Alfred Jackson was an enslaved African American born on The Hermitage plantation (outside Nashville, Tennessee) of President Andrew Jackson around 1810, and lived most of his life on the plantation. Staff from The Hermitage wished to better understand and interpret lifeways of those once enslaved on the plantation, but the date of construction of Alfred’s Cabin first had to be determined. Was it built when Alfred was enslaved or was a freedman? We extracted nearly 100 core samples from eastern red cedar logs used to construct the cabin. Of these, 39 cores were used to develop a master tree-ring chronology for the cabin. Crossdating of the Alfred’s Cabin chronology was accomplished using an eastern red cedar chronology developed by the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory Tree- Ring Laboratory at Columbia University in Palisades, New York. The 39 series from Alfred’s Cabin resulted in a high-quality master tree-ring chronology, with an average inter-series correlation of 0.66 and an average mean sensitivity of 0.28. Graphical (skeleton plot and line plot) comparison and statistical crossdating with COFECHA anchored the Alfred’s Cabin chronology firmly between 1749 and 1842 (r = 0.45, n = 94 yrs, t = 4.83, p < 0.0001). Cutting dates of these 39 trees ranged from 1841 to 1843. This latter date indicates that the final trees used to construct the cabin were harvested in spring or early summer of 1843, with final construction of Alfred’s Cabin occurring soon after.

Increasing concern about energy consumption and thesimultaneous need for an acceptable thermal environment makesit necessary to estimate in advance what effect differentthermal factors will have on the occupants. Temperaturemeasurements alone do not account for all climate effects onthe human body and especially not for local effects ofconvection and radiation. People as well as thermal manikinscan detect heat loss changes on local body parts. This factmakes it appropriate to develop measurement methods andcomputer models with the corresponding working principles andlevels of resolution. One purpose of this thesis is to linktogether results from these various investigation techniqueswith the aim of assessing different effects of the thermalclimate on people. The results can be used to facilitatedetailed evaluations of thermal influences both in indoorenvironments in buildings and in different types ofvehicles. This thesis presents a comprehensive and detaileddescription of the theories and methods behind full-scalemeasurements with thermal manikins. This is done with new,extended definitions of the concept of equivalent temperature,and new theories describing equivalent temperature as avector-valued function. One specific advantage is that thelocally measured or simulated results are presented with newlydeveloped "comfort zone diagrams". These diagrams provide newways of taking into consideration both seat zone qualities aswell as the influence of different clothing types on theclimate assessment with "clothing-independent" comfort zonediagrams. Today, different types of computer programs such as CAD(Computer Aided Design) and CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics)are used for product development, simulation and testing of,for instance, HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning)systems, particularly in the building and vehicle industry.Three different climate evaluation methods are used andcompared in this thesis: human subjective measurements, manikinmeasurements and computer modelling. A detailed description ispresented of how developed simulation methods can be used toevaluate the influence of thermal climate in existing andplanned environments. In different climate situationssubjective human experiences are compared to heat lossmeasurements and simulations with thermal manikins. Thecalculation relationships developed in this research agree wellwith full-scale measurements and subject experiments indifferent thermal environments. The use of temperature and flowfield data from CFD calculations as input produces acceptableresults, especially in relatively homogeneous environments. Inmore heterogeneous environments the deviations are slightlylarger. Possible reasons for this are presented along withsuggestions for continued research, new relationships andcomputer codes. Key-words:equivalent temperature, subject, thermalmanikin, mannequin, thermal climate assessment, heat loss,office environment, cabin climate, ventilated seat, computermodel, CFD, clothing-independent, comfort zone diagram. / <p>QCR 20161027</p>

