[pt] O rating soberano pode ser definido como uma nota dada pelas agências de risco às obrigações do governo central de um país. Apesar do primeiro rating atribuído ao país datar de 1986, percebe-se que sua importância cresceu muito a partir de 1994, com a emissão dos brady bonds. Em teoria, as agências de ratings teriam o papel de antever acontecimentos no mercado, e conseqüentemente, seriam suas análises que influenciariam o comportamento dos mesmos; no entanto, severas críticas vêm sendo feitas no sentido de que elas apenas reagem a acontecimentos já amplamente conhecidos. Este trabalho tem, portanto, o objetivo de analisar o impacto das avaliações de risco do país emitidas por estas agências sobre o principal título da dívida externa brasileira, o c-bond. Para avaliar estes impactos, foi analisado o comportamento do spread do c-bond em períodos anteriores e posteriores às divulgações das análises destas agências. O estudo indicou que os ratings soberanos influenciam as cotações do c-bond, sendo os impactos de suas alterações mais significativas para os casos de downgrade ou rebaixamentos das notas soberanas do país. / [en] Sovereign rating can be defined as an assessment of the relative likelihood that a Government will default on its obligations. Although the first rating assigned to Brazil dates from 1986, the importance of sovereign rating increased as from 1994, by which time brady bonds were issued and begun to be actively traded. In theory, the role of credit rating would be to add new information to the market, and therefore, their analyses would influence market behaviour; however, several financial market observers have criticized them for just reacting to completely available information. This study therefore analyses the impacts of sovereign rating changes announcements on c-bond spreads. We analysed how c-bond spreads respond to the agencies´ announcements of changes in their sovereign risk assessments and our analyses indicate that the ratings changes do influence c-bond spreads, most significantly in downgrades events.

This paper aims to measure, compare and model Sovereign Risk. The risk position of South Africa compared to Emerging Markets as well as in comparison to Developed Markets is considered. Particular interest is taken in how the South African Sovereign Risk environment, and its associated determinants, differs and conforms to that of other Emerging Markets. This effectively highlights how the South African economy is similar to the Emerging Markets and where it behaves differently. Regression, optimisation techniques, dimension reduction techniques as well as Machine Learning techniques, through the use of sentiment analysis, is utilised in this research.

This thesis deals with the relationship between yield spreads on the sovereign bonds and their determinants with a primary focus on the Czech Republic. First, a homogeneous panel of Visegrad group countries (V4) was investigated by the pooled mean group (PMG) method of Pesaran et al. (1998). It was found that debt-to-gdp ratio along with VIX, the "fear gauge", are the main factors driving the spread dynamics in the V4 group. Based on the results from PMG estimation, we estimate a three-dimensional vector autoregression (VAR) model and structural VAR (SVAR) model in order to observe spread reactions on external shocks. Among the V4 group countries, Hungary exhibits the largest spread response to a VIX shock. Overall, the (S)VAR results confirmed that countries with higher levels of yields before crisis had also a stronger reaction to the market disturbances during 2007-2009. Furthermore, it was found that for the period 2010-2013, the standard model (macroeconomic fundamentals plus global risk aversion factors) provided less reliable results. As a remedy, financial soundness indicators were incorporated into the VAR model. We conclude that it is important to take into account country's financial sector vulnerabilities when describing the spread dynamics since 2010.

This dissertation consists of three essays in international finance. The first two essays study emerging market sovereign risk with a focus on local currency denominated sovereign bonds. The third essay examines econometric tools for robust inference in the presence of missing observations, an issue frequently encountered by researchers in international finance. / Economics

