In algorithmic computing, the program follows a predefined set of rules – the algorithm. The analyst/designer of the program analyzes the intended tasks of the program, defines the rules for its expected behaviour and programs the implementation. The creators of algorithmic software must therefore foresee, identify and implement all possible cases for its behaviour in the future application! However, what if the problem is not fully defined? Or the environment is uncertain? What if situations are too complex to be predicted? Or the environment is changing dynamically? In many such cases algorithmic computing fails. In such situations, the software needs an additional degree of freedom: Autonomy! Autonomy allows software to adapt to partially defined problems, to uncertain or dynamically changing environments and to situations that are too complex to be predicted. As more and more applications – such as autonomous cars and planes, adaptive power grid management, survivable networks, and many more – fall into this category, a gradual switch from algorithmic computing to autonomic computing takes place. Autonomic computing has become an important software engineering discipline with a rich literature, an active research community, and a growing number of applications.:Introduction 5 1 A Process Data Based Autonomic Optimization of Energy Efficiency in Manufacturing Processes, Daniel Höschele 9 2 Eine autonome Optimierung der Stabilität von Produktionsprozessen auf Basis von Prozessdaten, Richard Horn 25 3 Assuring Safety in Autonomous Systems, Christian Rose 41 4 MAPE-K in der Praxis - Grundlage für eine mögliche automatische Ressourcenzuweisung, in der Cloud Michael Schneider 59

Industry 4.0 is a new generation of manufacturing based on robotics, automation and new trends in ICT. It was for the first time introduced at the Hannover Fair in 2011 and has been part of the European, German and Czech discourse since then. This Master thesis deals with the topic of Industry 4.0 in the Czech Republic and assesses to what extent the concept is coming to the Czech Republic as a result of a top-down (EU) or horizontal (Germany) Europeanization. The thesis came to the conclusion that there are two perceptions of Industry 4.0. One is narrow and deals with the industrial policy and the other is broad and deals with society wide implications of the fourth industrial revolution. The debate about Industry 4.0 in the Czech Republic is mainly a result of a horizontal Europeanization based on bilateral agreements and close cooperation between Germany and the Czech Republic in the area of R&D, innovations and business. However, the top-down Europeanization cannot be neglected as the EU provides much broader context where Industry 4.0 is taking place. Moreover, Industry 4.0 gave a new impetus to the digital economy and society in the Czech Republic. It turned into agenda 4.0 and moved forward the debate about digital skills.

Critical infrastructures (CIs) distributing water, oil, gas, electricity, etc., to community residents and businesses, leverage cyber-physical systems (CPSs) to supervise and control the physical processes that these services entail. Over recent decades, these systems have moved to implement more modern IT-resembling solutions using Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Systems (SCADA) for increased reliability, scalability, and remote connectivity. This change exposes these highly critical systems to new threats and vulnerabilities. One approach to mitigate the risks faced by these systems is to perform analysis on digital representations in the form of digital models or digital shadows of the CPSs. However, this is not a trivial task in practice. These practical issues are explored in this design science research through the development of a guidance process to perform the data collection necessary to create a static digital model of a small-scale power grid CPS in Sweden. The results show that it is possible to gather information on the CPS components through the four approaches: SCADA system exports, documentation information, CLI scripting, and network scanning. While the artefact presented in this report demonstrates these results, challenges still remain such as a lack of SCADA export tools, reaching the SCADA network with scanning tools in a responsible manner, and accessing insights into the complete documentation held by the organisations. The researcher suggests these topics for future research directions.

