emerge as promising tools for selection and detection of genetic structure in natural populations and to verify their correlation with complex traits of interest in farming. In this study, the aim was to investigate SNPs in the HSC70 (70-kilodalton Heat Shock Cognate) gene under two approaches: (1) the prospection and association of SNPs to growth traits in a captive population of M. amazonicum (CAUNESP); and (2) the SNPs prospection, characterization of the variability and genetic structure of two wild stocks of M. amazonicum (Tocantins and Paracauari rivers, both in Para state). To the firsty study, were carried out an experimental performance of these prawns, undergone to two stocking densities (normal and intensification conditions). Growth traits (total and abdominal length, and total abdominal and hepathopancreas weight) and sex were determined during the harvesting. The SNPs effects on these phenotypic variables were tested in a mixed model conducted by the Proc Mixed of the SAS program. Twelve SNPs were identified. Among them, only two SNPs (C256T and T907C) and two haplotypes (H7 and H10) presented effects of interest. These effects comprised several traits, including density and population class interactions. The most important effects were found in the normal density of the farming and on females. SNPs effects were not detected in high stocking density treatment. xix So, this fact excludes the possibility of using this information to the farming intensification of M. amazonicum. However, these results consist of relevant information for the development of high performing culture lines of M. amazonicum by Marker Assisted Selection. The SNPs effects on females may indicate the involvement of the HSC70 gene in the reproductive development of the species. In the second study, 13 SNPs were characterized in the Tocantins river population and six SNPs in the Paracauari river population. No significant deviation from Hardy Weinberg equilibrium was found. However, linkage disequilibrium was detected among some pairs of SNP loci. Both stocks showed high haplotype diversity. The haplotype diversity was 0.712 and 0.596 for the Tocantins and Paracauari river populations, respectively. These values were significantly different between the populations (P ≤ 0.05). AMOVA indicated that almost all variability occurs within the populations and these stocks are not genetically differentiated (FST = -0,00048). Apparently, if based on the diversity and the absence of genetic structure information, the anthropic action has not caused drastic effects on the genetic status of these two populations of M. amazonicum. These results prove that SNP markers within HSC70 gene are useful in establishing strategies for managing breeding programs as well as programs for the conservation of the species focus of this study. / O Macrobrachium amazonicum e uma especie endemica da America da Sul que tem sido muito explorada pela pesca artesanal principalmente nas regioes norte e nordeste brasileira. A superexploracao da especie tem levado a diminuicao dos estoques naturais, afetando as relacoes socioeconomicas de populacoes ribeirinhas e o status genetico deste crustaceo. Nesse contexto, a aquicultura surge como uma alternativa sustentavel para amenizar este impacto nos estoques naturais. Uma visao molecular das adaptacoes e modificacoes em resposta as variaveis ambientais e importante para se entender a biologia, distribuicao e capacidade que este crustaceo possui para se adaptar a diferentes condicoes e regioes geograficas, quer seja em seu habitat natural ou em cativeiro. Um modo de resposta a essas situacoes e a adaptacao atraves de mudancas na composicao genetica de populacoes como resultado da selecao. Considerando estes aspectos, marcadores SNPs (Polimorfismos de Base Unica) localizados em genes candidatos relacionados ao fitness surgem como ferramentas promissoras para deteccao de selecao e estruturacao genetica em populacoes naturais, bem como para verificar a sua correlacao com caracteristicas complexas de interesse na aquicultura. No presente trabalho objetivou-se estudar SNPs no gene da HSC70 (forma constitutiva do gene da Proteina do Choque Termico de 70 kDa) em duas abordagens: (1) a prospeccao e associacao destes SNPs as caracteristicas de crescimento em uma populacao cativa de M. amazonicum (CAUNESP); e (2) a prospeccao de SNPs, caracterizacao da variabilidade e estruturacao genetica de duas populacoes naturais de M. amazonicum (rios Tocantins e Paracauari, ambos no Para). Para o primeiro estudo, desenvolveu-se um experimento de desempenho zootecnico destes camaroes, submetidos a duas densidades de estocagem (condicao normal e de intensificacao). No momento da despesca, mensuraram-se variaveis de crescimento (comprimentos total e abdominal e pesos total, abdominal e do hepatopancreas) e determinou-se o sexo dos individuos. Os efeitos dos SNPs sobre