<p>Allteftersom svenska företag utökar sina verksamheter på den globala marknaden uppstår nya möjligheter men även nya risker. De flesta länder har nu ett rörligt växelkurssystem vilket lett till att företagens valutarisker ökat. Volatiliteten på valutamarknaden har under de senaste åren ökat i omfattning vilket ökar betydelsen av fungerande valutariskhantering.</p><p>Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur vissa svenska multinationella företag hanterar sina valutarisker och om det har förändrats i tider av hög volatilitet på valutamarknaden och förändrat konjunktursläge.</p><ul><li>Hur identifierar och hanterar företag sina valutaexponeringar?</li><li>Vilka faktorer inverkar på ett företags valutariskhantering?</li><li>Förändras valutariskhanteringen vid ökad volatilitet på valutamarknaden och förändrat konjunkturläge?</li></ul><p><strong></strong></p><p>I uppsatsen har vi använt oss utav en kvalitativ metod med ett hermeneutiskt synsätt för att uppnå en djupare förståelse av ämnet och på grund utav att uppsatsens syfte kräver en metod som möjliggör för oss författare att förstå tankesättet bakom handlingarna. Vi startade med att samla in sekundärdata för att skapa en teoretisk referensram att använda som bas att utgå våra intervjuer ifrån och analysera datan.</p><p>Slutsatserna vi som uppsatsskrivare kommit fram till av studien är att den ökade volatiliteten påverkat valutariskhanteringen och intresset av valutariskhantering ute på operativ nivå i företagen ökat. Uppsatsen visar även på att det osäkra marknadsläget lett till att företagen minskat säkringsnivåerna på deras exponeringar för att undvika att bli översäkrad.</p><p>Vi anser att det vore intressant att använda sig av ett större urval företag (alternativt att fokusera branschvis) ur en längre tidsperiod. Det har även uppkommit frågor under uppsatsen gång som vi inte kunnat gå in närmare på, exempelvis hur företagen arbetar med den ekonomiska exponeringen. Även en studie som närmare undersöker IAS 39s påverkan på företagens valutariskhantering vore intressant.</p><p>Uppsatsen har bidragit till ökad kunskap om vilka faktorer som påverkar valutariskhanteringsarbetet och hur valutariskhanteringen förändras under volatila och mer osäkra förhållanden.</p><p> </p> / <p>As multinational Swedish companies extend their international operations they encounter new opportunities as well as new risks. Since most economies today has floating currency systems the currency risk for the firms also increases. During the last years substantially increased volatility on the currency market has lead to an increased importance of a functioning currency risk management.</p><p>The purpose of this bachelor thesis is to investigate how some Swedish multinational firms manage their currency risks and how they have become affected of the increased market volatility and an uncertain economic situation.</p><ul><li>How do firms measure and manage their currency exposure?</li><li>Which variables affect firms' currency risk management?</li><li>Do the firms' currencies risk management change during an increased volatility and uncertain economic situation?</li></ul><p> </p><p>In this thesis we have chosen to use a qualitative method with a hermeneutic approach to gain a deeper knowledge in the subject since our purpose demands a greater depth to understand the firms' way of thinking. We started off with gathering secondary data to create a theoretical frame of reference. The framework was later used a as support for the interviews and as well for the analysis.</p><p><strong></strong></p><p>The conclusions we as writers made of this thesis was that the increased volatility affected the currency risk management and the interest to manage currency risks has risen on an operative levels. The thesis shows that the uncertain economic situation has lead to the firms have reduced their hedging levels to avoid become over hedged.</p><p>We would find it interesting to gather data from a greater amount of firms (or focus on specific industries) during a longer period of time. Because of our limited time we couldn't explore all the questions that have come up. For an example: a study on how firms manage their economic exposure. We would also like to see a study on how IAS 39 affects firms' currency risk management.</p><p>This thesis has contributed to increased knowledge about what variables influences firms' currency risk management and how the currency risk management changes in volatile and uncertain times.</p><p> </p>

