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An investigation of electrochemical storage device materials has been undertaken in four parts. The bulk and interfacial resistance of Na+ beta-alumina tubes were separated using a galvanostatic charge-discharge method. Sodium silicide was characterized to better understand its synthesis. BiMn2O5 was produced using a sol-gel method and tested for pseudocapacity. Different lithium ion anode and cathode materials were deposited using a new electrophoretic deposition method. A novel galvanostatic charge-discharge method was developed for the determination of bulk and interface resistance in Na+ beta-alumina solid electrolytes [BASE]. Dense and duplex BASE tubes were tested by varying the exposed surface area. The results of dense BASE tube pairs were used to determine the bulk and interfacial resistance components, while duplex BASE tubes were tested to determine the reduction in interfacial resistance. It was found that duplex tubes had reduced the interfacial resistance by 75%, when compared to a uniformly dense electrolyte. Sodium silicide was characterized using various methods to better understand the phase and the Na-Si phase diagram. EMF experiments using Na+ BASE tubes was used to determine the activity in the silicon rich region of the phase diagram, which showed a sodium activity of 0.5 at 550°C. TGA/DSC was used to determine phase transformation temperatures, as well as the heat of formation for NaSi, which was recorded to be below 1 kJ mol-1. A sol-gel precipitation method was used to produce fine BiMn2O5 powders used for supercapacitors. The powders resulting from a consistent method were tested for pseudocapacitance using bulk and thin film electrodes. Bulk electrodes had a gravimetric capacitance of 10 F g-1, while thin film electrodes only reached 2.6 F g-1. Lithium ion battery anode (Li4Ti5O12) and cathode (LiFePO4, LiMn2O4, LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4) materials were electrophoretically deposited with the assistance of PAZO-Na and CMC-Na. Cathodes were successfully deposited on aluminium substrates, and were tested in the potential window 2 – 4.3 V. The LiFePO4 cathodes showed capacity of 146.7 mAh g-1 at C/10, while showing capacity retention of 103% after 50 cycles. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / The goal of this work is to examine materials used in different types of electrochemical storage devices. The modification of resistive properties of β-alumina electrolytes are examined for use in high temperature sodium batteries. Electrophoretic deposition methods are used to rapidly make thin electrodes for lithium ion batteries and supercapacitors. The stoichiometric compound NaSi, a potentially safer and greener method of producing hydrogen gas, is characterized for a better understanding of its properties, and therefore production.

Neste trabalho, foi desenvolvido um material híbrido inédito carvão ativado/nanotubos de carbono/nanopartículas de prata para as aplicações em bateria de íons de lítio e capacitor eletroquímico de dupla camada. O compósito foi preparado por crescimento dos nanotubos de carbono diretamente sobre o carvão ativado via deposição química de vapor e depois nanopartículas de prata foram incorporadas no carvão ativado/nanotubos de carbono. A morfologia do compósito foi analisada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Investigação das propriedades de intercalação de lítio no carvão ativado (CA), carvão ativado/nanotubos de carbono (CA/NTC), carvão ativado/prata (CA/Ag) e carvão ativado/nanotubos de carbono/prata (CA/NTC/Ag) foi conduzida por voltametria cíclica e ciclos de carga/descarga, utilizando dois diferentes eletrólitos. Verificou-se que o ânodo de CA/NTC/Ag apresenta mais elevado valor de capacidade específica reversível que a grafita em eletrólito comercial, provavelmente devido à rede tridimensional com elevada condutividade eletrônica formada por nanotubos de carbono e nanopartículas de prata nos poros e nas rugosidades do substrato. Além disso, os nanotubos de carbono podem exibir elevada capacidade de armazenamento de lítio. Outra vantagem do CA/NTC/Ag é que a rede de nanotubos de carbono acomoda a expansão de volume das partículas de prata durante a ciclagem do eletrodo, mantendo-as bem adsorvidas na superfície do CA/NTC. Os resultados confirmaram a existência do sinergismo entre os componentes do CA/NTC/Ag, que promove características eletroquímicas superiores àquelas dos constituintes isolados. / In this work, an unpublished hybrid material activated carbon/carbon nanotubes/silver nanoparticles was developed for lithium ion battery and electrochemical double layer capacitor applications. The composite was prepared by growing carbon nanotubes directly on the activated carbon via chemical vapor deposition and after silver nanoparticles were incorporated on the activated carbon/carbon nanotubes. The composites morphology was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Investigation of lithium intercalation properties in activated carbon (AC), activated carbon/carbon nanotubes (AC/CNT), activated carbon/silver (AC/Ag) and activated carbon/carbon nanotubes/silver (AC/CNT/Ag) was carried out by cyclic voltammetry and charge/discharge cycles by making use of two different electrolytes. It was found that the AC/CNT/Ag anode presents higher reversible specific capacity value in comparison with graphite in commercial electrolyte, probably due to the three dimensional network with high electronic conductivity formed by carbon nanotubes and silver nanoparticles in the substrates pores and roughness. Furthermore, carbon nanotubes can exhibit high lithium storage capacity. Another advantage of the AC/CNT/Ag is that the network of carbon nanotubes accommodates volume expansion of the silver particles during electrode cycling, keeping them well adsorbed on the surface of the AC/CNT. The results confirmed the existence of synergism between the components of the AC/CNT/Ag, which promotes electrochemical characteristics that are higher than those of the individual constituents.

