The problem of inaccurate measurement techniques for quantifying isothermal solidification kinetics during transient liquid phase (TLP) bonding in binary and ternary systems; and resulting uncertainty in the accuracy of analytical and numerical models has been addressed by the development of a new technique using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). This has enabled characterization of the process kinetics in binary and ternary solid/liquid diffusion couples resulting in advancement of the fundamental theoretical understanding of the mechanics of isothermal solidification. The progress of isothermal solidification was determined by measuring the fraction of liquid remaining after an isothermal hold period of varying length. A 'TLP half sample', or a solid/liquid diffusion couple was setup in the sample crucible of a DSC enabling measurement of the heat flow relative to a reference crucible containing a mass of base metal. A comparison of the endotherm from melting of an interlayer with the exotherm from solidification of the residual liquid gives the fraction of liquid remaining. The Ag-Cu and Ag-Au-Cu systems were employed in this study. Metallurgical techniques were used to compliment the DSC results. The effects of sample geometry on the DSC trace have been characterized. The initial interlayer composition, the heating rate, the reference crucible contents, and the base metal coating must be considered in development of the experimental parameters. Furthermore, the effects of heat conduction into the base metal, baseline shift across the initial melting endotherm, and the exclusion of primary solidification upon cooling combine to systematically reduce the measured fraction of liquid remaining. These effects have been quantified using a modified temperature program, and corrected using a universal factor. A comparison of the experimental results with the predictions of various analytical solutions for isothermal solidification reveals that the moving interface solution can accurately predict the interface kinetics given accurate diffusion data. The DSC method has been used to quantify the process kinetics of isothermal solidification in a ternary alloy system, with results compared to a finite difference model for interface motion. The DSC results show a linear relationship between the interface position and the square root of the isothermal hold time. While the numerical simulations do not agree well with the experimental interface kinetics due to a lack of accurate thermodynamic data, the model does help develop an understanding of the isothermal solidification mechanics. Compositional shift at the solid/liquid interface has been measured experimentally and compared with predictions. The results show that the direction of tie-line shift can be predicted using numerical techniques. Furthermore, tie-line shift has been observed in the DSC results. This study has shown that DSC is an accurate and valuable tool in the development of parameters for processes employing isothermal solidification, such as TLP bonding.

The problem of inaccurate measurement techniques for quantifying isothermal solidification kinetics during transient liquid phase (TLP) bonding in binary and ternary systems; and resulting uncertainty in the accuracy of analytical and numerical models has been addressed by the development of a new technique using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). This has enabled characterization of the process kinetics in binary and ternary solid/liquid diffusion couples resulting in advancement of the fundamental theoretical understanding of the mechanics of isothermal solidification. The progress of isothermal solidification was determined by measuring the fraction of liquid remaining after an isothermal hold period of varying length. A 'TLP half sample', or a solid/liquid diffusion couple was setup in the sample crucible of a DSC enabling measurement of the heat flow relative to a reference crucible containing a mass of base metal. A comparison of the endotherm from melting of an interlayer with the exotherm from solidification of the residual liquid gives the fraction of liquid remaining. The Ag-Cu and Ag-Au-Cu systems were employed in this study. Metallurgical techniques were used to compliment the DSC results. The effects of sample geometry on the DSC trace have been characterized. The initial interlayer composition, the heating rate, the reference crucible contents, and the base metal coating must be considered in development of the experimental parameters. Furthermore, the effects of heat conduction into the base metal, baseline shift across the initial melting endotherm, and the exclusion of primary solidification upon cooling combine to systematically reduce the measured fraction of liquid remaining. These effects have been quantified using a modified temperature program, and corrected using a universal factor. A comparison of the experimental results with the predictions of various analytical solutions for isothermal solidification reveals that the moving interface solution can accurately predict the interface kinetics given accurate diffusion data. The DSC method has been used to quantify the process kinetics of isothermal solidification in a ternary alloy system, with results compared to a finite difference model for interface motion. The DSC results show a linear relationship between the interface position and the square root of the isothermal hold time. While the numerical simulations do not agree well with the experimental interface kinetics due to a lack of accurate thermodynamic data, the model does help develop an understanding of the isothermal solidification mechanics. Compositional shift at the solid/liquid interface has been measured experimentally and compared with predictions. The results show that the direction of tie-line shift can be predicted using numerical techniques. Furthermore, tie-line shift has been observed in the DSC results. This study has shown that DSC is an accurate and valuable tool in the development of parameters for processes employing isothermal solidification, such as TLP bonding.

