The thesis deals with the evaluation of indoor environment cab passenger car, with a focus on thermal comfort of passengers. The theoretical part contains the fundamentals of heat transfer, analysis of the aspects affecting human thermal comfort and its assessment methods. A brief description of the ventilation and air conditioning systems used in passenger cars is mentioned. The practical part includes numerical simulations of indoor environment, in selected driving modes and at different climatic conditions. Results of simulations lead to evaluation the status of the internal environment in terms of thermal comfort.

In today’s rapid development in world and globalization, transportation had become an important aspect in life. People transport through means of air, water and land. This made drastic increase of transportation and as a result the pollution levels are increased and so does the deaths due to accidents. So, the world is fighting to reduce the pollution and deaths due to accidents. In case of pollution, more refined engines, hybrid vehicles, electric vehicles and in recent hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are introduced where this leads to minimum or zero air pollution and as a result pollution emitted from vehicles will be reduced. In case of deaths due to accidents, they are reduced by adding more safety features and increasing the quality of the vehicles. Even after these improvements, accidents do happen around the globe and lives are lost due to it. Now even after an accident happens on road, there are chances that a passerby or cameras inform to the concerned authorities and then emergency services will be reached to the accident spot in no time. In case of air accidents, there are maximum chances of the flight landing on the ground safely and emergency services reach as soon as possible and in rare cases the plane explodes and we can’t help during those times. Now coming to ship accidents, they happen far from the land, even though there will be lot of time for the ship to sink in water in worst cases but the emergency services takes much time to reach them as the accident spot will be far from land. So, considering these factors lifeboats are installed in the ships and the passengers are evacuated from ship with the help of lifeboats. But the main problem even after lifeboat is, panic among the passengers; they fight for occupying the lifeboats and this creates chaos situation and as a result more lives are lost. Hence the solution to this problem is discussed in this thesis. The solution to this problem is building the passenger rooms or cabins in such a way that, they can be uninstalled from the ship and safely land on to the water and act as a lifeboat. In this case the passengers can go back to their allotted rooms and can be safe inside without any chaos. Hereby it can be concluded that with the help of this solution, the marine industry can develop economically and also people will board into ships without any fear of them drowning in the water.

Several studies indicate that the cabin of buses is the micro-environment in urban public transport where commuters might be the most exposed to black carbon. Black carbon functions as an indicator of air pollution, which is shown to have harmful impacts on the human body and because it may lead to cancers, systemic inflammation, and cardiovascular diseases, it is listed as one of the top causes to premature deaths, globally. This makes it important to understand what mechanisms there are to the elevated levels of pollutants in urban buses, and by performing mobile in-cabin measurements of black carbon concentrations during 55 bus trips in the public transport system of Stockholm, this study have tried to assess the influences from using different types of fuel, self-contamination, meteorological conditions and driving factors. Although concentrations showed large variability both spatially and temporally, idling at intensely trafficked bus stops showed an average increase of concentrations by 42% compared to the overall average. The risk of allowing increased number of pollutants at bus stops increases with idling for longer time and having the doors open meanwhile.

The aim of the diploma thesis was the conceptual design of a service lift driven by the rigid chain. The introduction part focuses on a general description of lifts and existing issues. The following chapters contain the created lift design, construction of important design elements and functional calculations. In the conclusion, evaluation compared with hydraulic lifts and evaluation of speed of the lift, starting and braking to exact stop are performed.

<p>Too high levels of noise lead to various health problems and cost society billions of SEK peryear. In this thesis we have examined a model of the A40E articulated hauler at VolvoConstruction Equipment in Braås. We have tried to reduce cabin noise in an articulated hauler,while also providing a way on how to proceed with a machine when the cabin does not measureup to the sound requirement. The best way to find leaks were with a reference source of model4205 and its speaker HP 1001 from Brüel & Kjaer in the cab and then walk around and listen towhere the reference source was more prominent. In this way, we found that the edges and theplugs were sensitive areas. We managed to reduce cabin noise 2.77 dB(A) at 1900 rpm, byisolating certain areas with glass wool. We have also looked at how certain areas individually canreduce cabin noise. We concluded that the isolation of the following areas gave the bestresponse: Cabin ceiling, cabin floor, cabin door, window edges around the dashboard, torpedowall.</p>