Panama for many decades has been characterized for its privileged geographic position, biodiversity, modern city, economic development, and its success attracting tourists. Panama figures indicate that the tourism and hospitality industries are growing at impressive rates. In the next few 4 years, worldwide international tourist arrivals is expected to grow by the year 2020 to 1.4 billion and by the year 2030 is expected to reach 1.8 billion. Success in the international tourism industry has had also a positive impact in the Hospitality Industry. Accordingly, by 2018 the Hospitality industry is expected to reach a global retail value of 553.8 Billion. Currently out of those millions of tourists, in 2016 Panama attracted over 1.9 million tourists. Important to consider is that this new millennial tourists come with a new mindset, and are looking for new Eco-friendly hospitality options. As it has been stated by the World Travel and Tourism Organization: “The new millennium and the coming decades are a crucial time for the relationship between travel and tourism and sustainable development. The need to preserve the world’s inherent assets for future generations is becoming an imperative goal not only for travel and tourism, but also for all other industries that use the earth’s natural resources.” Consequently Panama is currently facing a shortage in Eco-friendly focused accommodations, and we are currently facing a rising demand of tourists who are looking for affordable Eco-friendly accommodation. Interestingly, Panama through the Ministry of Tourism has been building its infrastructure to promote Eco-tourism. Within our isthmus we offer activities such as: snorkeling, diving, hiking, camping, bird watching, whale watching, zip line tours, rain-forest tours, rock climbing, sailing with dolphins, swimming with sea turtles, white water rafting among others. Therefore due to the increasing number of tourists entering our country, Panama shortage of Eco friendly accommodations, and our well suited infrastructure for Eco-tourism activities, we have a great business opportunity to capitalize in. In our continuous endeavor to have a positive impact on caring the environment while displaying Panama to the world, we are joining efforts in order to start an Eco-friendly hospitality business. Our business model wants to full-fill the current demand for Eco- friendly, self-sustainable, and affordable accommodations. The lodge is expected to be located in Gatun which is characterized by dense forests, fresh air, beautiful lake scenery, hiking trails, the Panama Canal locks, and peace-full environment. We have chosen this location due to its proximity with Panama Canal Gatun locks, Gatun Lake, Rio Chagres, its biodiversity and the fact that there is no Eco-friendly lodges in this area. Therefore, due to the high influx of tourist in Panama, the multiple activities as well as comfortable accommodations we offer, we are confident our Eco lodge will enjoy high occupancy rate. In the initial construction phase, the lodge will consist of 4 main cabins, which will be completely constructed with recycled products such as Reused maritime shipping containers, refurbished furniture's, in addition, we will construct our cabins in harmony with nature and our cabins will run 100% with solar energy. We are not only offering an Eco-friendly, and low carbon foot print option for tourists, we will also offer tours that allow our guests to explore the beauty of Panama. Including the visit to the Gatun locks, bird watching trails, kayaking in the lake, getting to know local culture, exiting adventures on the Chagres River, and connecting with nature. Our main sources of revenue will be from hospitality services, and touristic attraction services. Accordingly, our main expenses recall on the acquisition of land, equipment and construction of cabins and monthly salary and maintenance expenses. In order to evaluate this project, we have calculated a project duration of 10 years with a 10% discount rate. We will begin the project in 2019, and break even on July 2023. The initial total Capital investment will be of $220,000.00 and we will generate with yearly incomes average $60,000.00 and a NPV of +$195,656.55.

