Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-27T19:12:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 estudo sobre o uso da calculadora.pdf: 1827548 bytes, checksum: 037e55836cbef56114275808aa0731a2 (MD5) estudo sobre o uso da calculadora.pdf.jpg: 3548 bytes, checksum: 0678a65a041e52a1dc75558cc620a50e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-01-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This paper investigates the use of calculators, in Mathematics classes, in t he 8th grade of Elementary School, focusing the teaching of Simple and Compound Interest. It is a qualitative exploratory research that looks for the opinion of docents, students and future teachers, from Elementary and High School , about this subject and proposes a methodology, indicating the calculator as an auxiliary tool to solve mathematical calculus. Data were collected from questionnaires applied to docents and future teachers from Elementary and High School, and from the observations made by the students about the used methodology. To develop this paper, we made a brief historic about the use of calculator, and after we discussed favorable and unfavorable aspects of its use. Besides, Mental Calculus was treated as a strategy to be allied to the use of calculator to teach Interest. Because of this, in this paper we present two proposals to use calculators in class: the first one works with Simple and Compound Interest and the second one has introductory activities, linking mental calculus and calculator. Data analysis suggests that the use of calculator is well accepted among students and academics and it is little accepted by docents. It also shows that students have difficulties to solve mathematical problems and, rarely, use mental calculus. This research suggests the use of calculator if it is supported by mental calculus. / O presente estudo investiga o uso da calculadora, em aulas de Matemática, na 8ª série do Ensino Fundamental, localizando o ensino de Juros Simples e Compostos. O mesmo caracteriza-se como pesquisa qualitativa exploratória e busca saber as opiniões de docentes, alunos e futuros professores, dos Ensinos Fundamental e Médio, sobre o assunto, bem como propor uma metodologia indicando a calculadora como um recurso auxiliar na realização de cálculos matemáticos. A coleta de dados ocorreu a partir dos questionários aplicados a docentes e futuros professores dos Ensinos Fundamental e Médio, e da observação dos alunos na aplicação da proposta. No desenvolvimento do trabalho, realizou-se um breve histórico sobre a utilização da calculadora, discutindo, a seguir, aspectos favoráveis e desfavoráveis de seu uso. Além disso, o Cálculo Mental foi abordado como uma estratégia a ser aliada ao uso da calculadora no ensino de Juros. Sendo assim, apresenta-se no corpo do trabalho duas propostas com o propósito de serem trabalhadas em sala de aula usando calculadoras: a primeira aborda juros simples e compostos e na segunda constam atividades introdutórias aliando cálculo mental e calculadora. A análise dos dados sugere que a utilização da calculadora é bem aceita entre alunos e acadêmicos sendo pouco aceita entre os professores já atuantes. Percebe-se, também, que os alunos têm dificuldades na resolução de problemas e, dificilmente, utilizam cálculo mental. Sendo assim, a pesquisa sugere que o trabalho com calculadora pode e deve acontecer desde que tenha como respaldo o cálculo mental.

The thesis deals with the topic of mobile communication in Czech republic. Its main task is to make reader fimiliar with different types of technology and digital standards on Czech mobile communication market. Thesis shows mobile communication providers in Czech republic, not only the conventional ones, but especially virtual operators(MVNO). It defines the legislation and position of Czech Telecommunication Office (ČTÚ). At the end, it analyzes the current market situation and try to offer the best solution for possible customer and also tries to find out whether it would pay off to the customer to switch to the virtual operator, based on mobile tariff price calculator.

