In this thesis, performance of the Contribution Reward Routing Protocol with Shapley Value (CAP-SV), a power-aware routing protocol for ad hoc networking is analyzed. Literature study on ad hoc network routing and ower-awareness is given. The overhead induced by the extra packets of the redirection mechanism of CAP-SV is formulized and the factors affecting this overhead are discussed. Then, the power consumption of CAP-SV is analytically analized using a linear power consumption model. It is shown that CAP-SV performs better than AODV regarding power consumption. The analysis validates the simulation results reported in the literature and provides general principles of how protocol and scenario parameters affect the performance.

One way to reduce the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere for the mitigation of climate change is to capture the CO2 and inject it into geological formations. The most important public concern about carbon capture and storage (CCS) is whether stored CO2 will leak into groundwater sources and finally into the atmosphere. To prevent the leakage, the possible leakage paths and the mechanisms triggering the paths must be examined and identified. It is known that the leakage paths can be due to CO2 - rock interaction and CO2 &ndash / well interaction. The objective of this research is to identify the geochemical reactions of the dissolved CO2 in the synthetic formation water with the rock minerals of the Sayindere cap rock by laboratory experiments. It is also aimed to model and simulate the experiments using ToughReact software. Sayindere formation is the cap rock of the Caylarbasi, a southeastern petroleum field in Turkey. The mineralogical investigation and fluid chemistry analysis of the experiments show that calcite was dissolved from the cap rock core as a result of CO2- water- rock interaction. Using the reactive transport code TOUGHREACT, the modeling of the dynamic experiment is performed. Calcite, the main primary mineral in the Sayindere is dissolved first and then re-precipitated during the simulation process. The decreases of 0.01 % in the porosity and 0.03% in permeability of the packed core of the Sayindere cap rock are observed in the simulation. The simulation was continued for 25 years without CO2 injection. However, the results of this simulation show that the porosity and permeability are increased by 0.001 % and 0.004 %, respectively due to the CO2-water-rock mineral interaction. This shows that the Sayindere cap rock integrity must be monitored in the field if application is planned.

Comme les autres villes sud-africaines, Cape Town porte l'empreinte des idéologies de la ségrégation et de l'apartheid, inscrites légalement dans l'espace urbain dès 1901. Mais c'est à partir de 1948 que les grands townships se développent. Une étude détaillée de chaque quartier noir fait apparaître les caractéristiques de cet urbanisme sud-africain particulier, destiné au contrôle social et politique des populations noires. Cependant, dans des paysages imposés par le gouvernement, ces populations ont réussi à développer une culture africaine et urbaine originale : c'est ce que fait apparaître une géographie culturelle des townships et des camps de squatters. Aujourd'hui, la ville post-apartheid se dessine, entre inerties spatiales, pesanteur des structures héritées de l'apartheid et formation de quartiers racialement mixtes.

Reproduction de : Thèse de doctorat : Géographie et aménagement : Paris 4 : 2005. / Titre provenant de l'écran titre. 72 références bibliographiques.

Thesis (M.A.)--Saint Mary's University, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references.

In order to meet the US EPA's National Ambient Air Quality Standards as set under the provisions of the Clean Air Act, states and regions throughout the United States are designing cap and trade programs aimed at reducing the emissions of the two dominant precursors for ozone, nitrogen oxides (NOx) and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). While emission cap and trade programs are becoming more common, relatively few analyses have examined the air quality implications of moving emissions from one location to another (due to trading of emissions between facilities), from one sector to another (due to the use of technologies such as Plug-in Electric Hybrid Vehicles - PHEVs), and changing the temporal distribution of emissions (through emissions trading among facilities with different temporal profiles). This thesis will examine, in detail, the air quality implications of two emission cap and trade programs. The first program is a NOx trading program that covers Electricity Generating Units (EGUs) in the Northeastern United States. Results show that refining the temporal limits on this cap and trade program, by charging facilities more to emit NOx on days when ozone is most likely to form, has the potential to significantly reduce NOx emissions and ozone concentrations. Additionally, this research also shows that, for this region, the spatial redistribution of NOx emissions due to trading leads to greater ozone reductions than similar amounts of NOx emission reductions applied evenly across all facilities. Analyses also indicate that displacing emissions from the on-road mobile sector (vehicles) to the EGU sector through the use of PHEVs decreases ozone in most areas, but some highly localized areas show increases in ozone concentration. The second trading program examined in this thesis is limited to Houston, Texas, where a VOC trading program is focused on a sub-set of four Highly Reactive Volatile Organic Compounds (HRVOCs), which have been identified as having substantial ozone formation potential. Work presented in this thesis examined whether this trading program, in its current form or in an expanded form, could lead to air pollution hot spots, due to spatial reallocation of emissions. Results show that the program as currently designed is unlikely to lead to ozone hot spots, so no further spatial limitations are required for this program. Expanding the trading to include Other VOCs, fugitive emissions and chlorine emissions, based on reactivity weighted trading, is also unlikely to lead to the formation of ozone hot spots, and could create more flexibility in a trading market that is currently not very active. Based on these air quality modeling results, policy suggestions are provided that may increase participation in the trading market. These case studies demonstrate that use of detailed air analyses can provide improved designs for increasingly popular emission cap and trade programs, with improved understanding of the impacts of modifying spatial and temporal distributions of emissions. / text