[pt] O presente estudo documenta a relação entre a volatilidade do risco soberano e adesão ao padrão-ouro no período clássico, entre 1870 e 1914. A aplicação do modelo econométrico de FCGARCH (ou Flexible Coefficient GARCH) evidencia que regimes de baixa volatilidade de spreads – tal como medido pela diferença entre a taxa de juros obtida pelos empréstimos soberanos no mercado londrino e a contra-partida sem risco, os consols britânicos – estiveram associados a adesão ao padrão-ouro. De forma geral, interpretase que a baixa variância gerou as pré-condições necessárias para adesão ao regime, especialmente para países da periferia. Trabalhos anteriores limitavam-se à análise do comportamento da média dos spreads quando da adesão ao regime, sem encontrar nenhum efeito significativo. / [en] This research documents the relationship between sovereign risk volatility and gold standard adherence in the classical period comprised between 1870 and 1914. The application the econometric model of FCGARCH (or Flexible Coefficient GARCH) provides evidence that regimes of low volatility of spreads – as measured by the difference between the interest rate accrued by sovereign debt floated in the City of London and its risk-free counterpart, the British consols – were associated to adherence to the gold standard. In a general manner, it is interpreted that the low variance created the necessary preconditions for gold standard adherence, specially for countries in the periphery. Earlier papers on this subject analyzed the mean spread behavior when country adopted the regime, and no significant effect was found.

[pt] O presente estudo tem por objetivo entender as variáveis que influenciaram o comportamento do Risco Soberano do Brasil no período de janeiro de 1995 a março de 2003. Para isso, usam-se os métodos estatísticos conhecidos como Regressão Múltipla e Matriz de Correlação de Pearson, assim como uma pesquisa profunda nos artigos sobre este tema. Apresenta-se como resultado do trabalho uma indicação da força que as variáveis conjunturais (nacionais e internacionais) possuem frente às variáveis econômicas (estruturais). Além disso, deixa-se como um desafio para novas pesquisas o desenvolvimento de um modelo preditivo baseando-se em Séries Temporais e nas dificuldades existentes neste trabalho. / [en] This study is designed to understand the variables that explain the Brazilian Sovereign Risk. To fulfill such an objective, statistical methods known as Multiple Regression and Pearson Correlation and analysis of many papers about this subject are employed. As result of this work, the study shows the power of external variables against economic variables to explain the behavior of Brazilian Sovereign Risk. The study shows too some economic variables that are significant to explain the behavior of Brazilian Sovereign Risk, as realized at the papers. Finally, a challenger to develop a Time Series model in order to forecast de Brazilian Sovereign Risk is placed.