Grandes avanços têm sido alcançados com as técnicas de análise de segurança dos sistemas essenciais de navegação e performance das aeronaves resultando na diminuição das taxas de acidentes ao longo dos últimos anos. O Relatório de Segurança de 2017 da EASA (European Agency Safety Aviation) apresenta um relevante aumento do número de acidentes não fatais. Este resultado positivo leva ao aumento das evacuações de emergência. O Relatório de Segurança de 2016 da IATA (International Air Transport Association) mostra que em 35% dos acidentes com sobreviventes em Jatos e 55% dos acidentes com sobreviventes em turbo hélice ocorreram com evacuação de emergência. Diante deste cenário, a confiabilidade humana torna-se relevante na interface destes passageiros com o projeto de segurança da cabine durante o procedimento de evacuação de emergência. Para avaliar as características e a contribuição desta interface no sucesso do procedimento de evacuação, é proposta uma metodologia para a análise da interação humana com este sistema estabelecendo um diagrama causal genérico com o objetivo de estudar o mecanismo do erro humano nesta interface. A metodologia proposta utiliza a abordagem das Redes Bayesianas apoiada pela lógica Fuzzy para modelar os Fatores de Desempenho Humano e para verificar, através da diagnose e inferência causal, quais fatores mais influenciam o desempenho humano na execução das tarefas neste ambiente de emergência. Esta pesquisa apresenta uma aplicação da metodologia proposta para analisar as tarefas do ensaio de evacuação de emergência de uma aeronave, focando na quantificação do erro humano na interface com o projeto de segurança da cabine da aeronave. Os resultados da aplicação identificaram o fator situacional: cartão de segurança, marcas na asa e escorregadores, e os fatores individuais: conhecimento e habilidades: interpretação e percepção como aqueles que mais influenciaram no teste do procedimento de evacuação de emergência de uma aeronave. / Great advances have been achieved with the safety assessment techniques of essential aircraft navigation and performance systems due to decreasing of fatal accident rates in recent years. The EASA Annual Safety Report 2017 (European Agency Safety Aviation) presents a relevant increase of non-fatal accidents. This positive results leads to increasing of emergency evacuation. The IATA Safety Report 2016 (International Air Transport Association) presents that 35% of survival accidents with Jet and 55% of survival accidents with Turboprop occurred with emergency evacuation. In view of this scenario, human reliability becomes relevant in the interface of these passengers with the cabin safety design during emergency evacuation procedure. To evaluate this interface features, and the contribution of this interface in the success of evacuation procedure, it is proposed a method for analyzing the human interaction within the system, to establish a generic causal framework aiming at the study of the human error mechanism. The proposed methodology uses the Bayesian Networks approach supported by Fuzzy logic for modelling Human Performance Factors and for verifying, through diagnosis and causal inference, which factors most influence human performance in the execution of tasks in this emergency environment. This research presents an application of this approach to analyze the tasks of the emergency evacuation testing from an aircraft, focusing on the quantification of human error in the interface with aircraft cabin safety design. The results of application has identified the situational factor: safety card, marks on the wing and escape slides, and the individual factors: knowledge and abilities: interpretation and perception as one those most of influenced the emergency evacuation test procedure from an aircraft.

One of the key requirements of fifth generation (5G) systems is having a connection to mobile networks without interruption at anytime and anywhere, which is also known as seamless connectivity. Nowadays, fourth generation (4G) systems, Long Term Evolution (LTE) and Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A), are mature enough to provide connectivity to most terrestrial mobile users. However, for airborne mobile users, there is no connection that exists without interruption. According to the regulations, mobile connectivity for aircraft passengers can only be established when the altitude of the aircraft is above 3000 m. Along with demands to have mobile connectivity during a flight and the seamless connectivity requirement of 5G systems, there is a notable interest in providing in-flight wireless services during all phases of a flight. In this thesis, many issues related to the deployment and operation of the onboard systems have been investigated. A measurement and modelling procedure to investigate radio frequency (RF) propagation inside an aircraft is proposed in this thesis. Unlike in existing studies for in-cabin channel characterization, the proposed procedure takes into account the deployment of a multi-cell onboard system. The proposed model is verified through another set of measurements where reference signal received power (RSRP) levels inside the aircraft are measured. The results show that the proposed model closely matches the in-cabin RSRP measurements. Moreover, in order to enforce the distance between a user and an interfering resource, cell sectorization is employed in the multi-cell onboard system deployment. The proposed propagation model is used to find an optimum antenna orientation that minimizes the interference level among the neighbouring evolved nodeBs (eNBs). Once the optimum antenna deployment is obtained, comprehensive downlink performance evaluations of the multi-cell, multi-user onboard LTE-A system is carried out. Techniques that are proposed for LTE-A systems, namely enhanced inter-cell interference coordination (eICIC) and carrier aggregation (CA), are employed in the system analysis. Different numbers of eNBs, antenna mounting positions and scheduling policies are examined. A scheduling algorithm that provides a good tradeoff between fairness and system throughput is proposed. The results show that the downlink performance of the proposed onboard LTE-A system achieves not only 75% of the theoretical limits of the overall system throughput but also fair user data rate performance, irrespective of a passenger's seat location. In order to provide the seamless connectivity requirement of 5G systems, compatibility between the proposed onboard system deployment and the already deployed terrestrial networks is investigated. Simulation based analyses are carried out to investigate power leakage from the onboard systems while the aircraft is in the parked position on the apron. According to the regulations, the onboard system should not increase the noise level of the already deployed terrestrial system by 1 dB. Results show that the proposed onboard communication system can be operated while the aircraft is in the parked position on the apron without exceeding the 1 dB increase in the noise level of the already deployed terrestrial 4G network. Furthermore, handover parameters are obtained for different transmission power levels of both the terrestrial and onboard systems to make the transition from one system to another without interruption while a passenger boards or leaves the aircraft. Simulation and measurement based analyses show that when the RSRP level of the terrestrial system is below -65 dBm around the aircraft, a boarding passenger can be smoothly handed over to the onboard system and vice versa. Moreover, in order to trigger the handover process without interfering with the data transmission, a broadcast control channel (BCCH) power boosting feature is proposed for the in-cabin eNBs. Results show that employing the BCCH power boosting feature helps to trigger the handover process as soon as the passengers step on board the aircraft.