Electron transfer, ET, and proton-coupled electron transfer, PCET, reactions are central to biological reactions involving catalysis, energy conversion and energy storage. The movement of electrons and protons in either a sequential or concerted manner are coupled in a series of elementary reaction steps in respiration and photosynthesis to harvest and convert energy consumed in foodstuffs or by absorption of light into high energy chemi-cal bonds in the form of ATP. These electron transfer processes may be modulated by conformational dynamics within the protein matrix or at the protein-protein interface, the energetics of which are still not well understood. Photoacoustic calorimetry is an estab-lished method of obtaining time-resolved reaction enthalpy and volume changes on the nanosecond to microsecond timescale. Photoacoustic calorimetry is used here to probe 1) the energetics and volume changes for ET between the self-assembled anionic uroporphy-rin:cytochrome c complex and the role of the observed volume changes in modulating ET within the complex, 2) the enthalpy and volume change for the excited state PCET reac-tion of a tyramine functionalized ruthenium(II) bis-(2,2'-bipyridine)(4-carboxy-4'-methyl-2,2'-bipyrine) meant to be a model for the tyrosine PCET chemistry carried out by cyto-chrome c oxidase and photosystem II, 3) the enthalpy and volume changes related to car-bon monoxide and tryptophan migration in heme tryptophan catabolic enzyme indoleam-ine 2,3-dioxygenase.

Bewegungsmangel und seine Folgen bilden derzeit einen Forschungsschwerpunkt im Kontext sportwissenschaftlicher Fragestellungen. Der Fokus liegt dabei zumeist auf Berufsgruppen mit sitzender Tätigkeit und bestehendem Übergewicht. Unbe-rücksichtigt bleiben jedoch Zielgruppen mit intensiver berufsbedingter körperlicher Aktivität. Resultierend aus der Diskrepanz zwischen hoher körperlicher Aktivität im Beruf und gleichzeitigem Übergewicht bildet die Frage nach der Energiebilanz bei Forstwirten die Grundlage der vorliegenden Studie. Hierzu wird die Energieauf-nahme dem Energieumsatz gegenübergestellt, um Schlussfolgerungen aus der hohen körperlichen Aktivität und dem gleichzeitig bestehenden Übergewicht der Forstwirte ziehen zu können. Die Ermittlung des Energieumsatzes wurde mit Aktivitätsprotokollen und mit indi-rekter Kalorimetrie bei typischen beruflichen Tätigkeiten umgesetzt. Darüber hin-aus wurden Ernährungsprotokolle zur Bestimmung der Energieaufnahme und Er-hebungen zu äußeren Bedingungen und zur Körperkomposition durchgeführt. Die Messungen wurden über einen Messzeitraum von sieben Tagen zu drei Messzeit-punkten (t1=Winter, t2=Frühjahr, t3=Sommer) durchgeführt, um das saisonale Be-lastungsprofil der Forstwirte und die damit einhergehenden unterschiedlichen be-ruflichen Tätigkeiten zu berücksichtigen. Bei der Energieaufnahme konnte in t1 der höchste Wert verzeichnet werden (3135 kcal pro Tag). Bei allen drei Messzeitpunkten deckte die Energieaufnahme den Energiebedarf eines Mittelschwerarbeiters. Die Energieumsätze während der einzelnen beruflichen Tätigkeiten lagen zwischen 6,6 kcal/min beim Wegebau und 9,4 kcal/min bei der Holzernte und entsprechen einem Metabolic Equivalent of Task (MET) von 5-7, welche in den Bereich der Schwerstarbeit einzuordnen war. In allen drei Messzeitpunkten konnte eine negative Energiebilanz festgestellt wer-den, die im Gegensatz zur Entwicklung der Körperkomposition (t3=20,81%) und der steigenden BMI-Werte stand (t3=27,3). Es lässt sich ein Belastungsprofil ver-muten, das in verschiedene Phasen eingeteilt ist, welche in ihrer Belastungsinten-sität variieren und über einen mehrtägigen Zeitraum andauern.