Si la crise de 2008 a plongé l'économie dans une période difficile et pleine d'incertitudes, elle peut du moins se vanter d'avoir enclenché un chantier des réformes de la sphère financière. Dans un contexte où la régulation internationale relève de plus en plus du soft law, le Comité de Bâle joue un rôle important dans l’élaboration de règles permettant de construire un secteur bancaire plus sûr d’autant plus que les règles de Bâle III ont pour objectif de rétablir la confiance dans le système bancaire et financier qui fut ébranlé, mais aussi d’éviter la survenance d’une crise à l’avenir. À l’aide de règles plus strictes et d’outils innovants, la régulation est allée plus loin que par le passé. Toutefois, les dangers découlant d’un contournement des règles prudentielles par les banques sont bel et bien présents. La question de l’efficacité des stratégies de régulation prudentielle qui peut être de nouveau débordée et prise de court par une autre crise est sérieusement posée. Les réponses réglementaires arrivent généralement a posteriori, alors qu’il faudrait agir en amont. Certes, les États ont souvent porté secours à leurs banques mais ils n’auront pas forcément les mêmes moyens à chaque nouvelle crise. Dans ce contexte, les problématiques liées à l’interconnexion entre risque souverain et risque bancaire ainsi qu’aux politiques d’austérité ont été abordées, tout comme les questions concernant les agences de notations, la titrisation ou encore les partenariats public-privé qui ont entre autres été analysés. Dans un monde qui change, de nouveaux défis se présentent et un regard vers des horizons plus lointains nous a amenés à nous intéresser à la nouvelle politique de déréglementation du nouveau président des États-Unis, mais il était aussi opportun de s’intéresser aussi au Liban dont le système bancaire a réussi à échapper à la crise mondiale. De plus, le système bancaire et financier devra sans doute faire avec des phénomènes comme le « bitcoin » ou la « finance islamique », qui malgré leur fragilité, sont en développement. Finalement, la thèse vise à montrer les limites du système actuel et des mesures envisagées. / While the 2008 crisis has plunged the economy into a difficult period full of uncertainty, it can at least boast of having launched reforms of the financial sphere. In a context where international regulation is increasingly a matter of soft law, the Basel Committee plays an important role in developing rules to build a more secure banking sector, especially as the Basel III rules aim to restore confidence in the banking and financial system that was shaken, but also to prevent the occurrence of a new crisis. By means of stricter rules and innovative tools, regulation has gone further than in the past. However, the dangers arising from the circumvention of prudential rules by banks are indeed present. The question of the effectiveness of prudential regulation strategies, which may again be overwhelmed and taken aback by another crisis, is seriously raised. Regulatory responses usually come afterwards, whereas action should be taken upstream. Countries have often helped their banks, but they will not necessarily have the same resources in every new crisis. In this context, issues related to the interconnection between sovereign and banking risks and austerity policies were discussed, as were issues related to rating agencies, securitization and public-private partnerships. In a changing world, new challenges arise and a look at further horizons has led us to take an interest in the new deregulation policy of the new President of the United States, but it was also timely to take an interest in Lebanon, whose banking system has managed to escape the global crisis. Moreover, the banking and financial system will probably have to deal with phenomena such as "bitcoin" or "Islamic finance", which, despite their fragility, are developing. Finally, the thesis aims to show the limits of the current system and the measures envisaged.