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Mechanical Engineering / Steven J. Eckels / Byron W. Jones / Poor air quality in commercial aircraft cabins can be caused by volatile organophosphorus (OP) compounds emitted from the jet engine bleed air system during smoke/fume incidents. Tri-cresyl phosphate (TCP), a common anti-wear additive in turbine engine oils, is an important component in today’s global aircraft operations. However, exposure to TCP increases risks of certain adverse health effects. This research analyzed used aircraft cabin air filters for jet engine oil contaminants and designed a jet engine bleed air simulator (BAS) to replicate smoke/fume incidents caused by pyrolysis of jet engine oil. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) with X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and neutron activation analysis (NAA) were used for elemental analysis of filters, and gas chromatography interfaced with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to analyze used filters to determine TCP isomers. The filter analysis study involved 110 used and 74 incident filters. Clean air filter samples exposed to different bleed air conditions simulating cabin air contamination incidents were also analyzed by FESEM/EDS, NAA, and GC/MS. Experiments were conducted on a BAS at various bleed air conditions typical of an operating jet engine so that the effects of temperature and pressure variations on jet engine oil aerosol formation could be determined. The GC/MS analysis of both used and incident filters characterized tri-m-cresyl phosphate (TmCP) and tri-p-cresyl phosphate (TpCP) by a base peak of an m/z = 368, with corresponding retention times of 21.9 and 23.4 minutes. The hydrocarbons in jet oil were characterized in the filters by a base peak pattern of an m/z = 85, 113. Using retention times and hydrocarbon thermal conductivity peak (TCP) pattern obtained from jet engine oil standards, five out of 110 used filters tested had oil markers. Meanwhile 22 out of 74 incident filters tested positive for oil fingerprints. Probit analysis of jet engine oil aerosols obtained from BAS tests by optical particle counter (OPC) revealed lognormal distributions with the mean (range) of geometric mass mean diameter (GMMD) = 0.41 (0.39, 0.45) [mu]m and geometric standard deviation (GSD), [sigma][subscript]g = 1.92 (1.87, 1.98). FESEM/EDS and NAA techniques found a wide range of elements on filters, and further investigations of used filters are recommended using these techniques. The protocols for air and filter sampling and GC/MS analysis used in this study will increase the options available for detecting jet engine oil on cabin air filters. Such criteria could support policy development for compliance with cabin air quality standards during incidents.

Too high levels of noise lead to various health problems and cost society billions of SEK peryear. In this thesis we have examined a model of the A40E articulated hauler at VolvoConstruction Equipment in Braås. We have tried to reduce cabin noise in an articulated hauler,while also providing a way on how to proceed with a machine when the cabin does not measureup to the sound requirement. The best way to find leaks were with a reference source of model4205 and its speaker HP 1001 from Brüel &amp; Kjaer in the cab and then walk around and listen towhere the reference source was more prominent. In this way, we found that the edges and theplugs were sensitive areas. We managed to reduce cabin noise 2.77 dB(A) at 1900 rpm, byisolating certain areas with glass wool. We have also looked at how certain areas individually canreduce cabin noise. We concluded that the isolation of the following areas gave the bestresponse: Cabin ceiling, cabin floor, cabin door, window edges around the dashboard, torpedowall.

Master of Science / Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering / Byron W. Jones / Airline cabins represent an indoor environment in which the spread of particles or contaminants is of interest due to the large number of passengers and distances they travel. In fact, hundreds of millions of passengers travel each year spending extended periods in close proximity to one another. This close proximity causes concern about the spread of disease and contaminants amongst passengers. These passengers move from region to region of the world increasing the potential for worldwide epidemics. In an effort to understand the aircraft cabin environment and the dispersion of fine particles, an experimental study was conducted. The cabin used for the experiments is a simulated Boeing 767-300 with eleven rows, each comprised of seven seats. The particles release occurred in a short burst in all the seats across the second row simultaneously. This design focused on the longitudinal dispersion of particles throughout the cabin. The particles from this release had corrected aerodynamic diameters between 0.87 and 1.70 micrometers. The collection and analysis of data took place based on five criteria. The first analysis focused on the total particle counts at 27 locations throughout the cabin. The second analysis made use of a reference location for each of the tests and presents the exposure in each of those locations as a fraction of the reference during the same test. The third analysis centers its attention on the transient behavior as the particles were counted at various locations. The forth and fifth types of data analysis focus on the time required for each tested location to reach either 100 total particle counts or ten percent of the total seen at that location during that test. The tests show the regions close to the source experience higher levels of exposure, less time to reach the time limits, and higher levels of variation from test to test. The locations farther from the source show lower exposure levels, longer times to reach the limits, and less variation from test to test. This indicates the variations close to the source stem from the chaotic nature of the airflow rather than from irregularities of the dispersion system. The data agree well with previous work and suggest further studies would improve the understanding of the aircraft cabin environment and the spread of airborne particles and contaminants.