Uma das maiores dificuldades que enfrentam os engenheiros responsáveis pelo conforto aeronáutico é proporcionar um bom nível de conforto térmico nas aeronaves. O espaço restrito entre os ocupantes, a pequena distância entre as fileiras de bancos, a grande variação de fontes térmicas e os campos de velocidade e temperatura de ar assimétricos, são alguns dos obstáculos que prejudicam as condições térmicas. Estes fatos têm levado a uma série de iniciativas em centros de pesquisa internacionais e no Brasil para melhor caracterizar a complexidade desse ambiente térmico e melhorar as condições de conforto térmico. No presente trabalho foram realizados estudos que lançam a base para a construção de uma metodologia numérica de análise do ambiente térmico de cabine e de avaliação de condições de conforto térmico em aeronaves. Os estudos compreendem a realização de trabalho experimental e de simulação utilizando CFD em seção de cabine de aeronave. Foram realizadas simulações e medições de temperaturas e velocidades do ar e de temperaturas equivalentes em seção de cabine de 12 passageiros, utilizando manequim térmico digital e experimental com 17 segmentos. As pessoas foram simuladas utilizando manequins com fontes de calor. Resultados do trabalho mostram que o modelo de turbulência k- realizável apresentou os melhores resultados com refinamento de malha que permita atingir y+ próximo de 4. Resultados numéricos e experimentais apresentaram uma boa correlação, tanto nos campos de velocidade e temperatura do ar, quanto nas temperaturas equivalentes. Finalmente, a utilização de manequins térmicos digitas e experimentais mostra ser uma boa ferramenta para análise do ambiente térmico em cabine de aeronave. / One of the most difficult tasks for the aerospace interior comfort engineers is to promote a good thermal environment inside the aircraft cabin. The restricted space, asymmetric air velocity and temperature fields and the great variation of thermal environment conditions are some of the obstacles to get good cabin thermal comfort conditions. These facts led to a significant number of international and national research initiatives to understand this complex thermal environment and improve the cabin thermal comfort. In this work some CFD and experimental studies were carried out to form the basis of a numerical cabin thermal comfort analysis methodology. Experimental and CFD analysis of the equivalent temperatures and air velocities and temperatures in a 12 seat cabin mock-up using an experimental and a digital 17 segments thermal manikin were performed. Occupancy was simulated with heated manikins. The results showed that the realizable k- turbulent model gave good results with a y+ around 4 at the manikin surface. Good correlation between numerical and experimental results led to an increased confidence in the use of experimental and digital thermal manikins to evaluate the aircraft cabin thermal ambient.

No description available.

A series of late Tertiary rhyolitic and dacitic flows, domes, and minor pyroclastic rocks form an elongate volanic mass along the northwestern Utah-northeastern Nevada border . The structure of the flow banding and the linear arrangement of vents indicate that the mass represents a multi-sourced extrusive complex which erupted through many fissure-type conduits. A 39 km2 area at the southern end of the mass was studied in detail in order to gain a better understanding of the eruptive nature and history of these Tertiary volcanic rocks. Age dating reveals that volcanism in the study area was episodic, and covered a period of at least 4 to 5 million years. The silicic volcanic rocks in the study area are similar chemically and mineralogically to other eruptive units within the Rhyolite Mts., which range from dacite (Si0 2 69%) to high-silica rhyolite (SiOz 75-77%). They also exhibit chemical characteristics similar to other silicic volcanic rocks of bimodal association in the western United States. Two-feldspar high-K rhyolite is the dominant volcanic rock in the study area, commonly found overlying rhyolitic vitric tuffs and agglomerates. Rhyolite from the southern portion of the study area is dated at 7.6 to 8.6 m.y.b.p. Dacitic samples contain phenocrysts of plagioclase, quartz, biotite, hornblende, and orthopyroxene. Dacitic volcanism is dated at 12.4 m.y.b.p. By analogy with other "bimodal" volcanic fields in the western U.S., it is assumed that these si 1 icic magmas are products of partial melting of crustal rocks. Evidence from a least squares differentiation model, along with the overall geochemical characteristics, indicates crystal fractionation as the dominant mechanism for the transition from dacite to rhyolite, with plagioclase as the dominant fractionating phase.

