We are currently in the midst of significant changes in the road transport system, including the transformation to fossil-free propulsion and the shift to higher levels of automation. The next level in automation is soon upon us and is encompassed by the broader term Connected, Cooperative and Automated Mobility (CCAM) which is relevant for the entire transportation system. The introduction of CCAM has the potential to contribute significantly to crucial UN Sustainable Development Goals. For the automotive domain, the term Automated Driving Systems (ADS) is often used for highly automated vehicles. Notwithstanding the expected positive effects and the extraordinary efforts, highly automated driving systems are still not publicly available except in pilot programs. The increased complexity in the higher automation levels can be ascribed to the shift from fail-safe operator support to fail-operational systems that assume the operator's role, utilising new sensors and algorithms for perception and the reliance on connectivity to solve the problem task. Here the solution is also the problem, i.e. complex systems. The complexity of the systems and difficulties in capturing a complete practical description of the environment where the systems are intended to operate pose difficulties in defining validation procedures for ADS technologies' safety, security, and trustworthiness. Parallel to traditional safety issues, there is now a need to consider the quality of cybersecurity, e.g. due to external communication and environmental sensors being susceptible to remote attacks. A security problem may enable a hacker to incapacitate or fool an ADS resulting in unsafe behaviour. In addition to malicious misuse, the development of environment sensing has to consider functional insufficiencies of the employed sensor technologies. Therefore, both safety and security and their interplay must be addressed in developing the solutions. The first step in gaining public confidence in the technologies involved is to raise user awareness. Therefore there is a need to be transparent and explicit on the evaluation targets and the associated supporting evidence of safe and secure ADS. An assessment of safety and security properties performed by an independent organisation can be an essential step towards establishing trust in ADS solutions, bridging the gap between the marketing portrayal and the actual performance of such systems in operating conditions. This licentiate thesis contributes towards the overall goal of improving the assessment target and the associated supporting evidence of a safe and secure ADS in the automotive domain by (1) assessing requirements for safety, security and their interplay on key enabling technologies, (2) introducing an argument pattern enabling safety, security and interaction overlap to be jointly addressed, (3) proposing a method that enables assessment of security informed safety an independent agency.

Various factors dissuade women from the field of cybersecurity. Educational interventions are needed to mitigate the negative effects of stereotypes and low perceived self-efficacy and help girls gain interest in learning about cybersecurity. This thesis focuses on an intervention targeted to increase teenage girls' interest and self-efficacy in cybersecurity: the Cybermatics Playable Case Study. Findings from a mixed-methods study in which a focus group was conducted with 7 middle school girls, interviews were conducted with 2 high school girls, and pre- and post- simulation survey was collected from all 9 participants reveal tensions between enjoyment and frustration in the girls' experience with Cybermatics and their desire for both autonomy in completing tasks and the availability of help when needed. Almost all of the study participants indicated that their experience with the Playable Case Study made them more interested in cybersecurity and feel more confident in their ability to do well in a cybersecurity class, although the quantitative data revealed considerable complexity in the girls' perceptions of these constructs and significant lack of prior knowledge of cybersecurity. Quantitative survey data illustrates correlations between successful completion and enjoyment of the simulation, interest, and self-efficacy. Qualitative data from the focus group and 2 individual interviews shed light on what may be the simulation's greatest benefit: giving exposure to cybersecurity to teen girls in a way that is interesting and provides an accurate portrayal of the work of a security analyst.

There is a growing need for at-home healthcare and real-time monitoring in elderly care. The increase in elderly and chronically ill patients causes the need forhigh-demand services in healthcare. There is a lack of research regarding the elderly and technology in general. The Internet of Things provides several advantages and functionalities which could be applied to the healthcare domainand provide invaluable services. Healthcare revolves around confidential patient information which raises skepticism about the natural heterogenous devices and network infrastructure IoT relies upon in terms of security and privacy. This research aims to identify the impact of IoT and how privacy is included in the field of cybersecurity in Sweden's elderly care. Researchers, security experts, and IT departments may utilize the research to evaluate the advantages and issues of realizing IoT in elderly care. The research is based upon a systematic literature review, the data were acquired and collected using three different index services. The services were ACM digital library, IEEExplorer, and ScienceDirect. The acquired articles were then analyzed using thematic coding based on the user-centric aligned McCumber Cube framework. This provided relevant themes based on the framework and relevant articles to the research aim. In total, the review provided 47 articles, divided into three themes that connected nine categories. When the thematic coding had been applied, the study could provide feasible answers to the research aim. The study showed that privacy aligns with cybersecurity and personal information, it was barely accounted for in personal communication and behavior.

While most Swedish citizens take advantage of the numerous benefits and conveniences today’s digitalized society offers, many senior citizens are digitally excluded. It is considered that a lack of digital technological knowledge is a big contributing factor. The lack of knowledge and experience with digital technology manifests into different types of fear, where fear of falling victim to cybercrime is the most prevalent. Phishing is a common cybercrime, which is still successfully employed by cybercriminals regardless of the various security measures and information available. Senior citizens are especially vulnerable, as phishing can be hard to recognize for less technical people. To combat this, education designed for increasing a user’s cybersecurity awareness is crucial. However, as cybersecurity can be a complex topic, there is a need for simplifying it and delivering related education in a meaningful way. This is where the method ContextBased MicroTraining (CBMT) comes in. For this thesis, a browser add-on called WebSec Coach, which utilizes the CBMT framework, is used as a tool to investigate how CBMT can support Swedish senior citizens in increasing their cybersecurity awareness regarding phishing. This was examined by conducting semi-structured interviews with eight respondents, from the age of 65 and up, that possessed some level of previous computer literacy. The results were then analyzed using thematic analysis, which showed that CBMT implemented in an embedded learning tool, like WebSec Coach, increased the cybersecurity awareness regarding phishing for all respondents. Regardless of the small sample size, the results in combination with previous research point to CBMT being a directly effective method in increasing cybersecurity awareness. Furthermore, the results showed that all respondents perceived WebSec Coach positively and were interested in using it themselves after the interviews. This indicates a potential acceptance amongst senior citizens, provided that the application reaches that target group.

