A Biedermeier Cabin was designed with attention to detail and stylistic simplicity in mind. This cabin, located along the banks of the Shenandoah River, is mainly used during the Summer months. The cabinâ s folding doors open up completely for the Summer months to let the breezes flow through. During the Winter months, when the cabin is not in use, all the windows and doors are folded or slid closed to protect the cabin from harsh weather. This seasonal transformation was a main focus in designing the cabin. The appearance of floating was also incorporated within the design. The intent was for the structure to protrude out of the earth and have a â floatingâ deck that cantilevers above the treetops overlooking the river. The roof folds around the structure, providing a feeling of privacy and intimacy. The roofâ s slope opens up toward the river, the intended primary vista. / Master of Architecture

The thesis deals with car cabin environment and thermal comfort inside. A car cabin heat load model was developed in Dymola/Modelica to investigate influence of ambient environmental parameters. The model was validated on the data set of eight test cases measured in a climatic chamber and in a real traffic. The main objective of the thesis was to develop a human thermal comfort model suitable for non-homogenous environments and for a car cabin environment especially. The Coupled model of human physiology and thermal comfort was developed in Dymola/Modelica. The model allows predicting an overall human thermal comfort from local boundary conditions representing ambient and personal factors. The model was validated by 16 test cases taken from experiments in literature. Moreover three test cases were created in Theseus-FE to consider an asymmetrical heat load from Sun rays inside a car cabin. Prediction of the Coupled model was compared with Fiala model and experimental data. The Coupled model predicted mean skin temperature for moderate activities in neutral and warm environment well. In cold environment a predicted core temperature was very affected by ambient temperature and during high activity exercises, the predicted mean skin temperature was too high.

The thesis deals with car cabin environment and thermal comfort inside. A car cabin heat load model was developed in Dymola/Modelica to investigate influence of ambient environmental parameters. The model was validated on the data set of eight test cases measured in a climatic chamber and in a real traffic. The main objective of the thesis was to develop a human thermal comfort model suitable for non-homogenous environments and for a car cabin environment especially. The Coupled model of human physiology and thermal comfort was developed in Dymola/Modelica. The model allows predicting an overall human thermal comfort from local boundary conditions representing ambient and personal factors. The model was validated by 16 test cases taken from experiments in literature. Moreover three test cases were created in Theseus-FE to consider an asymmetrical heat load from Sun rays inside a car cabin. Prediction of the Coupled model was compared with Fiala model and experimental data. The Coupled model predicted mean skin temperature for moderate activities in neutral and warm environment well. In cold environment a predicted core temperature was very affected by ambient temperature and during high activity exercises, the predicted mean skin temperature was too high.