Δύο από τα σημαντικότερα δομικά και λειτουργικά βιομόρια του εξωκυττάριου χώρου είναι το κολλαγόνο και οι γλυκοζαμινογλυκάνες (GAGs), ανιοντικοί πολυσακχαρίτες που αποτελούν το βασικό δομικό συστατικό των πρωτεογλυκανών. Οι κύριοι τύποι γλυκοζαμινογλυκανών είναι η θειική χονδροϊτίνη, η θειική δερματάνη, η ηπαρίνη, η θειική ηπαράνη, η θειική κερατάνη και το υαλουρονικό οξύ. Το κολλαγόνο τύπου Ι είναι η πιο άφθονη πρωτεΐνη στους ιστούς των θηλαστικών. Το κολλαγόνο τύπου ΙΙ αποτελεί το κύριο συστατικό του εξωκυττάριου χώρου του αρθρικού χόνδρου και άλλων ιστών. Τα παραπάνω μακρομόρια είναι υπεύθυνα για τη ρύθμιση διαφόρων διεργασιών των κυττάρων τόσο σε φυσιολογικές όσο και σε παθολογικές καταστάσεις, όπως παθήσεις των αρθρώσεων και νεοπλασματικές ασθένειες. Αντικείμενο της παρούσας εργασίας αποτέλεσε η ανάπτυξη μιας μεθοδολογίας για τον προσδιορισμό των αλληλεπιδράσεων μεταξύ γλυκοζαμινογλυκανών και των δύο τύπων κολλαγόνου, η οποία θα συνεισφέρει στη βαθύτερη κατανόηση της βιολογικής τους λειτουργίας. Μερικές από τις τεχνικές που έχουν χρησιμοποιηθεί για το συγκεκριμένο σκοπό είναι η χρωματογραφία συγγένειας, η ηλεκτροφόρηση και η φασματοσκοπία φθορισμού. Η φασματοσκοπία πυρηνικού μαγνητικού συντονισμού (NMR), η περίθλαση ακτίνων-Χ και ο κυκλικός διχρωισμός (Circular Dichroism, CD) προσφέρουν δομικές πληροφορίες για τις αλλαγές στη διαμόρφωση και τα σημεία πρόσδεσης μεταξύ γλυκοζαμινογλυκανών και πρωτεϊνών. Θερμοδυναμικές πληροφορίες για τις αλληλεπιδράσεις πρωτεϊνών-γλυκοζαμινογλυκανών αντλούνται από τη θερμιδομετρία ισόθερμης τιτλοδότησης (Isothermal Titration Calorimetry, ITC), ενώ με την τεχνική της διέγερσης επιφανειακών πλασμονίων (Surface Plasmon Resonance, SPR) μελετώνται η σταθερά σύνδεσης και η σταθερά διάστασης της αλληλεπίδρασης σε πραγματικό χρόνο. Το κυριότερο μειονέκτημα των παραπάνω τεχνικών είναι το ότι δεν προσφέρουν πληροφορίες για χημικούς δεσμούς, ενώ ο χρόνος ανάλυσης είναι μεγάλος και απαιτούνται μεγάλες ποσότητες δειγμάτων. Η τεχνική που χρησιμοποιήθηκε ήταν εκείνη της φασματοσκοπίας micro-Raman, μια μη καταστρεπτική τεχνική, η οποία προσφέρει πληροφορίες για τη χημική δομή του εξεταζόμενου δείγματος, ενώ παράλληλα είναι γρήγορη και ακριβής. Παρασκευάστηκαν δύο είδη μιγμάτων γλυκοζαμινογλυκανών με κολλαγόνο. Στην πρώτη περίπτωση, κολλαγόνο τύπου Ι ή τύπου ΙΙ εμβαπτίστηκε σε διάλυμα θειικής χονδροϊτίνης, ηπαρίνης ή μίγμα τους που παρασκευάστηκε με αναλογία όγκων 1:1. Στη δεύτερη περίπτωση, μίγματα των δύο ουσιών προέκυψαν με ανάμιξη ίσων ποσοτήτων των δύο ουσιών. Τα παραπάνω μίγματα μελετήθηκαν με φασματοσκοπία Raman και με την τεχνική της Διαφορικής Θερμιδομετρίας Σάρωσης (Differential Scanning Calorimetry, DSC) και συγκρίθηκαν με τα φάσματα των προτύπων ουσιών. Κάθε ουσία έχει ένα χαρακτηριστικό φάσμα Raman, η ερμηνεία του οποίου οδήγησε στην ταυτοποίηση χαρακτηριστικών ομάδων των μορίων, όπως οι δεσμοί C-OH, οι θειικές ομάδες (O-SO3-, N-SO3-), η Ν-ακετυλομάδα, οι δεσμοί C=O και οι δεσμοί C-Ν. Οι φασματικές περιοχές που παρουσιάζουν τα πιο έντονα χαρακτηριστικά στα φάσματα Raman των μιγμάτων GAG-κολλαγόνου είναι οι εξής: 800-920 cm-1, 900-1000 cm-1 και 980-1170 cm-1. Όσον αφορά στην τελευταία φασματική περιοχή, παρατηρήθηκε σημαντική μετατόπιση της χαρακτηριστικής κορυφής της δόνησης έκτασης των θειομάδων προς χαμηλότερους κυματάριθμους (από τους 1070 cm-1 περίπου στους 1062-1064 cm-1) και η εμφάνιση μιας κορυφής στους 1072 cm-1, σε σχέση με τα αντίστοιχα φάσματα των προτύπων ουσιών, στα φάσματα όλων των μιγμάτων που μελετήθηκαν. Η μετατόπιση της συγκεκριμένης κορυφής αποτελεί ένδειξη αλληλεπίδρασης μεταξύ των δύο ουσιών και καταδεικνύει το σημαντικό ρόλο των θειομάδων των γλυκοζαμινογλυκανών στις αλληλεπιδράσεις τους με τη συγκεκριμένη πρωτεΐνη. Τα αποτελέσματα της φασματοσκοπίας Raman βρίσκονται σε συμφωνία με εκείνα που προκύπτουν από την τεχνική της Διαφορικής Θερμιδομετρίας Σάρωσης (DSC), καθώς τα θερμογραφήματα DSC των μιγμάτων θειικής χονδροϊτίνης-κολλαγόνου τύπου