Solution processed circuits are expected to be the main components to achieve low cost, large area, flexible electronics. However, the commercialization of solution processed flexible electronics face several challenges. The passive component such as capacitors are limited in frequency range and operating voltage. The active component such as transistors suffer from low mobility ultimately leading to limited current-carrying capacity. Just as in traditional silicon technology, the fabrication process and material choices significantly impact the performance of the fabricated devices. My thesis focuses on the optimization of the performance of printed capacitors and transistors through investigation of several aspects of the device structure and fabrication process. The first part of this work focuses on the optimization of printed nanoparticle/polymer composite capacitors. Thin film metal oxide nanoparticle/polymer composites have enormous potential to achieve printable high-k dielectrics. The combination of high-k ceramic nanoparticle and polymer enables room temperature deposition of high dielectric constant film without the need of high temperature sintering process. The polymer matrix host fills the packing voids left behind by the nanoparticles resulting to higher effective dielectric permittivity as a system and suppresses surface states leading to reduced dielectric loss. Such composite systems have been employed in a number of flexible electronic applications such as the dielectrics in capacitors and thin film transistors. One of the most important properties of thin film capacitors is the breakdown field. In a typical capacitor system, the breakdown process leads to catastrophic failure that destroys the capacitor; however, in a nanoparticle/polymer composite system with self-healing property, the point of breakdown is not well-defined. The breakdown of the dielectric or electrodes in the system limits the leakage observed. It is possible, however, to define a voltage/field tolerance. Field tolerance is defined as the highest practical field at which the device stays operational with low failure rate by qualifying the devices with defined leakage current density. In my work, the optimization of the field tolerance of (Ba,Sr)TiO₃ (BST)/parylene-C composite capacitors is achieved by studying the influence of the electromigration parameter on leakage and field strength through the inherit asymmetrical structure of the fabricated capacitors. One approach to creating these composites is to use a spin-coated nanoparticle film together with vapor deposited polymers, which can yield high performance, but also forms a structurally asymmetric device. The performance of a nanoparticle BST/parylene-C composite capacitor is compared to that of a nanoparticle BST capacitor without the polymer layer under both directions of bias. The composite device shows a five orders of magnitude improvement in the leakage current under positive bias of the bottom electrode relative to the pure-particle device, and four orders of magnitude improvement when the top electrode is positively biased. The voltage tolerance of the device is also improved, and it is asymmetric (44 V vs. 28 V in bottom and top positive bias, respectively). This study demonstrates the advantage of this class of composite device construction, but also shows that proper application of the device bias in this type of asymmetrical system can yield an additional benefit. The dependence of the field tolerance of nanoparticle/polymer composite capacitors on the electromigration parameter of the electrodes is investigated using the symmetrical dielectric system. The breakdown is suppressed by selecting the polarity used in nanoparticle (Ba,Sr)TiO₃/parylene-C composite film-based capacitors. Metals including gold, silver, copper, chromium, and aluminum with comparable surface conditions were examined as the electrodes. The asymmetric silver, aluminum, gold, copper, and chromium electrode devices show a 64 %, 29 %, 28 %, 17 %, 33 %, improvement in the effective maximum operating field, respectively, when comparing bias polarity. The field at which filament formation is observed shows a clear dependence on the electromigration properties of the electrode material and demonstrates that use of electromigration resistant metal electrodes offers an additional route to improving the performance of capacitors using this nanoparticle/polymer composite architecture. The second part of my thesis focuses on the novel pneumatic printing process that enables manipulation of the crystal growth of the organic semiconductors to achieve oriented crystal with high mobility. Small molecule organic semiconductors are attracting immense attention as the active material for the large-area flexible electronics due to their solution processability, mechanical flexibility, and potential for high performance. However, the ability to rapidly pattern and deposit multiple materials and control the thin-film morphology are significant challenges facing industrial scale production. A novel and simple pneumatic nozzle printing approach is developed to control the crystallization of organic thin-films and deposit multiple materials with wide range of viscosity including on the same substrate. Pneumatic printing uses capillary action