The purpose of this thesis work is to improve the perceived climate comfort in larger truck cabins since the European commission’s new stronger carbon dioxide standards have introduced an update to the EU 96/53 directive. This directive increases the dimensions and weights of heavy truck motor vehicles, extending the driver’s cabin length by 500 mm in order to increment the truck’s energy efficiency and aerodynamics. This update was seen also as an enabler to improve the truck driver’s performance, comfort and preference towards Scania. Since the cabin of the truck is to be considered the place where the driver spends the most of its time, ensuring the driver’s comfort when resting inside means to ensure the accomplishment of their labor safely. One system used to provide comfort in the cabin when resting is the climate control unit. This unit creates an inner climate controlled environment by providing warm or cool air through an installed Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system. In order to introduce a new auxiliary unit, the design thinking methodology was chosen. This allowed to ground the proposed concepts on the actual needs of the final users. Based on their input, the aforementioned concepts were analyzed and downsized in order to prototype and test the selected ones. The final concepts of a 500 mm larger cabin were tested in a climate chamber under warm and cold conditions: 37°C and -15°C respectively. Then, these concepts were compared against the short cabin (current cabin) and the 500 mm larger cabin without any mounted prototype. During each test, a thermal manikin was placed in the cabin’s bed in order to obtain not only temperature readings, but also the estimated comfort that the user would sense under these circumstances. As it could be expected, the 500 mm larger cabin without any added concept presented a temperature degradation of the current HVAC system compared to the short cabin. The areas of temperature concentration (warm or cold) were identified, being the rear wall of the cabin the most affected. The implementation of the concepts compared to the larger cabin gave positive results, reducing the time to reach the set temperature in the HVAC system controls in both warm and cold environments. The analysis of the results lead to the conclusion that the enlargement of a truck creates a need to maintain or improve the behavior of its HVAC system. The implementation of an auxiliary unit to the main system in the rear of the cabin showed not only temperature enhancements, but also a thermal comfort improvement for the user, allowing it to rest and therefore, to fulfill its tasks with the best mental and physical conditions. / Syftet med det här examensarbetet är att förbättra den upplevda klimatkomforten i större lastbilshytter sedan EU-kommissionens nya hårdare koldioxidstandarder har medfört en uppdatering av EU-direktivet 96/53. Detta direktiv ökar dimensionerna och vikterna för tunga lastbilar och förlänger förarhyttens längd med 500 mm för att öka lastbilens energieffektivitet och aerodynamik. Denna uppdatering sågs också som en möjlighet att förbättra lastbilschaufförens prestation, komfort och inställning till Scania. Eftersom lastbilshytten är den plats där föraren tillbringar den största delen av sin tid, är det viktigt att säkerställa förarens komfort när han eller hon vilar i hytten för att kunna utföra sitt arbete på ett säkert sätt. Ett system som används för att ge föraren komfort när han eller hon vilar i hytten är klimatenhet. Denna enhet skapar en inre klimatkontrollerad miljö genom att tillföra varm eller kall luft via ett installerat HVAC-system (Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning). För att introducera ett nytt hjälpenhet valdes metodiken design thinking. Detta gjorde det möjligt för de föreslagna koncepten att baseras på de faktiska behoven hos de slutliga användarna. Baserat på deras input, gjordes analyser av de tidigare nämnda koncepten för att sedan välja ut, prototypa och testa de utvalda. De slutliga koncepten med en 500 mm större hytt testades i en klimatkammare under varma och kalla förhållanden: 37°C respektive -15°C. Därefter jämfördes dessa koncept med den korta hytten (nuvarande hytt) och den 500 mm större hytten utan någon monterad prototyp. Under varje test placerades en klimatdocka i hyttens säng för att inte bara få temperaturavläsningar, utan också den uppskattade komfort som användaren skulle känna under dessa omständigheter. Som väntat uppvisade den 500 mm större hytten utan något extra koncept en temperaturförsämring av det nuvarande HVAC-systemet jämfört med den korta hytten. Områdena med varm eller kall temperatur identifierades och kabinens bakre vägg var den som påverkades mest. Implementeringen av koncepten jämfört med den större hytten gav positiva resultat, vilket minskade tiden för att nå den inställda temperaturen för HVAC-systemet i både varma och kalla miljöer. Analysen av resultaten ledde till slutsatsen att förstoringen av en lastbil skapar ett behov av att bibehålla eller förbättra beteendet hos dess HVAC-system. Implementeringen av en hjälpenhet till huvudsystemet i den bakre delen av hytten visade inte bara temperaturförbättringar, men också en förbättring av klimatkomforten för användaren, vilket gör att föraren den kan vila och därmed utföra sina uppgifter med de bästa mentala och fysiska förutsättningarna.

Texts such as Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin, Harriet Jacobs’ Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, and Nella Larsen’s Quicksand each present a different understanding and perspective of relationships based on their time periods and social statures. The type of relationship Stowe focuses on in her novel is that of friendship. Friends, defined as people with whom have a bond of mutual affection, and friendships, the state of mutual trust and support (Merriam-Webster), anchor the relationships that Eva and Eliza create with members on the plantation. These female protagonists turn to friendship as a way to live each day more normally – that is, to somehow alleviate the brutal cruelty of living through slavery. Despite varying odds, trials, and tribulations, seeking friendships that had preservative and supportive qualities allowed the female protagonists in Stowe’s novel to survive their own lives. The friendships Eva and Eliza formed discredit what many paternalist pro-slavery authors used as evidence to justify the institution of slavery. In the paternalist proslavery mindset, slave-owner and slave friendships revealed the benefits of slavery – that the two groups would be happier together rather than apart. Stowe discredits this mentality by relating to her 19th century reader’s emotions, representative of the sentimental genre in which she writes. However, in writing about slavery from a white woman’s perspective, Stowe isn’t fully exempt from the paternalist genre. As I will examine later, many of her statements about slavery and the friendships she narrates embody implicitly racist stereotypes and caricatures that complicate the abolitionist approach to her novel. In this way, she falls under the category of paternalist abolitionism, rather than paternalist proslavery. Stowe also highlights the fleeting nature of these friendships. Many, if not all, of the friendships Eva and Eliza form are not able to last, which is one way Stowe argues against the institution of slavery. Following Stowe, my discussion of Jacobs will introduce a slave’s perspective to female relationships in slavery. The relationships in Jacobs’ narrative are centered on family, and the power of relying on one’s own blood or close-knit community to survive slavery. Writing also within the sentimental mode, Jacobs focuses on her reader’s emotions in order to propel her anti-slavery argument. The female relationships Jacobs details are grounded in literal and metaphorical motherhood. She highlights these relationships as an emotional and familial, particularly motherly, survival method. Jacobs’ text showcases the importance of family, rather the relationships or friendships formed with strangers– thereby differentiating her argument from Stowe’s. Nella Larsen’s Quicksand draws on the emotional and social difficulties one biracial woman faced in a world affected by the legacy of slavery and World War I. As a biracial woman, Helga develops relationships with men and women she hopes will support her progressive way of thinking and sense of selfhood. Helga’s relationships are more aptly defined as partnerships – given that “partners” may involve sexual, non-sexual, and business-like dynamics between two people. Helga must find authentic, or non-hypocritical, people to assist in her journey for selfhood and kin. But similarly to the relationships in Stowe and Jacobs, the friendships Helga creates often fail her. The question of why they fail in Quicksand connects directly to the question the novel itself is asking: is the search for selfhood more important than the search for kin? The argument all three works make with these failures represents a call to action – not just for the time period in which their novels were written, but also for future American communities. The continuing consequences of racial and gender discrimination exposed by Stowe, Jacobs, and Larsen show us that real social change must come from people – from the relationships we form.