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The power grid has changed a great deal from what has been generally viewed as a traditional power grid. The modernization of the power grid has seen an increase in the integration and incorporation of computing and communication elements, creating an interdependence of both physical and cyber assets of the power grid. The fast-increasing connectivity has transformed the grid from what used to be primarily a physical system into a Cyber- Physical System (CPS). The physical elements within a power grid are well understood by power engineers; however, the newly deployed cyber aspects are new to most researchers and operators in this field. The new computing and communications structure brings new vulnerabilities along with all the benefits it provides. Cyber security of the power grid is critical due to the potential impact it can make on the community or society that relies on the critical infrastructure. These vulnerabilities have already been exploited in the attack on the Ukrainian power grid, a highly sophisticated, multi-layered attack which caused large power outages for numerous customers. There is an urgent need to understand the cyber aspects of the modernized power grid and take the necessary precautions such that the security of the CPS can be better achieved. The power grid is dependent on two main cyber infrastructures, i.e., Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) and Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI). This thesis investigates the AMI in power grids by developing a testbed environment that can be created and used to better understand and develop security strategies to remove the vulnerabilities that exist within it. The testbed is to be used to conduct and implement security strategies, i.e., an Intrusion Detections Systems (IDS), creating an emulated environment to best resemble the environment of the AMI system. A DoS flooding attack and an IDS are implemented on the emulated testbed to show the effectiveness and validate the performance of the emulated testbed. / M.S. / The power grid is becoming more digitized and is utilizing information and communication technologies more, hence the smart grid. New systems are developed and utilized in the modernized power grid that directly relies on new communication networks. The power grid is becoming more efficient and more effective due to these developments, however, there are some considerations to be made as for the security of the power grid. An important expectation of the power grid is the reliability of power delivery to its customers. New information and communication technology integration brings rise to new cyber vulnerabilities that can inhibit the functionality of the power grid. A coordinated cyber-attack was conducted against the Ukrainian power grid in 2015 that targeted the cyber vulnerabilities of the system. The attackers made sure that the grid operators were unable to observe their system being attacked via Denial of Service attacks. Smart meters are the digitized equivalent of a traditional energy meter, it wirelessly communicates with the grid operators. An increase in deployment of these smart meters makes it such that we are more dependent on them and hence creating a new vulnerability for an attack. The smart meter integration into the power grid needs to be studied and carefully considered for the prevention of attacks. A testbed is created using devices that emulate the smart meters and a network is established between the devices. The network was attacked with a Denial of Service attack to validate the testbed performance, and an Intrusion detection method was developed and applied onto the testbed to prove that the testbed created can be used to study and develop methods to cover the vulnerabilities present.

<p dir="ltr">In the context of a Human-in-the-Loop (HITL) system, the accuracy of reachability analysis plays a significant role in ensuring the safety and reliability of HITL systems. In addition, one can avoid unnecessary conservativeness by explicitly considering human control behavior compared to those methods that rely on the system dynamics alone. One possible approach is to use a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) to encode human control behavior using the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm. However, relatively few works consider the admissible control input ranges due to physical limitations when modeling human control behavior. This could make the following reachability analysis overestimate the system's capability, thereby affecting the performance of the HITL system. To address this issue, this work presents a constrained stochastic reachability analysis algorithm that can explicitly account for the admissible control input ranges. By confining the ellipsoidal confidence region of each Gaussian component using Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP), we probabilistically constrain the GMM as well as the corresponding stochastic reachable sets. A comprehensive mathematical analysis of how the constrained GMM can affect the stochastic reachable sets is provided in this work. Finally, the proposed stochastic reachability analysis algorithm is validated via an illustrative numerical example.</p>