This study aims to investigate college students' security awareness of using social media in sharing information. The two theories that have guided this study are the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and the technology acceptance model (TAM). Data was collected from both undergraduate and graduate students from the University of North Texas (UNT) in Denton. The total responses included 380 students from different majors with 291 valid responses for data analysis; The structural equation model (SEM) Lavaan package was used to find out the best fit of the model. A diagonally weighted least squares (DWLS) was used to model the variables as ordinal in this study's analysis as ordinal data made the model fit substantially. The study found that 6 factors: attitude (AB), subjective norm (SN), perceived behavior control (PBC), perceived usefulness (PU), perceived risks (PR), and security awareness (SA) influenced behavior intention (BI). Also, I found that AB was influenced by PR and SA, as well as SN influenced by SA. Self-efficacy (SE) influenced PBC. On the other hand, the study found that controllability (C) did not influence PBC; perhaps, an individual's skills do not interact with social media security settings. Perceived ease of use (PEOU) did not influence BI; perhaps this occurred because of an individual's inability to prevent his or her information from being disclosed in the future, even if they had taken the right precautions. This study contributed to literature on understanding the nature of information sharing among college students on social media. The results may help college security professionals to evaluate or revise the rules and policies regarding cybersecurity and privacy.

<p dir="ltr">The purpose of this qualitative case study was to describe how multi-cloud and cloud-based air gapped system security breaches occurred, how organizations responded, the kinds of data that were breached, and what security measures were implemented after the breach to prevent and repel future attacks. Qualitative research methods and secondary survey data were combined to answer the research questions. Due to the limited information available on successful unauthorized breaches to multi-cloud and cloud-based air gapped systems and corresponding data, the study was focused on the discovery of variables from several trustworthily sources of secondary data, including breach reports, press releases, public interviews, and news articles from the last five years and qualitative survey data. The sample included highly trained cloud professionals with air-gapped cloud experience from Amazon Web Services, Microsoft, Google and Oracle. The study utilized unstructured interviews with open-ended questions and observations to record and document data and analyze results.</p><p dir="ltr">By describing instances of multi-cloud and cloud-based air gapped system breaches in the last five years this study could add to the body of literature related to best practices for securing cloud-based data, preventing data breach on such systems, and for recovering from breach once it has occurred. This study would have significance to companies aiming to protect secure data from cyber attackers. It would also be significant to individuals who have provided their confidential data to companies who utilize such systems. In the primary data, 12 themes emerged. The themes were Air Gap Weaknesses Same as Other Systems, Misconfiguration of Cloud Settings, Insider Threat as Attack Vector, Phishing as Attack Vector, Software as Attack Vector, and Physical Media as Attack Vector, Lack of Reaction to Breaches, Better Authentication to Prevent Breaches, Communications, and Training in Response to Breach, Specific Responses to Specific Problems, Greater Separation of Risk from User End, and Greater Separation of Risk from Service End. For secondary data, AWS had four themes, Microsoft Azure had two, and both Google Cloud and Oracle had three.</p>

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The increasing dependence on digital infrastructure leaves individuals, societies and even nations vulnerable in the case of a cyberattack. To prepare for threats and attacks, cyberattacks be simulated in environments called cyber ranges. CYBER RANGE AND TRAINING ENVIRONMENT (CRATE), Sweden's cyber range, is an example of such an environment. This environment is sophisticated and complex, but challenges remain for the operatives in how to interpret the multitude of information items that are produced during a simulation. An emerging field of study is the study of situational awareness in the cyber domain, which describes how an operative can render an accurate mental picture, which enables for quick assessment and decision-making in a situation where a multitude of data or information items are involved. An integral part of situational awareness is effective visualization. Visualization can form the linkage in the human-computer interaction and has been demonstrated in other industries and fields to facilitate situational awareness. However, the linkage between situational awareness and visualization in the unique context of a cyber range was a new topic of study. This thesis aim was to provide insight and advance the knowledge of visualization for situational awareness in the unique context of the cyber range CRATE. Conclusively, in the development of a visualization software, the abstraction levels and time frame of the information items collected should be considered. Each information item is of different relevance depending on both the operative's role and in which time frame through which the information is analyzed. A visualization technique that recognizes the abstraction level and the time frame increases the situational awareness for the operative conducting the simulation because it renders both an estimation of critical core processes, current events that are unfolding and enables for the future projection of events.

The data generated by interconnected technologies has to be protected. Passwords are used to protect many different systems and are considered an essential part of cybersecurity. The system often permits the user to select their password, where the user becomes partly responsible for the security. Selecting a predictable, common, or easily guessed password is considered a human error that affects the security of the system. Security mechanisms are often enforced by websites to try to prevent users from creating weak passwords. However, predictable and weak passwords are still used. This study examines the security and usability of password user interfaces with a qualitative approach including a systematic literature review, where the data is analysed with thematic analysis and evaluation of websites with usability testing. The objective is to provide security and usability recommendations based on previous research and users' opinions. The result identifies successful criteria features, feedback features, and usability features that can be implemented in the user interface. In addition, the usability testing results discover usability issues present on commonly used websites. The study concludes that seven security and usability features are necessary in the password user interface when the aim is to encourage users to create secure passwords.

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