estas variaveis fenotipicas foram testados em modelo xvii linear misto, conduzidos pelo Proc Mixed do programa SAS. Dentre 12 SNPs identificados nesta populacao, houve efeito de interesse para dois SNPs (C256T e T907C) e dois haplotipos (H7 e H10), efeitos estes que compreendem varias caracteristicas de crescimento, incluindo interacoes de densidade e classe populacional. Os efeitos mais importantes foram encontrados na densidade normal de cultivo e nas femeas. O fato de nao terem sido detectados efeitos significativos de SNPs na alta densidade de estocagem neste primeiro estudo exclui a possibilidade de uso desta informacao para a intensificacao do cultivo do M. amazonicum. De qualquer maneira, estes resultados consistem de informacao relevante para aplicacao no desenvolvimento de linhagens com alto potencial de crescimento, atraves da Selecao Assistida por Marcadores. O efeito detectado nas femeas pode ser indicio do envolvimento do gene da HSC70 com o desenvolvimento reprodutivo da especie. Na segunda abordagem feita, detectouse 13 SNPs na populacao do rio Tocantins e seis na populacao do rio Paracauari. Todos os SNPs apresentaram-se sem desvios do equilibrio de Hardy-Weinberg, porem em alguns pares de locos SNPs foi detectado desequilibrio de ligacao. As duas populacoes apresentaram alta diversidade haplotipica. A diversidade de haplotipos para a populacao do rio Tocantins foi 0,712 e para a populacao do rio Paracauari foi 0,596, diferindo significativamente entre as populacoes (P ≤ 0,05). A AMOVA indicou que toda a variabilidade esta presente dentro das populacoes, fazendo com que estas duas populacoes nao estejam diferenciadas geneticamente (FST = - 0,00048). Aparentemente, baseando-se somente nas informacoes de diversidade e na ausencia de estrutura genetica, a acao antropica nao tem causado efeitos drasticos no status genetico destas duas populacoes de M. amazonicum. Estes resultados provam que marcadores SNPs localizados no gene da HSC70 sao uteis no estabelecimento de estrategias de manejo em programas de selecao genetica, bem como em programas de conservacao da especie foco deste estudo.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:27:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:57:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Uma vez introduzidos no ambiente aquático os resíduos podem ser adsorvidos por partículas orgânicas em suspensão. Dependendo da morfologia do rio e das condições hidrológicas, essas partículas são depositadas ao longo de seu curso, tornando-se parte dos sedimentos de fundo, tornando-os, muitas vezes, fonte de contaminação para a coluna dágua e para os organismos bentônicos. Na avaliação de recursos hídricos, os sedimentos têm sido um dos mais importantes indicadores do nível de contaminação de ecossistemas aquáticos, representando a deposição de contaminantes no ambiente ocorrida durante décadas. O rio Tietê corta o estado de São Paulo, porém é na região metropolitana que este sofre piores impactos. Na região de Salesópolis as águas do rio Tietê são utilizadas para abastecimento público, porém, ao atravessar a cidade de Mogi das Cruzes, a qualidade de suas águas diminui de maneira expressiva. Dada a importância do rio Tietê e dos sedimentos à biota aquática, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a toxicidade do sedimento em cinco pontos ao longo do rio Tietê, entre os municípios de Salesópolis e Suzano, São Paulo. Foram realizadas quatro coletas: duas no verão e duas no inverno. O sedimento integral foi avaliado por ensaios de toxicidade aguda e crônica com Hyalella azteca e Ceriodaphnia dubia respectivamente; o elutriato por ensaios de toxicidade crônica com C. dubia; e a água intersticial foi submetida à Vibrio fischeri. Amostras de água do rio também foram avaliadas para efeitos crônicos com C. dubia. As amostras de sedimento também foram caracterizadas quanto a presença de metais e hidrocarbonetos, buscando correlacionar os efeitos biológicos à contaminação química. Os resultados obtidos nos ensaios com sedimento integral apontam os pontos localizados nas cidades de Mogi das Cruzes (P3) e Suzano (P4) como os mais tóxicos, além de apresentarem concentrações mais elevadas de metais pesados. Os ensaios em fases aquosas do sedimento (elutriato e água intersticial) apontaram Biritiba-Mirim (P1) como um local com elevada freqüência de efeitos tóxicos e importante presença de hidrocarbonetos. O ponto P2, em Biritiba-Mirim também apresentou hidrocarbonetos. No reservatório Ponte Nova (P0) a toxicidade foi o segundo local menos freqüente. Os resultados evidenciaram um gradiente de toxicidade e contaminação que aumenta de acordo com o distanciamento do reservatório da Ponte Nova (P0) e aproximação da metrópole. / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