Indoor localization remains an open problem in geolocation research, and once this is solved the localization enables counting and tracking of building occupants. This information is vital in an emergency, enables occupancy-optimized heating or cooling, and assists smart buildings in tailoring services for occupants. Unfortunately, two prevalent technologies---GPS and cellular-based positioning---perform poorly indoors due to attenuation and multipath from the building. To address this issue, the research community devised many alternatives for indoor localization (e.g., beacons, RFID tags, Wi-Fi fingerprinting, and UWB to cite just a few examples). A drawback with most is the requirement for those being located to carry a properly-configured device at all times. An alternative based on computer vision techniques poses significant privacy concerns due to cameras recording building occupants. By contrast, ILoViT research makes novel use of accelerometers already present in some buildings. These sensors were originally intended to monitor structural health or to study structural dynamics. The key idea is that when a person's footstep-generated floor vibrations can be detected and located then it becomes possible to locate persons moving within a building. Vibration propagation in buildings has complexities not encountered by acoustic or radio wave propagation in air; thus, conventional localization algorithms are inadequate. ILoVIT algorithms account for these conditions and have been demonstrated in a public building to provide sub-meter accuracy. Localization provides the foundation for counting and tracking, but providing these additional capabilities confronts new challenges. In particular, how does one determine the correct association of footsteps to the person making them? The ILoViT research created two methods for solving the data association problem. One method only provides occupancy counting but has modest, polynomial time complexity. The other method draws inspiration from prior work in the radar community on the multi-target tracking problem, specifically drawing from the multiple hypothesis tracking strategy. This dissertation research makes new enhancements to this tracking strategy to account for human gait and characteristics of footstep-derived multilateration. The Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University's College of Engineering recognized this dissertation research with the Paul E. Torgersen Graduate Student Research Excellence Award. / Ph. D. / Indoor localization remains an open problem in geolocation research, and once this is solved the localization enables counting and tracking of building occupants. This information is vital in an emergency, enables occupancy-optimized heating or cooling and assists smart buildings in tailoring services for occupants. Unfortunately, two prevalent technologies—GPS and cellular-based positioning—are ill-suited here due to the way a building’s weakens and distorts wireless signals. To address this issue the research community devised many alternatives for indoor localization. A drawback with most is the requirement for those being located to carry a properly-configured device at all times. An alternative based on computer vision techniques poses significant privacy concerns due to cameras recording building occupants. By contrast, ILoViT research makes novel use of a mature sensor technology already present in some buildings. These sensors were originally intended to monitor structural health or to study structural dynamics. The key idea behind this unconventional role for building sensors is that when a person’s footstep-generated floor vibrations can be detected and located then it is possible to locate persons moving within a building. Vibration propagation in buildings has complexities not encountered by acoustic or radio wave propagation in air; thus, conventional localization algorithms designed for those applications are inadequate. ILoVIT algorithms account for these conditions and have been demonstrated in a public building to provide sub-meter accuracy. Localization provides the foundation for counting and tracking, but providing these additional capabilities confronts new challenges. In particular, how does one determine the correct association of footsteps to the person making them? The ILoViT research created two methods for solving the data association problem. One method only provides area occupancy counting but has modest complexity. The other method draws inspiration from prior work in the radar community on the multi-target tracking problem, and the dissertation research makes new enhancements to account for human gait and footstep-based localization. The Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University’s College of Engineering recognized this dissertation research with the Paul E. Torgersen Graduate Student Research Excellence Award.

Volatile markets and the integration of products into cyber physical systems state new challenges for companies. Especially products with long development times are more difficult to design since the quality of market forecasts decreases and the rate of change increases. It becomes necessary to continuously develop products and implement smaller changes according to current market trends to keep them attractive and remain able to offer them at a competitive price. To manage the challenging market development, companies need to increase their flexibility. Therefore, the product family and the production system must be redesigned together to facilitate the implementation of unpredictable product changes in the product family and the corresponding production system. This paper presents a case study conducted at a German car manufacturer, which is used to derive criteria for the comparison of modular product concepts in terms of flexibility from a product development and production perspective.

Företags framtid ligger i dess egna händer; beroende på hur väl de anpassar sig till nya förutsättningar i alla dess former så kommer vissa att överleva medan andra går i graven. Under flera hundra år har utvecklingen inom industrin medfört att företag kommit och gått. Idag står vi enligt flera inför randen till en ny teknisk era med en fjärde industriell revolution som följd, Industri 4.0. Vi har en evolution mot en mer automatiserad tillverkningsindustri där allt fler moment sker utan en människas händer bakom spakarna. Industri 4.0 ses av många som en vision om hur framtiden kommer att se ut inom tillverkningsindustrin. Många av de idéer samt teknik som finns inom denna vision går att ta del av redan idag och möjligheterna till att förbereda sig för framtiden finns redan och det gäller att så snabbt som möjligt börja ställa om för detta. I takt med att industrin och dess konkurrens förändras kommer kraven på kvalité öka samtidigt som tillverkningen måste blir mer resurseffektiv. Området är mycket viktigt att belysa då det är ett nytt område där det tidigare inte skett mycket forskning. Att belysa detta område kan även komma att inspirera andra till ytterligare studier inom området och främja utvecklingen för fler företag än endast fallföretaget i denna studie: HordaGruppen. Syftet med studien har varit att inledningsvis få en förståelse för vilka tankar och idéer om framtiden som finns inom industrin idag för att senare kunna testa lösningar baserade på dessa idéer på några befintliga problem inom HordaGruppen, vars verksamhet finns inom plastindustrin. Lösningarna kan ses som de första stegen mot Industri 4.0 för att underlätta för företaget ifråga inför en framtida utveckling och ger även företaget möjlighet att börja samla in data kring processen, vilket i framtiden ger företag som HordaGruppen en fördel gentemot konkurrenter som påbörjar sin omställning senare. Utgångspunkten för studien har varit en kvalitativ studie med aktionsforskning och fallstudie som angreppsätt. Fallstudien har utförts genom en intervju med John Lejon, affärsutvecklare på HordaGruppen och en öppen diskussion med produktionsledare Valdet Berisha angående maskinen som är fokuserad på. Data till studien har erhållits genom artiklar skrivna inom området samt en intervju med grundaren till ett stort statligt projekt i Tyskland, Philipp Ramin, där de startat ett innovationscentrum för Industri 4.0. Resultatet i rapporten är att med hjälp av dagens teknik går det att ta de första stegen mot visionen Industri 4.0. All teknik finns självklart inte, men med hjälp av den teknik som finns idag kan olika företag inom tillverkningsindustrin dra fördelar av att starta omställningen mot Industri 4.0 redan idag. / The future of industry is in companies own hands. Today we are going to a more automated manufacturing industry where human beings are less involved and it is more crucial than ever before to adapt to new changes in the industry and technology. Internet of things and cyber physical systems are becoming a bigger part of our lives. This case study on HordaGruppen is focused on how HordaGruppen from the plastic industry can develop with some ideas from the vision Industry 4.0 in order to ensure the quality of the product. Most of the technology needed for Industry 4.0 is available today and there is no reason not to start using it. The study will introduce to Industry 4.0 and the basic ideas that the vision stands for and then try to define and solve some problems within one machine in one of their plants. The results presented in this study shows that using sensors and other technology available today you can take the first steps towards Industry 4.0.