between the nozzle and substrate combined with control of air pressure to dispense the solution from a dispense tip with a reservoir. Orientation and size of the crystals is controlled by tuning the printing direction, speed, and the temperature of the substrate. The main advantages of pneumatic printing technique are 1) simple setup and process, 2) multi-material layered deposition applicable to wide range of solution viscosity, 3) control over crystal growth. The manipulation of crystal growth will be discussed in the next chapter. This method for performance optimization and patterning has great potential for advancing printed electronics. The dependence of the mobility of printed thin film 6,13-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl) pentacene [TIPS-pentacene] and C8-BTBT on printing conditions is investigated, and the result indicates that the formation of well-ordered crystals occurs at an optimal head translation speed. A maximum mobility of 0.75 cm²/(Vs) is achieved with 0.3 mm/s printing speed and 1.3 cm²/(Vs) with 0.3 mm/s printing speed at 50C for TIPS-pentacene and C8-BTBT respectively. In summary, pneumatic printing technique can be an attractive route to industrial scale large area flexible electronics fabrication.

La croissance rapide du marché des télécommunications a conduit à une augmentation significative du nombre de bandes de fréquences allouées et à un besoin toujours plus grand en terminaux offrant un accès à un maximum de standards tout en proposant un maximum de services. La miniaturisation de ces appareils, combinée à la mise en place de fonctions supplémentaires, devient un vrai challenge pour les industriels. Une solution consiste à utiliser des fonctions hyperfréquences accordables (filtres, commutateurs, amplificateurs,…). A ce jour, trois technologies d'accord sont principalement utilisées : capacités variables, matériaux agiles ou encore MEMS RF. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous avons travaillé sur l’optimisation de dispositifs hyperfréquences reconfigurables en utilisant des couches minces ferroélectriques KTN et des diodes varactor. Nos premiers travaux étaient relatifs à l’optimisation des dispositifs hyperfréquences accordables à base de couche minces KTN. Dans ce sens, nous avons tout d’abord caractérisé le matériau KTN en basse et haute fréquence afin de déterminer ses caractéristiques diélectriques et ses caractéristiques en température. Nous avons ensuite réalisé des dispositifs hyperfréquence élémentaires tels des capacités interdigitées et des déphaseurs à base de KTN. Leurs performances ont alors été comparées aux mêmes dispositifs réalisés cette fois à base de la solution la plus utilisée BST. Bien qu’un léger avantage soit acquis à la solution BST, il n’en reste pas moins vrai que les résultats avec le matériau KTN sont très proches indiquant que cette voie peut également, après optimisation, apporter une alternative au BST. La seconde partie de nos travaux concerne la réalisation de filtres planaires accordables en fréquence à base de matériaux KTN et de diodes varactor. Nous avons ainsi réalisé deux filtres passe-bande accordables. Un premier filtre passe-bande de type « open loop » possédant deux pôles agiles en fréquence centrale et un second filtre passe-bande de type SIR rendant possible l’accord de sa fréquence centrale ainsi que de sa bande passante à partir de diodes varactor. Lors de la conclusion sur nos travaux, nous évoquons les suites à donner à ce travail et les perspectives. / The rapid growth of the telecommunications industry has led to a significant increase in the number of allocated frequency bands and a growing need for terminals providing access to an increasing number of standards while offering maximum services. The miniaturization of these devices combined with the implementation of additional functions has become a real challenge for the industry. The use of tunable microwave functions (filters, switches, amplifiers ...) appears as a solution to this issue. In this way, three main technologies are mainly used: variable capacitors, tunable materials and RF MEMS. Within the scope of this thesis work, our investigations focused on tunable microwave devices optimization through the use of KTN ferroelectric thin films and varactor diodes. The first part of our study deals with the optimization of tunable microwave devices based on KTN ferroelectric thin films. In this way, we initially characterized KTN material in low and high frequency to determine its dielectric properties and characteristics according to the temperature. Then, we designed basic microwave devices such as interdigitated capacitors and phase shifters based on KTN thin films. Their performances were then compared with BST solution. Despite results highlighting a slight advantage to BST solution, KTN material, after optimization process, could be a BST alternative solution. In a second part, our work focused on the realization of tunable planar filters based on KTN materials and varactor diodes. We made two tunable bandpass filters. The first one is a center frequency tunable bandpass two pole open loop filter and the second one is a center frequency and bandwidth tunable SIR bandpass filter using varactor diodes. Finally, we discussed follow-up to give to this work and outlooks.

