European security and defence policy has developed at a significant rate since the late 1990s. As a growing field of analysis, there have been few studies to date that have explored the foreign and domestic implications of the European Union's emerging security and defence policies. This thesis seeks to assess the quality and effectiveness of the present day defence policies of the European Union through an examination of its commitment to civilian and military missions abroad. In so doing, this thesis suggests that these missions stem from a misguided belief that the promotion of human rights, democracy, and the rule of law beyond its border is the most effective means by which to achieve security within Europe. This thesis concludes that the economic and political tools available to the European Union provide a better means by which to ensure security in Europe and around the world.

European security and defence policy has developed at a significant rate since the late 1990s. As a growing field of analysis, there have been few studies to date that have explored the foreign and domestic implications of the European Union's emerging security and defence policies. This thesis seeks to assess the quality and effectiveness of the present day defence policies of the European Union through an examination of its commitment to civilian and military missions abroad. In so doing, this thesis suggests that these missions stem from a misguided belief that the promotion of human rights, democracy, and the rule of law beyond its border is the most effective means by which to achieve security within Europe. This thesis concludes that the economic and political tools available to the European Union provide a better means by which to ensure security in Europe and around the world.

European security and defence policy has developed at a significant rate since the late 1990s. As a growing field of analysis, there have been few studies to date that have explored the foreign and domestic implications of the European Union's emerging security and defence policies. This thesis seeks to assess the quality and effectiveness of the present day defence policies of the European Union through an examination of its commitment to civilian and military missions abroad. In so doing, this thesis suggests that these missions stem from a misguided belief that the promotion of human rights, democracy, and the rule of law beyond its border is the most effective means by which to achieve security within Europe. This thesis concludes that the economic and political tools available to the European Union provide a better means by which to ensure security in Europe and around the world.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:21:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2272669 bytes, checksum: 35c45f6a5e6f469e6f5a15adf678b3e2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The properties of oils and biodiesel produced from these raw materials are strongly in uenced by the composition of individual fatty acids and esters that compose them. Esters derived from saturated fatty acids have a high point of fog, high viscosity and this fact can obstruct the injectors of the engines. Esters derived from unsaturated fatty acids are less viscous, however, more susceptible to oxidation. The aim of this study is to propose a methodology that improves the thermal and oxidative stability, as well as the ow properties of biodiesel without the addition of antioxidants and antifreeze. Quaternary mixtures of vegetable oils were prepared (soybean-OSJ, cotton -OAG, jatropha-OPM, and babassu-OBB), and then transesterification of these mixtures were carried out to obtaining biodiesels. Oils and mixtures were studied by thermogravimetry (TGA) and samples which present a higher thermal stability were: OBB (335,2 oC), M4O (329,6 oC) e BM2 (204,7 oC). The oxidative induction time (PI) of oils and mixtures was measured through the PDSC, Petro-OXY and Rancimat. Among the oils with the highest OIT were the OBB and the smallest OAG, and among the mixtures that had the best and the worst OIT were M4O and M1O, respectively. The results above were corroborated by the iodine index and unsaturation content. In respect to the ow properties, all samples showed Newtonian behavior, so the M40 and OBB present the lower absolute and kinematic viscosity and higher cloud point and pour point. The synthesis of biodiesels was performed using an oil:methanol ratio, 1:3.36 moles. Among the syntheses carried out with five quaternary mixtures and four of them presented conversion in ester above 99% w/w. In General, OIT found to the biodiesels study were better than those presented in the literature for biodiesels obtained with the pure oil. / As propriedades de óleos e do biodiesel produzidos a partir dessas matérias-primas são fortemente infl uenciadas pela composião individual de ácidos e ésteres graxos que os compõem. Ésteres preparados com ácidos graxos saturados apresentam alto ponto de névoa, alta viscosidade o que propicia uma alta probabilidade de entupimento dos bicos injetores do motor. Já os ésteres de ácidos graxos que apresentam muitas insaturações são menos viscosos, no entanto, mais susceptíveis à oxidação. Em virtude disto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo propor uma metodologia para aumentar a estabilidade térmica e oxidativa, bem como melhorar as propriedades de fluxo do biodiesel sem a adição de antioxidantes e anticongelantes, respectivamente. As amostras de biodiesel foram preparadas a partir de misturas quaternárias de óleos vegetais (soja-OSJ, algodão- OAG, pinhão manso-OPM, e babaçu-OBB). A temperatura de estabilidade térmica foi medida através da análise termogravimétrica (TG). As amostras OBB (335,2 oC), M4O (329,6 oC) e BM2 (204,7 oC) foram as que apresentaram maiores temperaturas onset para óleos, misturas e biodiesels, respectivamente. O período de indução oxidativa (PI) foi medido através do PDSC, Petro-OXY e Rancimat. Dentre os óleos o que apresentou maior PI foi o OBB e o menor o OAG, nos três métodos, enquanto entre as misturas a que apresentaram o melhor e o pior PI foram a M4O e M1O, respectivamente. Os resultados foram corroborados pelo índice de iodo e teor de insaturação. Em respeito ás propriedades de uxo, todas as amostras apresentaram comportamento Newtoniano, e as amostras OBB e M4O apresentaram menor viscosidade absoluta e cinemática e maior ponto de névoa e ponto de uidez. A síntese dos biodiesels foi realizada utilizando uma razão óleo:metanol de 1:3,36 mols. Dentre as sínteses realizadas com as cinco misturas quaternárias de óleos propostas, quatro delas tiveram seus rendimentos superiores a 99% m/m e teores de ésteres em torno de 98%. Em geral, as amostras apresentaram melhores valores de PI que os descritos na literatura.