Allteftersom svenska företag utökar sina verksamheter på den globala marknaden uppstår nya möjligheter men även nya risker. De flesta länder har nu ett rörligt växelkurssystem vilket lett till att företagens valutarisker ökat. Volatiliteten på valutamarknaden har under de senaste åren ökat i omfattning vilket ökar betydelsen av fungerande valutariskhantering. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur vissa svenska multinationella företag hanterar sina valutarisker och om det har förändrats i tider av hög volatilitet på valutamarknaden och förändrat konjunktursläge. Hur identifierar och hanterar företag sina valutaexponeringar? Vilka faktorer inverkar på ett företags valutariskhantering? Förändras valutariskhanteringen vid ökad volatilitet på valutamarknaden och förändrat konjunkturläge? I uppsatsen har vi använt oss utav en kvalitativ metod med ett hermeneutiskt synsätt för att uppnå en djupare förståelse av ämnet och på grund utav att uppsatsens syfte kräver en metod som möjliggör för oss författare att förstå tankesättet bakom handlingarna. Vi startade med att samla in sekundärdata för att skapa en teoretisk referensram att använda som bas att utgå våra intervjuer ifrån och analysera datan. Slutsatserna vi som uppsatsskrivare kommit fram till av studien är att den ökade volatiliteten påverkat valutariskhanteringen och intresset av valutariskhantering ute på operativ nivå i företagen ökat. Uppsatsen visar även på att det osäkra marknadsläget lett till att företagen minskat säkringsnivåerna på deras exponeringar för att undvika att bli översäkrad. Vi anser att det vore intressant att använda sig av ett större urval företag (alternativt att fokusera branschvis) ur en längre tidsperiod. Det har även uppkommit frågor under uppsatsen gång som vi inte kunnat gå in närmare på, exempelvis hur företagen arbetar med den ekonomiska exponeringen. Även en studie som närmare undersöker IAS 39s påverkan på företagens valutariskhantering vore intressant. Uppsatsen har bidragit till ökad kunskap om vilka faktorer som påverkar valutariskhanteringsarbetet och hur valutariskhanteringen förändras under volatila och mer osäkra förhållanden. / As multinational Swedish companies extend their international operations they encounter new opportunities as well as new risks. Since most economies today has floating currency systems the currency risk for the firms also increases. During the last years substantially increased volatility on the currency market has lead to an increased importance of a functioning currency risk management. The purpose of this bachelor thesis is to investigate how some Swedish multinational firms manage their currency risks and how they have become affected of the increased market volatility and an uncertain economic situation. How do firms measure and manage their currency exposure? Which variables affect firms' currency risk management? Do the firms' currencies risk management change during an increased volatility and uncertain economic situation?   In this thesis we have chosen to use a qualitative method with a hermeneutic approach to gain a deeper knowledge in the subject since our purpose demands a greater depth to understand the firms' way of thinking. We started off with gathering secondary data to create a theoretical frame of reference. The framework was later used a as support for the interviews and as well for the analysis. The conclusions we as writers made of this thesis was that the increased volatility affected the currency risk management and the interest to manage currency risks has risen on an operative levels. The thesis shows that the uncertain economic situation has lead to the firms have reduced their hedging levels to avoid become over hedged. We would find it interesting to gather data from a greater amount of firms (or focus on specific industries) during a longer period of time. Because of our limited time we couldn't explore all the questions that have come up. For an example: a study on how firms manage their economic exposure. We would also like to see a study on how IAS 39 affects firms' currency risk management. This thesis has contributed to increased knowledge about what variables influences firms' currency risk management and how the currency risk management changes in volatile and uncertain times.

The switch from a fixed exchange rate regime to a flexible exchange rate regime seldom goes smoothly. A major reason why devaluations are so disruptive is that countries are reluctant to abandon their fixed exchange rate regimes. This “reluctance to devalue” phenomenon is one of the puzzles in international finance. This dissertation makes towards understanding this “reluctance to devalue”. First, I investigate the factors that may influence the probability of a switch from a fixed to a flexible exchange rate regime using survival models. I find that pegs have non-monotonic duration dependence. Moreover, I find that GDP growth strongly influences the probability of abandoning a peg. Second, I propose that the “reluctance to devalue” could stem from uncertainty about the control over inflation after devaluation which raises the threshold of economic pain that could convince policy makers to devalue. I develop this argument in a rules-vs-discretion theoretical framework. Empirical analysis based on survey data from Bulgaria supports this hypothesis. Given that abandoning a fixed exchange rate regime is one of the three options that are available to countries on a peg, I investigate whether a periphery country's decision to abandon its peg is impacted by a potential move to a currency union. I find that the perception of “insurance” justified by expected-bailouts in a currency union increase the support for joining a currency union. The strength of this “safety net” perception is strong despite expected negative impact of the currency union on the country’s macroeconomic indicators.

This dissertation consists of three essays in international finance. The first two essays study emerging market sovereign risk with a focus on local currency denominated sovereign bonds. The third essay examines econometric tools for robust inference in the presence of missing observations, an issue frequently encountered by researchers in international finance. / Economics

Research subject – the work analyzies currency risk, which is a new topic in Lithuanian scientific literature, it also provides currency risk management definition and classification of currency rates. It points out different currency rate risk kinds, as well as provides most popular means of nowadays‘ currency risk management. The work describes currency rate risk management model, which can be used to identify currency rate risk and its size in order to choose optimum means of currency rate risk management.

Thesis (doctoral) - Universität, Hohenheim, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 267-278).

Thesis (Ph. D. in Economics)--Vanderbilt University, Aug. 2005. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

The thesis describes questions of exchange differences in accordance with czech generally accepted accounting principles and in accordance with the International financial reporting standards. The thesis explains exchange rates used on the Czech Republic and czech accounting principles. The second part of this thesis is focused on International financial reporting standards. It makes clear what the functional currency is. It describes translation from the local currency to the functional currency and the translation from the functional currency to the presentation currency. It relates consolidated financial statement in the view of exchange differences.

This thesis aims to completely map the problem of new forms of money, called cryptocurrency. It explains the economic principles of functioning these decentralized currencies, particularly emitting (the mining), amount of fees and functioning of the payment system. The work is focused on the currency Bitcoin, for which it describes in detail its origin and development, possibility of simultaneous use (in many examples) as well as possible future scenarios of these currencies. In conclusion, the work describes role of Bitcoin in the current banking system and risks of the Bitcoin.

Diploma thesis is focused on analysis and comparison using financial derivatives to hedge currency risk. The first part of the thesis describes instruments used for hedging: forex forwards, futures contracts and currency options. Those instruments are used for back-testing in analytical part, currency crosses used for back-testing are EUR/USD, EUR/GBP and GBP/USD. The main goal of this thesis is to evaluate the posibility of using them to hedge currency risk, comparison of their efectivity and application.