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As pessoas estão cada vez mais viajando de avião e, muitas vezes, em viagens longas. A qualidade do ar torna-se uma questão crucial. Uma forma de melhorar a qualidade do ar e as condições de conforto térmico dentro de uma cabine de aeronave está na utilização de novos sistemas de ventilação personalizada. O objetivo do presente trabalho consiste na análise experimental da influência de um sistema de ventilação personalizada (PV) na concentração, dispersão e remoção de partículas expiratórias em cabine de aeronave com sistema por mistura (MV) e por deslocamento (DV). Os ensaios foram realizados em um mock-up de cabine de aeronave comercial de 12 assentos, com 4 assentos por fileira. O ar foi insuflado na cabine a 18°C pelo sistema MV ou DV, correspondendo a uma leve sensação de frio, e a 24°C pelo sistema personalizado (PV), com vazão de 3,0 l/s, operando no assento próximo à fuselagem e ao corredor, alternadamente. As partículas simulando uma pessoa espirrando foram injetadas em dois pontos no fundo da cabine, respectivamente, no assento próximo à fuselagem e naquele junto do corredor, a 1,10m do piso, que corresponde à região de respiração. Foram medidas velocidades e temperaturas do ar e de partículas ao longo de toda a cabine. Os resultados mostraram que no sistema MV o sistema PV somente influenciou o escoamento do ar e a concentração de partículas no assento onde o sistema PV estava operando, com uma eficiência na remoção de partículas de até 30%. No sistema DV, por sua vez, o sistema PV apresentou eficiência de remoção de até 49% nos assentos em que estava operando. Contudo, o sistema PV pode aumentar em até 32% a concentração de partículas no assento próximo da janela quando o sistema PV estava operando no assento próximo do corredor, no sistema DV. Finalmente, os resultados mostraram resultados mais promissores do sistema PV no sistema MV, com melhoria significativa na remoção de partículas nos assentos onde está operando, sem influenciar negativamente no assento ao lado. / People are increasingly traveling by plane and often on long journeys. Air quality becomes a crucial issue. One way to improve air quality and thermal comfort conditions within an aircraft cabin is to use new personalized ventilation systems. The objective of the present work is the experimental analysis of the influence of a personalized ventilation system (PV) on the concentration, dispersion and removal of expiratory particles in aircraft cabin with mixed system (MV) and displacement (DV). The tests were performed in a 12 seat commercial aircraft cabin mock-up, with 4 seats per row. The air was inflated in the cabin at 18 ° C by the MV or DV system, corresponding to a slight cold sensation, and at 24 ° C by the custom system (PV), with a flow rate of 3.0 l / s, operating in the nearby seat the fuselage and the aisle, alternately. Particles simulating a person sneezing were injected at two points in the bottom of the cockpit, respectively, in the seat near the fuselage and next to the corridor, 1.10m from the floor, which corresponds to the breathing region. Air and particle velocities and temperatures were measured throughout the cabin. The results showed that in the MV system the PV system only influenced the air flow and the concentration of particles in the seat where the PV system was operating, with a particle removal efficiency of up to 30%. The DV system together with PV system showed removal efficiency of up to 49% in the seats in which it was operating. However, the PV system can increase particle concentration in the near-window seat by up to 32% when the PV system was operating on the seat next to the aisle in the DV system. Finally, the results showed more promising results of the PV system in the MV system, with significant improvement in particle removal in the seats where it is operating, without negatively influencing the next seat.

<p>The great cabin of the warship Vasa was adorned as a palace like room rather than aships cabin, containing over seventy wooden sculptures. The herm pilasters andconsole heads possibly held symbolic meaning, as did the exterior sculptures of theship. Why was so much money spent on the cabin? Who was its intended audience?How was the great cabin decorated and why? A study of the archaeological remainswithin their wider maritime and decorative historical context, can give the reasons for the designing and building of this highly decorative and expensive cabin.</p>

The great cabin of the warship Vasa was adorned as a palace like room rather than aships cabin, containing over seventy wooden sculptures. The herm pilasters andconsole heads possibly held symbolic meaning, as did the exterior sculptures of theship. Why was so much money spent on the cabin? Who was its intended audience?How was the great cabin decorated and why? A study of the archaeological remainswithin their wider maritime and decorative historical context, can give the reasons for the designing and building of this highly decorative and expensive cabin.