A growing number of researchers within the field of security studies address the blurring line between internal and external security. Some focus on the national level while others focus on the international level and the European Union (EU). Due to the changing nature of threat perceptions since the Cold War, many scholars hold that the distinction between internal and external security is dissolving. The aim of this study is to empirically examine how internal and external security discourses are merging within the EU Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) and how this merge is connected to the EU identity construction. This study uses a poststructuralist approach on discourse analysis of EU policies, EU council documents and speeches of the high representatives. Furthermore, an analytical framework for analyzing the merging of internal and external security discourses from an identity perspective is constructed. This study concludes that discursively constructed ”links” between internal and external security is merging the two discourses. Finally, in a co-constitutive relationship, the internal-external security nexus and the EU security identity are (re)constructing each other.

The aim of this study is to identify and assess policy preferences among European states from an empirical and theoretical angle. The focus of the empirical part will be the formulation and expression of foreign policy in France, UK, and Sweden during the processing and aftermath of the Lisbon Treaty. The overarching empirical objective is to situate the reader within the dynamics of the Common European Security and Defence (CSDP) institution in order to gain an appreciation of its main characteristics and current political trajectory. The study will then adopt a neo-functionalistic narrative when analyzing policy. This will allow the paper to test the explanatory validity of a grand theory in the CSDP, and make conclusions regarding the possibility to theoretically describe contemporary Europe. This study argues that neo-functionalism is inadequate in fully explaining the momentum of the European defence and security integration. However, this paper concludes that some aspects of the CSDP, such as the transformation from high to low politics, normative adjustments, and policy convergence, correspond with neo-functionalistic predictions.

The aim of this study is to examine the extent to which the end of the Cold War led to Europeanisation in European Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). The analysis takes into consideration previous studies on Europeanisation and its impact on the transformation of national security and defence, and attempts to account for the development of Europeanisation and related mechanisms. These mechanisms, which were described by Radaelli as framing mechanisms and negative integration, incorporate all major relevant factors identified in the thesis (i.e., a common strategic culture, new security identity, domestic political decision-making, industrial base and defence spending decline) which contribute to the realisation of the CSDP. The relevance of these factors for CSDP Europeanisation is examined through historical and empirical analysis. Furthermore, the relationship between CSDP and NATO is also explored. This approach facilitates the analysis of the debate concerning the emergence of CSDP and throws light on the political shift that led EU leaders to support CSDP. Another aspect of this study is the empirical analysis of the dynamics and limitations of the European defence sector. The changes which took place in the European defence sector facilitated the emergence of CSDP. Hence, these changes are analysed in view of globalisation issues, economies of scale, economic crises, military autonomy, new security strategy and R&D impact.

European security and defence policy has developed at a significant rate since the late 1990s. As a growing field of analysis, there have been few studies to date that have explored the foreign and domestic implications of the European Union's emerging security and defence policies. This thesis seeks to assess the quality and effectiveness of the present day defence policies of the European Union through an examination of its commitment to civilian and military missions abroad. In so doing, this thesis suggests that these missions stem from a misguided belief that the promotion of human rights, democracy, and the rule of law beyond its border is the most effective means by which to achieve security within Europe. This thesis concludes that the economic and political tools available to the European Union provide a better means by which to ensure security in Europe and around the world.

The EU has for a long time been moving towards taking more responsibility for its own security through the creation of programmes such as the Common Defence and Security Policy (CSDP) and the European Defence Fund. Increased uncertainty regarding security has caused many states to reconsider their defence arrangements, especially internationally. NATO, the long-established security provider in the transatlantic region, and the EU are seeing a greater functional overlap, which comes with a number of drawbacks. NATO is also concerned with a potential decrease in United States engagement in European security, which can ultimately lead to a so-called discontinuity challenge among the European States. Finland and Sweden have recently abandoned their military non-alignment for membership in NATO. This begs the question of why these states join NATO when they are already part of the EU’s CSDP and how these two states view the functional relationship between the EU and NATO. The study shows that both Finland and Sweden see the EU and NATO as having complementary roles and that cooperation between them should only be increased. Both organizations are seen as necessary for European security. Two of the main motivations for joining NATO are the increased aggression from Russia as well as being a way to improve relations with the US and maintain US engagement in European security. / <p></p><p></p>

Topic of this diploma work is Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) - legal aspects. CFSP is one of policie sof EU based on intergovermental cooperation in foreign relations and defence policy which includes Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). The second part of the diploma work describes history of CFSP from WW 2 to describing of Treaty on European Union (TEU). The third part of diploma work describe CFSP of EU in TEU from 90's to current wording. Main topics are instruments and institutions and voting procedure. Marginally I write something about Common Commercial Policy and Cooperation with Third States in the fourth part of diploma work. The last part of diploma work is about the CSDP and EU millitary and civil missions. The content of the work is about CFSP and related issues, therefore I write the basic information about CFSP below. CFSP (as Europian polical cooperation) was established in 70's in last century by member's states for cooperation in foreign policy. In 1992 CFSP was incorporated in TEU and built as authority of Union in second pillar. CFSP was novelised by Amsterdam Treaty and Nice Treaty and Lisbon Treaty as last novelisation. Today is cancelled the Three Pillar structure and CFSP is classified in other external action of EU. Treatment of external action is divided between...