Ι είναι διαφορετικά από εκείνο του μίγματος που προέκυψε από την ανάμιξη των δύο συστατικών, υποδεικνύοντας την ύπαρξη αλληλεπίδρασης μεταξύ των δύο ουσιών. Με την τεχνική της φασματοσκοπίας Raman διαπιστώθηκε ότι το κολλαγόνο τύπου Ι έδειξε μεγαλύτερη «χημική προτίμηση» προς την ηπαρίνη σε σχέση με τη θειική χονδροϊτίνη, ενώ το κολλαγόνο τύπου ΙΙ προτίμησε να αλληλεπιδράσει με τη θειική χονδροϊτίνη. / Collagen and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) co-exist as major constituents of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in a variety of tissues. Collagen type I is the most abundant protein in the human body, whereas another important type of collagen is type II, which forms the extracellular matrix of cartilage and other tissues. Glycosaminoglycans are negatively charged polysaccharides that occur as a structural component of proteoglycans and can be divided in four major groups: i) chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate, ii) heparin and heparin sulfate, iii) keratan sulfate, and iv) hyaluronic acid. Both GAGs and collagen not only regulate a variety of cellular functions but they also seem to be involved in many pathological conditions, including cancer and joint diseases. Therefore, a more detailed investigation of the interactions between them will result in a deeper understanding of their biological function. Most common methods for identifying GAG-collagen interactions include affinity chromatography, affinity electrophoresis and fluorescence spectroscopy. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), X-ray diffraction and Circular Dichroism (CD) provide structural data characterizing conformational changes and contact points between the interacting species. Using Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC), information on the thermodynamics of glycosaminoglycan-protein interactions can be obtained. Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) allows the measurement of association and dissociation constants of glycosaminoglycan-protein interactions in real time. The major disadvantage of the techniques described above is the inability to identify specific chemical bonds. Other disadvantages are the long analysis time and that large amounts of the interacting substances are required. In the present work, Raman spectroscopy, a non-destructive, vibrational technique which yields information on the chemical composition of the specimen, was employed for the exploration of the interactions between collagen type I and type II and two glycosaminoglycans, chondroitin sulfate and heparin. Two sets of mixtures composed of glycosaminoglycans and each type of collagen were prepared: i) collagen type I or type II was immersed in aqueous solutions of chondroitin sulfate, heparin and a 1:1 mixture of both GAGs, and ii) GAG-collagen mixtures were obtained by blending suitable amounts of the two substances. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) was also applied on the latter mixtures. From the Raman spectra identification of vibrational frequencies of the functional groups of the above molecules, such as C-OH linkages, sulfate groups (O-SO3-, N-SO3-), N-acetyl group, carboxyl group and C-Ν linkages is possible. The prominent features arising from the Raman spectra of GAG-collagen interactions are found in the regions 800-920 cm-1, 900-1000 cm-1 and 980-1170 cm-1. Processing of the spectra of all GAG-collagen mixtures has revealed that a shift of the most characteristic vibration of chondroitin sulfate’s and heparin’s spectrum from 1070 cm-1 to 1062-1064 cm-1, while a vibration at approximately 1072 cm-1 emerges. The sulfate band shift is indicative of an interaction between collagen and glycosaminoglycans and depicts the important role of the sulfate group of glycosaminoglycans in the interactions with the protein. This observation was in accordance with the results from Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), which demonstrated an interaction between collagen and chondroitin sulfate. A stronger preference of collagen type I to interact with heparin rather than chondroitin sulfate and of collagen type II to interact with chondroitin sulfate was also observed.