With the ever-advancing technology, there is an incessant need for reliable electrochemical energy storage (EES) components that can provide desired energy and power. At the forefront of EES systems are electrochemical capacitors (ECs), also known as supercapacitors that typically have higher power and superior cycle longevity but lower energy densities than their battery counterparts. One of the routes to achieve higher energy density for ECs is using the hybrid EC configuration, which typically utilizes a redox electrode coupled with a counter double-layer type electrode. In this dissertation, both scale-up (coin-cell type) as well as scale-down (on-chip miniaturized) hybrid ECs were designed, constructed and evaluated. The first part of the dissertation comprised material identification, syntheses, and electrochemical analyses. Lithium titanate-anatase titanium oxide (Li4Ti5O12-TiO2) composites were synthesized via electrostatic spray deposition (ESD) and characterized in both half-cell and full-cell assembly against lithium and nanostructured carbon based counter electrodes, respectively. The second redox type material studied for hybrid electrochemical capacitors was ESD derived manganese oxide (MnOx). The MnOx electrodes exhibited a high gravimetric capacitance of 225F g-1 in aqueous media. Further improvement in the rate handling of the MnOx electrodes was achieved by using CNT additives. The MnOx-CNT composites were tested in full-cell assembly against activated carbon counter electrodes and tested for different anode and cathode mass ratios in order to achieve the best energy-power tradeoff, which was the second major goal of the dissertation. The optimized hybrid capacitor was able to deliver a high specific energy density of 30.3 Wh kg-1 and a maximal power density of 4kW kg-1. The last part of the dissertation focused on a scale-down miniaturized hybrid microsupercapacitor; an interdigitated electrode design was adopted in order to shorten the ion-transport pathway, and MnOx and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) were chosen as the redox and double layer components, respectively. The hybrid microsupercapacitor was able to deliver a high stack energy density of 1.02 mWh cm-3 and a maximal stack power density of 3.44 W cm-3, both of which are comparable with thin-film batteries and commercial supercapacitor in terms of volumetric energy and power densities.