Introduction: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found that each year over three million people are treated for fall injuries, and of those three million, one in five falls causes serious injury. One clinical report stated only 37% of elderly patients are asked about falls in the primary care setting. The report found barriers to further fall-related care were due to the many factors that go into assessing if a patient is a fall-risk. Thus, assessing the fall risk for a large elderly population can be both challenging and time-consuming. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of assessing fall risk with the Theoretical Timed Up and Go (T-TUG), using Wave 1 of the Irish Longitudinal Database (TILDA). The validation was done by comparing the T-TUG results to that of the Impairments survey and activities of daily living (ADLs) found in the TILDA. Methods: The data used in this study were obtained from Wave 1 of the TILDA. The TILDA is a survey-designed longitudinal study on aging done on a national scale in Ireland. Study participants who passed inclusion criteria were divided into those who had reported falling in the previous year (N=1221) and those who had not (N=4857). The T-TUG is a fall-risk calculator developed from the NSHAP database, with a multiple regression function using the Timed Up and Go as the dependent variable, and age, gender, body mass index, and over the counter and prescription drugs as the predictor variables. The NSHAP regression coefficients were combined with the TILDA participant parameters defined above to calculate new T-TUG scores for the TILDA cohort. Differentiation between the fall and no fall groups for the T-TUG, ADLs and Impairments survey were done using the Mann-Whitney U Test (p < 0.05). Receiver Operator Characteristics (ROC) curve analyses were done to identify cut-off points, sensitivities, and specificities differentiating the fall and no fall groups for these assessments. Results: Mann-Whitney analysis demonstrated that the fall group scores were statistically different from the no fall group for all three assessments (p-value < 0.001). As determined by AUC, the ROC analysis indicated that the T-TUG (AUC=0.570, p Conclusion: All assessments evaluated were effective at differentiating participants within this database reporting a fall within the last year from those who had not. Whereas the T-TUG and Impairments survey were equally effective at detecting true fallers and non-fallers, the ADLs were much more effective at detecting non-fallers. The T-TUG has the potential to be an EMR based fall risk calculator and could be invaluable as an institutional triage tool.

The purpose of the study is, through some aspects, to make it visible and compare the education in mathematics in classes 1-3 in Sweden and Turkey. I have also studied the mathematic lessons, textbook and teaching aids, examinations and the use of calculator, on the basis of steering documents in curriculum and syllabi. The method used in this study contains of qualitative interviews and have an unstructured character but also observations noted continuously. The result is a comparison between my own experiences and the observations connected to relevant theories and the questions.

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This report is both a users guide and a programmers manual for running and modifying the program SHAMAT, an interactive matrix calculator. The program is written in Turbo Pascal version 3.0 for MS-DOS computers. This software enables the user to type in matrix equations for solving statistical problems such as multiple regression, analysis of variance, etc. All matrix operations necessary for linear models analysis are included in this program. Since each operation uses a separate subroutine, program enhancement, modification and updating is demonstrated to be easy.

This thesis covers the creation of a series of questions that have the purpose of estimating the amount of energy that an individual uses over the course of a year. These questions are designed for a kiosk in an exhibition environment, and they will be used for an environmental project called Homo Colossus which will be presented at different exhibitions. The foundational energy values used in this thesis are from David JC MacKay. The main problem explored throughout this thesis is how we can, with as few questions as possible, give someone an estimation of their yearly energy consumption. To achieve this, we interviewed people with relevant experience and conducted a questionnaire to test the questions. The results from the test led to minor alterations in our questionnaire structure. / Denna uppsats handlar om skapandet av en samling frågor som har syftet att uppskatta mängden energi som en individ använder över ett år. Dessa frågor är designade för en kiosk i en utställningsmiljö, och kommer att användas för ett projekt som kallas för ‘Homo Colossus’ som kommer att presenteras på diverse utställningar. Huvudkällan för energivärdena i denna uppsats kommer ifrån David JC MacKay. Huvudfrågan som denna uppsats täcker är hur vi kan, med så få frågor som möjligt, ge en uppskattning av någons årliga energikonsumtion. För att uppnå detta, så intervjuade vi personer med relevant erfarenhet och skapade ett frågeformulär för att testa frågorna. Resultatet från testet ledde till små förändringar i strukturen av frågeformuläret.