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Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

In dieser Arbeit wird das neue Prinzip der „Selbstinkompatiblen Lösungsmittel“ vorgestellt. Es wird theoretisch abgeleitet, dass eine Mischung aus zwei Substanzen mit ungünstigen Wechselwirkungen bereitwillig eine weitere Substanz aufnehmen sollte, die diese ungünstigen Wechselwirkungen durch Verdünnen vermindert. Dies sollte umso stärker ausgeprägt sein, je ungünstiger die Wechselwirkungen zwischen den beiden ersten Substanzen sind. Da sich jedoch Substanzen mit sehr ungünstigen Wechselwirkungen physikalisch nicht mischen, entstand die Idee, diese Substanzen durch eine kovalente Bindung aneinander zu binden. Ein solches Molekül, das aus zwei inkompatiblen Hälften besteht, wird im Folgendem Selbstinkompatibles Lösungsmittel genannt. Die in dieser Arbeit gewählten Substanzen zeigen mäßige Inkompatibilität, deshalb ist ein Vergleich zwischen einfachen physikalischen Mischungen und kovalent verknüpften Molekülhälften noch möglich. Dieses Prinzip wird für binäre und ternäre Mischungen quantitativ berechnet und experimentell in drei Serien von Experimenten bestätigt: i) unter Verwendung von Lösungskalorimetrie und Bestimmung der Wechselwirkungsparameter zwischen Komponente 3 und einer bereits hergestellt physikalischen binären Mischung aus Komponente 1 und 2, ii) unter Verwendung von Lösungskalorimetrie und Bestimmung der Wechselwirkungsparameter zwischen Komponente 3 und den selbstinkompatiblen Losungsmitteln, die den in (i) gewählten Mischungen entsprechen und iii) aus der Sättigungslöslichkeit der Komponente 3 in den entsprechenden selbstinkompatiblen Lösungsmitteln. In diesen drei verschiedenen Messserien wird stets der gleichen Trend beobachtet: Die Selbstinkompatibilität eines Lösungsmittels begünstigt den Lösevorgang. / In this thesis a new principle of Self Incompatible Solvent is introduced. It is shown theoretically that a preexisting mixture of two substances (compound 1 and 2) with unfavorable interactions will readily dissolve a third compound because it diminishes the unfavorable interaction between the compound 1 and 2 by dilution. This behavior should be the stronger the more unfavorable the interactions between compound 1 and 2 are. However, substances with strong unfavorable interactions will not mix. Therefore the idea pursued here is to enforce the desired preexisting mixture for example by linking compound 1 covalently to compound 2. Such a molecule that is composed of two incompatible parts is called Self Incompatible Solvent in this work. In this thesis examples of incompatible compounds that show moderate incompatibility are chosen, therefore it was possible to do a comparison between simple physical mixtures and covalently linked incompatible molecules. The theoretical prediction of the theory is compared with experiments. This principle is calculated quantitatively for binary and ternary mixtures and compared with the experimental results in three distinct series of experiments: i) by using solution calorimetry and calculation of the interaction parameters between compounds 3 and the preexisting binary mixture of compound 1 and 2, ii) by using solution calorimetry and calculation of the interaction parameters between compound 3 and the Self Incompatible Solvent that correspond to the mixtures used in (i) and iii) from the saturation solubility of compound 3 in the Self Incompatible Solvent. The results obtained from the theoretical prediction and these obtained from the three different series of experiments show the same trend: the self incompatibility of the solvent improves the dissolution process.