Final work of University Postgraduate Studies, 73 Pages, 19 Figures, 10 Tables, 51 References, 4 Appendixes, in Lithuanian.Research aim – research and evaluate the impact of European Union Sugar Reform on Sugar Sector in Lithuania.Research methods – analysis and synthesis of scientific literature and EU law acts, statistical – analytical, questioning, graphical interpretation of data, etc. Studying scientific and periodical literature of Lithuania and foreign authors, there were indicated tendency and dynamics indicators in sugar sector, analyzed its regulation mechanism and impact of reform in organization of sugar market to development of sugar sector in Lithuania.

Pagrindinis šio darbo tikslas- išsamiai ir kompleksiškai išanalizuoti ES bendrosios žemės ūkio politikos poveikį Lietuvos užsienio prekybai bei jos įgyvendinimo Lietuvos muitinėje teorinius ir praktinius aspektus. Lietuvos narystė ES - atsivėrusi bendroji rinka ir eksporto rėmimas - sudarė prielaidas sparčiam žemės ūkio produktų eksporto augimui, o suaktyvėjusi prekyba ir padidėjusi finansinė parama paspartino šio sektoriaus gamybos plėtrą. Magistro baigiamajame darbe išnagrinėta BŽŪP pagrindinės nuostatos ir instrumentai, žemės ūkio produktų importo ir eksporto reguliavimo tarifinės ir netarifinės priemonės, šių produktų importo ir eksporto pokyčiai Lietuvai įstojus į ES. Lietuvos muitinei tenka svarbus vaidmuo vykdant BŽŪP. Darbe nagrinėjamos muitinės funkcijos, vykdant BŽŪP, jų pasiskirstymas tarp struktūrinių padalinių, bendradarbiavimas su Nacionaline mokėjimo agentūra, vykdant Lietuvos muitinei deleguotas funkcijas, užduočių paskirstymo sistema, kontroliuojant eksportuojamus žemės ūkio produktus, už kuriuos mokamos eksporto subsidijos. Išsamiai išnagrinėta žemės ūkio produktų atranka eksporto kontrolei atlikti, remiantis rizikos analize, fizinių patikrinimų procesas, ūkio subjektų, susijusių su žemės ūkio produktų tarptautine prekyba, komercinės veiklos patikrinimas, reikalingų dokumentų tvarkymas, ataskaitų pateikimas ir bendradarbiavimo įsipareigojimai. Pagrindinės darbo išvados yra susijusios su atliktos užsienio prekybos ir muitinės funkcijų, vykdant BŽŪP, analizės... [to full text] / The main purpose of the work is to analyse the theoretical and practical dimensions of CAP implementation in the Lithuanian Customs and the impact of CAP on the Lithuanian foreign trade in integrated way. Lithuania’s membership in the European Union (EU), the common market with open borders and support for export have created the opportunities for the rapid growth of the export of agricultural products, more active trade and financial support have accelerated the development of the aforementioned manufacturing sector. The main CAP attitudes and measures, tariff and non-tariff instruments of trade regulation and changes in import and export since Lithuania’s entrance into the EU have been examined. The Lithuanian Customs have been assigned an important role in the implementation of CAP. The distribution of functions between the structural subdivisions in implementing the CAP, the cooperation with the National Paying Agency in pursuance of the functions delegated to the Lithuanian Customs, the distribution of tasks in inspecting exported agricultural products entitled to export refunds have been analysed in this work. The selection and export control of agricultural products on the basis of risk analysis, the audit of commercial activities of business entities involved in foreign trade in CAP products, the clearance of documents, submission of reports and obligations of cooperation have been looked into more exhaustively. The main finding of the work is associated with the... [to full text]