Orientador: Antonio Padilha Feltrin / Resumo: As redes elétricas de distribuição em sua maioria apresentam cargas elétricas desequilibradas. Por isso é necessário estudar as potências envolvidas em sistemas trifásicos desequilibrados e a compensação das mesmas. O desequilíbrio aumenta as perdas elétricas e diminui o fator de potência da rede elétrica. Esse trabalho propõe a compensação da potência reativa e do desequilíbrio na rede com a finalidade da diminuição das perdas elétricas e a compensação das componentes de sequência desequilibradas da corrente. A utilização da teoria da potência efetiva em sistemas desequilibrados permite calcular as potências reativas e de desequilíbrio, sendo estas as potências compensadas no método proposto. A teoria da potência efetiva mede a eficiência dos métodos testados. Os objetivos da compensação do desequilíbrio são reduzir as perdas elétricas no neutro e o fator de desequilíbrio da tensão, além da potência de desequilíbrio na rede, potência exclusiva do desequilíbrio e que não realiza trabalho. O método proposto para compensação do desequilíbrio e dos reativos na rede de distribuição a quatro fios consiste na alocação de capacitores em delta ou estrela nas barras trifásicas. O método proposto é comparado com dois métodos existentes na literatura. A comparação entre os métodos permite constatar que o método proposto é mais eficiente na redução do desequilíbrio conjuntamente com a compensação das perdas elétricas. Quanto maior é o desequilíbrio da rede elétrica maior é a vantagem da ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Distribution electrical networks mostly have unbalanced electrical loads. Therefore it is necessary to study the powers involved in unbalanced three-phase systems and their compensation. The unbalance increases the power losses and decreases the power factor of the electrical network. This work proposes the compensation of the reactive power and the unbalance in the network with the purpose of reducing the power losses and the compensation of the unbalanced sequence components of the current. The use of the effective power theory in unbalanced systems allows to calculate the reactive and unbalanced power, these being the powers compensated in the proposed method. Effective power theory measures the efficiency of the methods tested. The objectives of the unbalance compensation are to reduce the power losses in the neutral and the unbalance factor of the voltage, besides the unbalanced power in the network, exclusive power of the unbalance and that do not realize work. The proposed method for unbalance and reactive compensation in the four-wire distribution network consists of the allocation of delta or wye-connected capacitors to the three-phase bus. The proposed method is compared with two methods in the literature. The comparison between the methods allows to verify that the proposed method is more efficient in reducing the unbalance together with the compensation of the power losses. The greater the unbalance in power network, the greater the advantage of the compensation b... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

L’utilisation des plusieurs sources d’énergies de caractéristiques différentes, à bord du véhicule électrique VE) nécessite l’adoption de convertisseurs statiques. Ces derniers peuvent avoir la fonction de conditionneur ’énergie des différentes sources et/ou commander les machines électriques du véhicule.Généralement les VE disposent d’un bus continu « de quelques centaines de volts » dont la stabilité est assurée par un groupe de convertisseurs élévateurs de tension (du fait que les sources ont généralement un niveau de tension faible ; quelques dizaines de volts). Lors des démarrages/arrêts très fréquents du VE en mode urbain, les sources pourraient alimenter directement le moteur de traction sans avoir recours aux convertisseurs élévateurs de tension. Afin d’exploiter cette fonctionnalité, nous proposons d’explorer une deuxième architecture de convertisseur basée sur l’adoption d’un niveau de tension variable du bus continu. Dans cette approche, la tension minimale de ce dernier est fixée en fonction des niveaux de tensions disponibles du côté des sources et de la vitesse requise (niveau des f.é.m du moteur de traction). Ainsi, le rapport variable d’élévation de la tension est minimal à faible vitesse du véhicule en mode urbain et il est maximal à grande vitesse, en modes route et autoroute. Ceci apportera une amélioration du rendement énergétique de l’ensemble sources-moteurs notamment en mode urbain. Par ailleurs, l’utilisation grand public de ces véhicules exige des contraintes maximales de disponibilité (continuité de service) des fonctions principales notamment l’alimentation embarquée. A travers le travail de cette thèse nous proposons une nouvelle topologie du convertisseur de puissance entre les sources (une Pile à combustibles associée à un pack de super-condensateurs) et les charges (moteur de traction et réseau de bord alimentant les auxiliaires du véhicule). Ce convertisseur adopte une tension variable du bus continu et une redondance de l’alimentation du moteur de traction. Après la présentation du convertisseur proposé et son positionnement par rapport à la littérature, une analyse du fonctionnement et la modélisation de sa partie DC-DC est détaillée notamment à travers des résultats de simulation de ses différents modes. A ce titre un programme de simulation fine (à l’échelle des impulsions de commande) du système entier a été développé. Dans un deuxième temps, la commande automatique et