Notre recherche s’inscrit dans le domaine du génie industriel. Elle porte sur l’amélioration de l’habitabilité de l’habitacle de l’automobile de demain. Cette étude met en évidence l’influence de la conception de l’habitat sur la conception de l’habitacle de l’automobile. L’objectif de ce travail est de proposer un outil destiné à aider le concepteur de l’automobile à introduire les principes de la construction architecturale de l’habitat dans la conception de l’habitacle de l’automobile pour améliorer son habitabilité. Dans notre démarche expérimentale nous avons adopté des principes de la méthode d’analyse des tendances conjointe comme les mappings et les planches de catégorisation. Cette démarche montre que les concepteurs de l’automobile ont orienté leur démarche vers l’intégration de plus en plus de principes de la construction architecturale de l’habitat dans la conception de l’habitacle des concept-cars. L’enquête que nous avons effectuée auprès des architectes et des designers nous a confirmé que l’habitat et l’automobile partagent les mêmes critères de l’habitabilité. Aussi, elle nous a affirmé l’impact positif des principes de la construction architecturale de l’habitat sur l’amélioration des critères de l’habitabilité dans l’espace de l’habitacle automobile. Notre recherche ouvre des perspectives pour analyser l’impact des autres secteurs d’influence comme l’aéronautique et l’électronique sur la conception de l’automobile. Aussi, elle montre l’importance de l’analyse de l’impact de la conception de l’automobile sur la conception de l’habitat du futur. / The research field of this work is Industrial Engineering. This paper presents a study made to improve tomorrow’s automobile cabin habitability. It is focused on showing the influence on car-interior design by today’s home-interior design. The objective of this work is to propose a tool intended to help automobile designers to introduce home architectural construction principles into the car’s cabin design to improve its habitability. In our experimental phase we adopted principles of the method of analysis of the joint tendencies such as mappings and boards of categorization. This step showed that car designers have been increasingly using the home architectural construction principles on the car’s cabin conception design. Our research took into account the opinion of experts in both areas: architecture and design. In this way, we can be certain that the home and the automobile share the same criteria of habitability. We could also confirm that home architectural principles have a positive impact on the improvement of the habitability criteria in space design of the automobile’s cabin. This work opens a research line to analyze the influence of different areas in automobile design, such as aeronautics and electronics. This study can also show the inverse perspective of how car design can eventually have an impact on the future home design.

Master of Science / Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering / Mohammad H. Hosni / Each year millions of people travel by commercial aircrafts. The Bureau of Transportation Statistics indicates that about 600 million passengers fly each year in the United States and, of those, roughly 350,000 are international travelers. This number of travelers leaves commercial airliners potentially vulnerable to biological contamination and makes the transmission of diseases a serious threat. The spread of SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) and H1N1 (swine flu) are examples of documented cases. Consequently, considerable research has been and continues to be conducted to study and understand particulate transport mechanisms and dispersion behavior inside aircraft cabins to develop means for detecting, controlling, and removing contaminants from aircraft cabins and to find methods for preventing the aircraft from being used for intentional contaminant deployment. In order to develop means to monitor and control air quality, infectious disease transmission, and particulate transport inside aircraft cabins, an experimental study was conducted to determine the best sensor placement locations for detection and to identify the number of sensors needed to accurately track air quality incidents within a cabin. An 11-row mockup, intended to be representative of a typical wide-body aircraft, was used for the research. The mockup interior is based on the actual dimensions of the Boeing 767 aircraft cabin. Inside the mockup cabin, actual aircraft equipment including seats and air diffusers were used. Each row has seven passenger seats. Particulates were released from different locations in the second row of the mockup cabin. The transported particles were then collected at six different locations in the lateral direction. The best location to place a sensor was defined as the location having the strongest signal (maximum number of particles collected) or the fastest detection time. After determining the best location in the lateral direction, particles were collected at the same location, but in different rows to estimate the differences between the signal strength and the delay time in detecting the signal from row to row. For the later investigation, the particulates were released in Row 2 and in Row 6 as well. For the six locations examined, it was found that the best location for the placement of a sensor in the 11-row mockup in the lateral direction is on the centerline near the cabin floor. Longitudinally, it was found that a sensor may be used for detecting particulates in the same row as the release and a row in front and in back of the release location. For the mockup cabin, a total of 4 sensors was recommended to monitor particulate releases in the 11 row mockup cabin, each of these sensors separated by two rows.