[pt] O presente estudo tem por objetivo construir um modelo que permita a categorização dos fatores que geram o conceito de Risco Soberano e que defina as variáveis que compõem cada um deles. Para isso, usam-se os métodos estatísticos conhecidos como Análise Fatorial e Análise dos Componentes Principais. Apresenta-se como resultado do trabalho um modelo que é simultaneamente conciso - pelo pequeno número de variáveis que o compõem, em contraposição ao número elevado citado na literatura sobre o tema - e eficiente - uma vez que ele permite montar um Índice de Risco Soberano compatível com os ratings das principais agências internacionais e com os retornos de títulos soberanos. Utilizou-se o Coeficiente de Correlação de Postos de Spearman para proceder a comparação entre a ordenação de países pelo índice proposto e as ordenações derivadas dos ratings e dos retornos dos títulos. / [en] This study is designed to build a model which enables the categorization of factors that not only originates the concept of Sovereign Risk but also defines the variables that compound each factor. To fulfill such an objective, statistical methods known as Factor Analysis and Principal Component Analysis are employed. As result of this work, a model is presented that is simultaneously concise - given its small number of variables, in contrast to the large number of variables mentioned on the literature about this theme - and efficient - since it permits the creation of a Sovereign Risk Index that is compatible both with ratings of the major international agencies and with sovereign bond yields. In order to compare the countries ranking based on the Index to the rankings derived from ratings and bond yields, Spearman`s Ranking Correlation Coefficient is used. / [es] EL presente estudio tiene como objetivo construir un modelo que permita la categorización de los factores que generan el concepto de Riesgo Soberano y que defina las variables que lo componen. Para eso, se utilizan conocidos métodos estadísticos como Análisis Factorial y Análisis de Componentes Principales. Como resultado del trabajo se presenta un modelo que es simultáneamente conciso - por el pequeño número de variables que lo componen, en contraposición con el elevado número que es citado en la literatura sobre el tema - y eficiente - una vez que permite montar un Índice de Riesgo Soberano compatíble con los ratings de las principales agencias internacionales y con los retornos de títulos soberanos. Se utilizó el Coeficiente de Correlación de Spearman para comparar el orden de países por el índice propuesto y el orden derivado de los ratings y de los retornos de los títulos.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2016-11-17T12:54:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Flávia Raquel Mattes_.pdf: 1077169 bytes, checksum: 8f39dae946a312e96c8e6a7ce0ae12c7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-17T12:54:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Flávia Raquel Mattes_.pdf: 1077169 bytes, checksum: 8f39dae946a312e96c8e6a7ce0ae12c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-15 / Nenhuma / O presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar e classificar as cláusulas restritivas dos contratos de emissões de debêntures, verificando as alterações destas cláusulas e as influências do cenário de elevação de risco, mensurado pelo rating soberano brasileiro, apresentado na data de emissão das debêntures. Adicionalmente, verificar as estruturas dos covenants e mecanismos utilizados para a mitigação de risco nas emissões e determinar quais os covenants contábeis e financeiros mais utilizados nos dois períodos de risco estabelecidos. Para estudar estas alterações, foram verificados os contratos de emissões de debêntures emitidas no período de 01/01/2011 até 31/03/2016, de emissões com registro na CVM e na modalidade ICVM 400. Após a coleta de dados realizada, foi formada uma base de dados com 49 escrituras de emissões e 1.883 cláusulas restritivas, organizadas em 2 grupos de acordo com o rating soberano apresentado na data de emissão da escritura de debêntures. Foram utilizadas técnicas de estatística e análise qualitativa mediante a leitura e classificação dos covenants de todas as escrituras, prospectos, atas de assembleia de debenturistas e relatórios de agentes fiduciários. Os resultados do estudo demonstram que no período de maior risco os emissores apresentam dificuldades em cumprir os covenants financeiros e manter o rating apurado pelas agências classificadoras no início do contrato, resultando em eventos de inadimplementos e descumprimento dos covenants, nos quais os debenturistas e os emissores efetuaram acordos com pagamento de prêmios adicionais de risco e repactuações visando garantir a continuidade dos contratos até o vencimento, em detrimento de exigir o pagamento antecipado da dívida. Após a análise proposta e dos resultados, de acordo com o objetivo do estudo, foi possível demonstrar que o risco soberano não causa impacto como alterações estruturais nos covenants e no nível de restritividade dos covenants contábeis, embora as alterações de risco tenham consequências econômicas na captação de investimentos para as empresas. / The present study aims to analyze and to classify the covenants of debenture issuance contracts, assessing the main changes of such terms and the influences of the increasing risk scenario, measured by the Brazilian sovereign rating, submitted on the date of issuance of the debentures. In addition, it analyses covenant structures and mechanisms used for risk mitigation in issuing and determining which accounting and financial covenants are the most used in both risk periods established. In order to study these changes, the debentures contracts issued in the period between 01/01/2011 to 03/31/2016 were analyzed, registered with the CVM and CVM Instruction 400. After collecting data, it was formed a database with 49 issuing scriptures and 1.883 covenants, organized into 2 groups according to the sovereign rating displayed on the date of issuance of debentures. Statistical techniques and qualitative analysis were used by reading and rating of the covenants of all scriptures, prospectuses, debenture holder’s meeting minutes and trustees reports. The findings showed that it was during the greatest period of risk when issuers had difficulties to meet financial covenants and to maintain the rating determined by the rating agencies at the beginning of the contract, resulting in defaults events and noncompliance with the covenants in which the debenture holders and issuers agreed with payment of additional premiums of risk and renegotiations to ensure the continuity of contracts to maturity, to the detriment of demanding early repayment of debt. Upon completion of the proposed methodology and results analysis, according to the purpose of the study, we could demonstrate that sovereign risk has no impact as structural changes in the covenants and restrictive level of financial covenants, although the risk of changes have economic consequences in attracting investment for companies.

This master dissertation aim to chart the genesis and trends of the recent banking regulations in the context of the dynamic events which have occurred on the financial markets from year 2008, first of all in the framework of sovereign risk regulation. On the base of analyze these processes try to find solutions how to improve the banking regulations.