New companies go public through Nasdaqs growth market First North constantly. The reasons for going public are many, and the interest at the moment is big. There are different ways to go public, the most common being the traditional IPO. This study is about the companies that have been listed on Nasdaq First North between 2008 and 2013 through traditional IPO, or by RTO (reverse takeover). The differences between these two ways of going public are that the IPOs are reviewed more thoroughly by Nasdaq and the market. This makes the study interesting, as the RTOs go public in a faster way, and avoid the review from outside parties largely. In this study you will see whether there is a difference in investing in either group of companies, from a shareholders point of view. In the study, we establish that there is no difference in the performance between the two groups of companies. However, we do see clear differenes between the companies development, not from a share perspective, but in other interesting perspectives such as takeovers, listing changes, bankruptcy, and delistings. / På Nasdaqs tillväxtmarknad First North sker ständigt nya introduktioner av företag. Anledningarna till börsnoteringarna är många, och intresset är i skrivande stund stort för att introduceras på börsen. Det finns olika sätt att introduceras på börsen, där det vanligast förkommande är genom en så kallad IPO-process. Denna studie utgår från bolag som har börsnoterats på Nasdaq First North under tidsperioden 2008-2013 genom IPO och RTO (omvända förvärv). Skillnaderna mellan dessa introduktioner är att IPO-bolagen granskas i högre grad av Nasdaqoch marknaden i övrigt inför introduktionen. Detta gör det intressant då RTO-bolagen kommer snabbare in på börsen och undviker granskningen från utomstående parter till stordel. I studien får du ur ett aktieägarperspektiv svar på om det är värt att investera i större utsträckning i någon av kategorierna, samt aktiernas utveckling i relation till deras branschindex på Nasdaq First North. I studien konstaterar vi att RTO-bolagen inte presterar sämre än IPO-bolagen om man ser till branschindex. Vi ser dock genomgående att det är tydliga skillnader vad gäller företagens utveckling, men inte ur ett aktiekursperspektiv utan snarare till andra intressanta aspekter såsom uppköp, listbyten, konkurser samt avnoteringar.

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) and a point of electricity generation is a promising option for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. One issue with respect to CCS is the design of carbon dioxide transport, storage and injection system. This dissertation develops a model, OptimaCCS, that combines economic and spatial optimization for the integration of CCS transport, storage and injection infrastructure to minimize costs. The model solves for the lowest-cost set of pipeline routes and storage/injection sites that connect CO2 sources to the storage. It factors in pipeline costs, site-specific storage costs, and pipeline routes considerations involving existing right of ways and land use. It also considers cost reductions resulting from networking the pipelines segment from the plants into trunk lines that lead to the storage sites. OptimaCCS is demonstrated for a system involving carbon capture at 14 Texas coal-fired power plants and three potential deep-saline aquifer sequestration sites. In turn OptimaCCS generates 1) a cost-effective CCS pipeline network for transporting CO2 from all the power plants to the possible storage sites, and 2) an estimate of the costs associated with the CO2 transport and storage. It is used to examine variations in the configuration of the pipeline network depending on differences in storage site-specific injection costs. These results highlight how various levels of cooperation by CO2 emitters and difference in injection costs among possible storage sites can affect the most cost-effective arrangement for deploying CCS infrastructure. This study also analyzes CCS deployment under the features in a piece of legislation the draft of American Power Act (APA) - that was proposed in 2010 which contained a goal of CCS capacity for emissions from 72 Gigawatt (GW) by 2034. A model was developed that simulates CCS deployment while considering different combinations of carbon price trajectories, technology progress, and assumed auction prices. The model shows that the deployment rate of CCS technology under APA is affected by the available bonus allowances, carbon price trajectory, CCS incentive, technological adaptation, and auction process. Furthermore it demonstrates that the 72GW objective can only be achieved in a rapid deployment scenario with quick learning-by-doing and high carbon price starting at 25 dollars in 2013 with a 5 percent annual increase. Furthermore under the slow and moderate deployment scenarios CCS capacity falls short of achieving the 72 GW objective.