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In 2018, the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommended that African American men and those with a family history of prostate cancer should discuss the pros and cons of PSA testing with their physician and engage in shared decision making. Identifying risk factors of prostate cancer, calculating individualized prediction of the risk of prostate cancer, and ensuring that the patients are well informed with knowledge to understand these risks so as to easily make decisions, are extremely important in shared decision making. The overarching goal of this dissertation is to assist in these three steps and facilitate shared decision making in a high-risk population. Aim 1 assessed the association of demographic characteristics, clinical markers and genitourinary symptoms with the diagnosis of prostate cancer (Aim 1a), as well as with the diagnosis of significant prostate cancer (Aim 1b), in a high-risk population. A nested case-control study for Aim 1a and a case-control study for Aim 1b was conducted using the Prostate Risk Assessment Program (PRAP) data, which enrolls African American men and those with a family history of prostate cancer. Multivariate conditional logistic regression was used to assess the association between the risk factors for any prostate cancer, while multivariate logistic regression was used for clinically significant prostate cancer. The risk of any prostate cancer increased with increasing age, presence of family history and increasing PSA levels, while the risk of significant prostate cancer was associated with increasing PSA level. This suggests that PSA level, as a continuum, is extremely important while predicting prostate cancer, especially significant prostate cancer within a high-risk population. Using Aim 2, we compared the performance of two prostate cancer risk calculators, Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial – Risk Calculator 2.0 (PCPT-RC 2.0) and the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer -Risk Calculator 3/5 (ERSPC-RC 3/5) to predict any prostate cancer and clinically significant prostate cancer in a high-risk American population. All men who underwent prostate biopsy with the PRAP data registry since 1996 were included in the study. The probability of being diagnosed with any prostate cancer and significant prostate cancer (Gleason score &gt; 6) was calculated using the online versions of PCPT-RC 2.0 and ERSPC-RC 3/5. The performance of these calculators was compared using calibration (calibration plot and calibration-in-the-large), discrimination (comparing AUC curves using DeLong’s method) and decision curve analysis (to assess clinical utility). The calibration suggested that both risk calculators under-predicted the probability of any prostate cancer while PCPT-RC 2.0 over-predicted the probability of significant prostate cancer. Analysis of the AUC curves suggested that the PCPT-RC 2.0 (AUC: 0.59, 95% CI 0.52 to 0.66) showed a trend towards better discrimination for any prostate cancer as compared to ERSPC-RC 3/5 (AUC: 0.55, 95% CI 0.48-0.63, p= 0.3819). Similarly, PCPT-RC 2.0 (AUC: 0.71, 95% CI 0.61-0.82) showed a trend towards better discrimination for significant prostate cancer as compared to ERSPC-RC 3/5 (AUC: 0.63, 95% CI 0.51 to 0.75, p= 0.2335). PCPT-RC 2.0 proved to be clinically beneficial to predict significant prostate cancer in the range of lower prediction thresholds. These results suggest that the PCPT-RC 2.0 is superior to ERSPC-RC 3/5 in a high-risk American population. Aim 3 utilized a systematic review of the decision aids used to improve prostate cancer knowledge, improve risk perception, reduce confusion, involve in shared decision making or utilize PSA tests in men at high-risk of prostate cancer, defined as those with African descent or those with a family history of prostate cancer. Data was extracted by searching MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, and PsycINFO via Ovid and EBSCOhost. After screening titles and abstracts, the resulting full-text articles were assessed for inclusion and exclusion criteria. A data extraction table was created, and the methodological quality of the studies was assessed based on three criteria – randomization, double blinding and intention-to-treat analysis. Due to the clinical heterogeneity of the studies, a descriptive analysis of all the studies was conducted and tabulated. A total of 2605 articles were retrieved after literature search, of which 8 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the qualitative analysis. Of these 8 articles, 6 were targeted at those who were African American or those with an African descent and 2 articles included interventions targeted at those with a family history of prostate cancer. Majority of the studies targeted at African American men demonstrated an improvement in knowledge and reduction in decisional conflict in the intervention group compared to the control group. The two studies that included men with a family history of prostate cancer did not show any change in knowledge or decisional conflict in the intervention group compared to the comparison group. All studies were of low quality, except one which was medium quality. Thus, this review unveiled that tailored decision aids would be helpful in improving knowledge and reducing decisional conflict in African American men while decision aids designed for men with family history of prostate cancer would not significantly change prostate cancer knowledge or decisional conflict compared to the standard decision aid. Thus, one of the tailored decision aids can be used to help African American men improve their knowledge of prostate cancer and reduce decisional conflict, while the standard decision aid can be used in men with a family history of prostate cancer. These conclusions can be assimilated into the USPSTF recommended shared decision-making sessions between the patients and the physicians. / Epidemiology