Modéliser et simuler (M&S) un système cyber-physique (SCP) peut nécessiter de représenter des éléments provenant de trois domaines d'expertise à la fois : systèmes physiques, systèmes d'informations et réseaux de communication (IP). Le simulateur universel disposant de toutes les compétences nécessaires n'existant pas, il est possible de regrouper des modèles issus des différentes communautés, à l'aide d'un multi-modèle. Les défis sont alors 1) intégrer toute l'hétérogénéité du multi-modèle (formalismes, représentations, implémentations), 2) intégrer des modèles IP de façon à ce qu'ils soient en capacité de représenter le transport de données applicatives produites par des modèles externes et 3) les intégrer de façon à ce qu'ils puissent se compléter, pour représenter ensemble les réseaux IP parfois hétérogènes d'un SCP. Pour parvenir à répondre à ces défis, nous nous inscrivons dans la continuité des travaux de M&S autour de MECSYCO, une plateforme de co-simulation basée sur la notion de wrapping DEVS. Nous proposons de définir un cadre général pour réussir à wrapper en DEVS des modèles IP, avec 1) une structuration des différents niveaux de problèmes pour l'intégration de modèles IP dans une co-simulation (délimitation des objectifs et contraintes du wrapping), et 2) une proposition de stratégie de wrapping DEVS de modèles IP et leurs simulateurs. Nous évaluerons notre approche à travers la démonstration de l'intégration de deux simulateurs IP populaires, et d'exemples concrets de M&S de SCP (avec notamment une interconnexion de modèles entre NS-3 et OMNeT++/INET, et une application industrielle utilisée par EDF R&D) / Modeling and simulation (M&S) of cyber-physical systems (CPS) can require representing components from three expertise fields: physics, information systems, and communication networks (IP). There is no universal simulator with all of the required skills, but we can gather and interconnect models provided by the communities, with a multi-model. The challenges are 1) integrating all heterogeneities in a multi-model (formalisms, representations, implementations), 2) integrating IP models in a way enabling them to represent the transport of application data produced by external models, and 3) integrating IP models in a way enabling them to complete each other, to be able to represent CPS heterogeneous IP networks. In order to meet these challenges, we relied our solution on the works around MECSYCO, a co-simulation platform based on the DEVS wrapping principle. We propose to define a comprehensive framework enabling to achieve DEVS wrapping of IP models, with 1) a structuration of different issue levels when integrating IP models in a co-simulation (goals and constraints of the wrapping) and 2) a proposition of a DEVS wrapping strategy for IP models and their simulators. We propose some evaluations of our approach, through the integration of two popular IP simulators, and concrete examples of CPS M&S (inter alia, with an example of a models interconnection between NS-3 and OMNeT++/INET, and an industrial application used by EDF R&D)