<p>Increasing concern about energy consumption and thesimultaneous need for an acceptable thermal environment makesit necessary to estimate in advance what effect differentthermal factors will have on the occupants. Temperaturemeasurements alone do not account for all climate effects onthe human body and especially not for local effects ofconvection and radiation. People as well as thermal manikinscan detect heat loss changes on local body parts. This factmakes it appropriate to develop measurement methods andcomputer models with the corresponding working principles andlevels of resolution. One purpose of this thesis is to linktogether results from these various investigation techniqueswith the aim of assessing different effects of the thermalclimate on people. The results can be used to facilitatedetailed evaluations of thermal influences both in indoorenvironments in buildings and in different types ofvehicles.</p><p>This thesis presents a comprehensive and detaileddescription of the theories and methods behind full-scalemeasurements with thermal manikins. This is done with new,extended definitions of the concept of equivalent temperature,and new theories describing equivalent temperature as avector-valued function. One specific advantage is that thelocally measured or simulated results are presented with newlydeveloped "comfort zone diagrams". These diagrams provide newways of taking into consideration both seat zone qualities aswell as the influence of different clothing types on theclimate assessment with "clothing-independent" comfort zonediagrams.</p><p>Today, different types of computer programs such as CAD(Computer Aided Design) and CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics)are used for product development, simulation and testing of,for instance, HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning)systems, particularly in the building and vehicle industry.Three different climate evaluation methods are used andcompared in this thesis: human subjective measurements, manikinmeasurements and computer modelling. A detailed description ispresented of how developed simulation methods can be used toevaluate the influence of thermal climate in existing andplanned environments. In different climate situationssubjective human experiences are compared to heat lossmeasurements and simulations with thermal manikins. Thecalculation relationships developed in this research agree wellwith full-scale measurements and subject experiments indifferent thermal environments. The use of temperature and flowfield data from CFD calculations as input produces acceptableresults, especially in relatively homogeneous environments. Inmore heterogeneous environments the deviations are slightlylarger. Possible reasons for this are presented along withsuggestions for continued research, new relationships andcomputer codes.</p><p><b>Key-words:</b>equivalent temperature, subject, thermalmanikin, mannequin, thermal climate assessment, heat loss,office environment, cabin climate, ventilated seat, computermodel, CFD, clothing-independent, comfort zone diagram.</p>

This dissertation charts the dramatic cultural transformation of Uncle Tom, the heroic Christian martyr of Harriet Beecher Stowe's antislavery novel Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852), into a commonly known slur for a submissive race traitor. As many scholars have noted, the hero of Stowe's novel is not what we would today call an "Uncle Tom." Some have put the blame for the figure's drastic transformation on the many popular stage adaptations of Stowe's novel that blanketed the nation during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. However, relying on extensive archival work in both traditional archives and digitized historical periodicals, which have been unexamined on this topic until now, this dissertation reveals that Uncle Tom's transformation did not occur in the theater. Not only did the Uncle Tom character often retain his dignity in these postbellum shows, but the Uncle Tom's Cabin dramas remained politically relevant to many African Americans--and for that reason deeply threatening to many white Southerners--into the twentieth century. Significant objections to Uncle Tom as a racial representation in popular culture did not emerge until the late 1930s, but Uncle Tom became a detested political model two decades before that. The Christ-like qualities that made him a hero in Stowe's novel and to many nineteenth-century Americans, black and white, became increasingly undesirable to a new generation that embraced a more assertive understanding of masculinity and were less interested in heaven's salvation than in earthly progress. This turn-of-the-century transformation in cultural values set the stage for a more pointed critique of Uncle Tom as a political model in the 1910s, a decade of turmoil not only because of growing racial injustice, but also because of major political, educational, and geographical shifts within the race. While Uncle Tom's Cabin retained progressive meanings to many African Americans, Uncle Tom became a slur in the black political rhetoric of the 1910s, when a younger generation of leaders responded to the deteriorating racial climate by attacking the values and strategies of the older generation for seriously jeopardizing racial progress.