In 2010, the largest oil spill in U.S history occurred off the coast of Louisiana from April 20th to September 19th, when the well was declared officially sealed by the U.S Coast Guard, after releasing more than 4.4 million barrels of crude oil into the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) (McNutt et al., 2012). This spill was unique because it occurred in deep water approximately 1500 m below the ocean surface. Virtually nothing is known about the effects of oil spills on marine life in the deep sea, and there are limited data on mesopelagic and bathypelagic animals in the GOM before the Deepwater Horizon oil spill (DWHOS). The study presented here focuses on one of the most abundant and diverse groups of pelagic decapod crustaceans in the GOM – the family Oplophoridae and also includes one species from the family Pandalidae. Past studies on pelagic decapod crustaceans have been limited on both spatial and temporal scales. This study is unique because 1) it covers a large temporal range with data collected in 2011 and from 2015-2017, allowing for a more in-depth look at crustacean assemblage patterns, 2) it allows analysis of seasonality in reproduction, about which little is known for any deep-sea species, and 3) it assesses the potential effects of the Loop Current on species distribution and abundances, about which little is known. This information is important in understanding how the DWHOS may have affected the GOM ecosystem because pelagic decapod crustacean are intermediate components of the food web, and are in turn preyed upon by higher trophic levels. Unfortunately, there were little data on the mesopelagic ecosystem from this region before the spill, with the exception of a site in the eastern GOM (Standard Station, Hopkins et al., 1989; Hopkins et al., 1994). Therefore, these data, which incorporate samples taken one, five, six and seven years after the DWHOS, were analyzed with respect to year and season to determine if any trends were present. Results indicate that both biomass and abundance were significantly higher in 2011, than in subsequent years, indicating that the ecosystem has been declining since 2011. These two parameters were also lower in Loop Current water when compared to Common Water at all depths up to 1200 m, indicating that the Loop Current does have effects on deeper waters. The information obtained from this thesis will also act as a reference state for future studies in the GOM to monitor changes, or lack thereof, in the assemblage of deep-sea oplophorid and pandalid crustaceans.

No Nordeste do Brasil, o estuário do Rio São Francisco apresenta extensas áreas de manguezais (32 km2) cujos recursos são utilizados por populações humanas. Este estudo considerou a metodologia de sistemas sócio-ecológicos complexos para analisar a pesca nos manguezais desse estuário, com ênfase no caranguejo Ucides cordatus. Por meio da integração de dados de diferentes áreas (etnobiologia, levantamentos socioeconômicos, estrutura populacional do caranguejo, características da vegetação, arranjo espacial da paisagem, sensoriamento remoto e geoprocessamento) em uma análise multicritério foi determina e mapeada a aptidão dos manguezais para a conservação e a pesca dessa espécie. Uma diversidade de recursos pesqueiros do manguezal (por exemplo, peixes, caranguejos e moluscos), constitui a principal base da economia de subsistência local, em que o caranguejo U. cordatus é o mais importante. As populações locais possuem um vasto conhecimento sobre o tamanho populacional e corporal, ciclo de vida, diferenciação sexual e habitat dessa espécie, e aplicam práticas conservacionistas no uso da redinha. A estrutura populacional do caranguejo revelou um alto potencial pesqueiro, com maior abundância de caranguejos de tamanho comercial do que os de tamanho não comercial. Os manguezais mais aptos para a conservação de U. cordatus (9,4 km2) estão localizados próximos à foz e apresentam alta abundância de caranguejos não comerciais, baixa densidade de caranguejos comerciais e baixo grau de utilização para a pesca. Os manguezais mais aptos para a pesca (10,2 km2) estão distantes da foz e apresentam alta abundância de caranguejos de tamanho comercial, baixa densidade de caranguejos em tamanho não comercial, caranguejos grandes, médio a alto grau de uso e estão próximos aos povoados. Os mapas de aptidão gerados podem auxiliar as agências governamentais no delineamento de áreas extrativistas e de exclusão da pesca, como sugerido no Plano Nacional de Gestão para o Uso Sustentável do Caranguejo-uçá / In Northeastern Brazil, the São Francisco River Estuary comprises a significant mangrove area (32 km2) used by local human populations. This study considered the framework of socio-ecological systems to analyze the mangrove fishery in this estuary, with emphasis on the crab Ucides cordatus. By the integration of data from different fields (etnobiology and socio-economic surveys, crab population structure, vegetation features, landscape