Calmodulin (CaM) is a ubiquitous calcium-binding protein responsible for the binding and activation of a vast number of enzymes and signaling pathways. It contains two lobes that bind two calcium ions each, separated by a flexible central linker. This structural flexibility allows CaM to bind and regulate a large number of diverse protein targets within the cell in response to Ca2+ gradients. Voltage gated calcium channels (CaVs), as main sources of extracellular Ca2+, are crucial for a number of physiological processes, from muscle contraction to neurotransmission and endocrine function. These large transmembrane proteins open in response to membrane depolarization and allow gated entry of Ca2+ ions into the cytoplasm. Their regulation is currently the subject of intense investigation due to its pharmacological and scientific importance. CaM has been previously shown to pre-associate and act as a potent inhibitor of one class of high-voltage activated (HVA) channels called L-type channels via its interaction with their C-terminal cytoplasmic region. This interaction is primarily mediated by a conserved CaM-binding motif called the ‘IQ’ motif (for conserved isoleucine and glutamine residues), although the exact molecular details of its involvement in inactivation are currently unclear. Elucidation of these details was the primary objective of this dissertation. Recently, a novel sequence motif within this channel called ‘NSCaTE’ (N-terminal spatial calcium transforming element) has been described as an important contributor to calcium-dependent inactivation (CDI) of L-type channels. It was presumed to be unique to vertebrates, but we also show its conservation in a distantly related L-type channel homolog of Lymnaea stagnalis (pond snail). The interaction of CaM with a number of peptides representing the different regulatory motifs (IQ and NSCaTE) for both mammalian and snail isoforms was characterized in an attempt to better understand their role in CDI. Biophysical work with peptides as well as electrophysiology recordings with an N-terminal truncation mutant of Lymnaea CaV1 homolog were performed to expand our understanding of how the interplay between these channel elements might occur. In brief, the most striking feature of the interaction concerns the strong evidence for a CaM-mediated bridge between the N- and C-terminal elements of L-type channels. Further investigation of the CaM interaction with both IQ and NSCaTE peptides using Ca2+-deficient CaM mutants reveals a preference of both peptides for the Ca2+-C-lobe of CaM, and a much higher affinity of CaM for the IQ peptide, suggesting that the N-lobe of CaM is the main interaction responsible for the physiological effects of NSCaTE. These results are consistent with our electrophysiology findings that reveal a distinct buffer-sensitive CDI in wild type LCaV1 that can be abolished by the N-terminal truncation spanning the NSCaTE region. In addition to L-type channels, CaM has also been shown to have an indirect role in the regulation of low-voltage activated (LVA) or T-type channels (CaV3.x), via their phosphorylation by CaM-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII). Using a primary sequence scanning algorithm, a CaM-binding site was predicted in a cytoplasmic region of these channels that was also previously shown to be important in channel gating. Biophysical experiments with synthetic peptides spanning this gating brake region from the three human and the single Lymnaea isoform strongly suggest that there is a novel, bona fide CaM interaction in this channel region, and also hint that this interaction may be a Ca2+-dependent switch of some sort. The results confirm a possible new role for CaM in the direct regulation of these channels, although the exact mechanism remains to be elucidated.