arrangement, remote sensing and geoprocessing) in a multi-criteria analysis, we determined and mapped the suitability of the mangroves for the conservation and fishery of this species. We found that a diversity of mangrove fisheries (e.g. fish, crabs and mollusks) constitute the main base of the local subsistence economy, wherein the Ucides cordatus is the most important. The local populations have a substantial knowledge about this crab population and body sizes, life cycle, sexual differentiation, behavior and habitat, and apply conservation practices in the use of the \"redinha\". The population structure of the crab U. cordatus revealed a high fishery potential, with higher abundance (frequency and density) of crabs in commercial size than the non-commercial sized crabs. The mangroves more suitable for the crab conservation (9.4 km2) are those close to the river mouth, showing high abundance of non-commercial crabs, low density of commercial crabs and low degree of use for fishery. On the other hand, the mangroves more suitable for the crab fishery (10.2 km2) are those located far from to river mouth, showing high density and frequency of crabs in commercial size, low density of crabs in non-commercial size, big sized crabs, medium to high degree of use, and are close to the fishery villages. The maps of suitability can aid government agencies in delineating extractive and fishery exclusion areas, as stated by the Proposal of a National Management Plan for this crab, in order to achieve a sustainable fishery

Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt die Embryonalentwicklung des Rankenfußkrebses Elminius modestus (Thecostraca: Cirripedia). Der Entwicklungsprozess wurde mithilfe unterschiedlicher Methoden wie 4D Mikroskopie, in vivo Einzelzellmarkierungen, Fluoreszenzhistochemie und konfokaler Laserscanningmikroskopie in Verbindung mit 3D Rekonstruktionen untersucht. Die Furchung von E. modestus ist total, inequal in Bezug auf die Dotterzelle und asynchron mit einem anterior-posterioren Gradienten. Der gesamte Prozess folgt einem strengen Teilungsmuster mit nur sehr geringer Variabilität. Eine davon stellt das Auftreten spiegelbildlicher Embryonen ab dem 4-Zell. Die Keimblattdifferenzierung wurde vor allem mittels in vivo Zellmarkierungen untersucht. Die Trennung der endodermalen und endomesodemalen Keimblätter erfolgt nach der vierten Furchungsteilung, die Trennung des Ectomesoderm nach der sechsten Teilung. Die Urkeimzellen sind aller Wahrscheinlichkeit nach ein Produkt der siebten Furchungsteilung der Dotterzellen (3Da und 3Dp). Im Zuge der Untersuchung konnte die Zelllinie jedes Keimblattes rekonstruiert werden, die Zellschicksale der Abkömmlinge der Quadranten wurde bis zum 16-Zell Stadium beschrieben. Das Ectoderm entspringt allen vier Quadranten, ebenso das Ectomesoderm (die letzten identifizierten Mesectoblasten sind 3A, 3B, 3C, 1drp und 1dlp). Endoderm und Endomesoderm entwickeln sich aus einzelnen Vorläuferzellen im 16-Zell Stadium (2D bzw. 2d). Das Auftreten nur eines einzelnen Endoblasten stellt eine mögliche Apomorphie aller Ecdysozoa dar. Das Vorhandensein eines einzelnen Mesendoblasten wird als mögliches Merkmal des Grundmusters aller Protostomia in Betracht gezogen. / The present work is devoted to the embryonic development of the thoracican barnacle Elminius modestus (Thecostraca: Cirripedia). The developmental process was investigated by means of different techniques like 4D microscopy, in vivo labelling, fluorescent histochemistry, and confocal laser scanning microscopy combined with 3D reconstructions. The cleavage of E. modestus is total, unequal with regards to the yolky cell, and asynchronous with an anterior-posterior gradient. The entire process appears to follow a strict pattern of divisions with very little variability, one of which includes the occurrence of mirror image embryos from the 4-cell stage on. The germ layer differentiation was mainly studied by means of in vivo labelling. The segregation of the endodermal and the endomesodemal germ layers are shown to happen after the fourth division, whereas the ectomesoderm segregates after the sixth division. The primordial germ cells are suggested to be a product of the seventh cleavage division of the yolky cells (3Da and 3Dp). During the research the cell lineage of each germ layer was established, the fates of the quadrant descendants are described up to the 16-cell stage. The ectoderm originates from four quadrants, as does the ectomesoderm (the last identified mesectoblasts are 3A, 3B, 3C, 1drp, and 1dlp). The endoderm and the endomesoderm develop from single precursors at the 16-cell stage (2D and 2d, respectively). The presence of only a single endoblastic cell, might represent an apomorphy for the entire group of Ecdysozoa. A singular mesendoblast is suggested to be a possible feature in the developmental ground pattern of all Protostomia.