rapprochée des interrupteurs de puissance a été développée en se basant respectivement sur la méthode de contrôle par petits signaux et la commande hystérésis de courant, triangulaire-rapport cyclique et triangulaire-sinus. Les résultats de simulation des fonctionnalités principales attendues mettent en évidence la faisabilité de l’architecture du convertisseur de puissance proposée. Enfin, une maquette expérimentale à échelle réduite a été développée dans le but de valider l’étude théorique. Les premiers tests expérimentaux de la partie DC-DC du convertisseur donnent des résultats satisfaisant et valident ainsi le processus de conception. Le travail futur sera la réalisation d’une maquette à échelle 1 dans laquelle la conception du refroidisseur sera intégrée en amont de la réalisation du plan de masse dudit convertisseur. Nous pensons que cela permettra une meilleure optimisation de l’espace à bord du véhicule et améliorera le rendement énergétique de la chaine de traction. / The use of many energy sources of different kind in a electrical vehicle (EV) needs the adoption of static converters. These can have the function of either conditioning energy or driving the electrical machines of the vehicle. EV’s generally have a DC bus of some hundred volts, whose stability is ensured by a set of boost converters, since the voltage level of the several sources is as low as about some tens of volts. During frequent start/stop phases of EV’s in urban mode, energy sources can feed the motors directly without using the converters. On the basis of this consideration this thesis proposes a novel converter topology adopting a variable DC voltage level. In this approach the lowest level of the DC bus is determined as a function of the voltages available from the sources and of the required speed (back fem of the traction motor). In this way the variable step-up voltage ratio is minimal at low speeds of the EV in urban mode and maximal at higher speeds in motorway modes. This would result in an energy efficiency improvement of the sources-motors system, especially in urban mode. On the other hand the use of this EV demands some constraints as for the service continuity of the main functions of the EV, particularly the energy supply.This thesis proposes a novel power converter topology between the sources (a Fuel Cell System associated with a pack of Super-capacitors) and the loads ( traction motor and auxiliary supply system). This converter adopts a variable DC bus voltage and a redundant supply of the traction motor. After presenting the proposed converter in the framework of the state of the art, the analysis and modelling of its DC/DC part is presented, especially with simulation results of the different modes of operation. With this regard a complete simulation program has been developed down to the scale of switching pulses. Afterwards the control of the power devices has been developed by using the small signal control and the hysteresis control, triangular duty cycle and triangular sine. The simulation results of the main modes show the feasibility of the proposed power converter architecture. Finally an experimental rig has been set up, at reduced scale, for assessing the theoretical analysis. The experimental results of the DC/DC part yield satisfactory results thus proving the effectiveness of the design. Future work will focus on setting up e real scale converter, where the cooling system design will be added before realizing the mass board of the converter. This should lead up to the optimization of the volume occupied in the EV and to the improvement of the energy efficiency of the traction chain.

Ce travail de thèse, qui se rattache au domaine des composants télécom, concerne l’étude de composants passifs élémentaires constitués de lignes de transmission coplanaires alliant ferrite et métamatériaux. Ces composants sont susceptibles de réaliser de nouvelles fonctions en électronique des hautes fréquences en combinant plusieurs phénomènes comme ceux de non réciprocité, des comportements main droite – main gauche et l’agilité en fréquence. Les applications visées portent sur un grand champ de composants microondes comme des antennes, des isolateurs, déphaseurs, coupleurs, filtres - agiles et performants. La modélisation, la fabrication et la caractérisation de ces composants ont été effectuées dans le cadre d’une collaboration entre l’INL et le LT2C. Les outils mis en œuvre dans ce travail comprennent la réalisation de ces composants en salle blanche, leur caractérisation en hyperfréquences (en général jusqu’à 20 GHz), leur simulation par un logiciel commercial de simulation par éléments finis (COMSOL) ainsi que le développement de techniques d’extraction de paramètres (Matlab). La mise en œuvre de ces outils a permis d’appréhender le comportement de ces lignes en termes de constante de propagation et de diagramme de dispersion. Sur le plan pratique, des composants inductifs et/ou capacitifs (capacités à fente ou interdigitées) ont été intégrés à des lignes de transmission coplanaires sur 2 types de substrats. Le premier substrat, diélectrique (Al203), sert de référence, tandis que le second est ferrimagnétique (YIG ou Y3Fe5O12) et présente un effet de non-réciprocité de la propagation du signal dans la configuration retenue. Sur alumine, les valeurs des capacités et des inductances intégrées atteignent 80 fF et 400 pH respectivement. Sur YIG, à partir d’études paramétriques originales sur différentes topologies de structures de test, les effets de non réciprocité attendus ainsi que les phénomènes de résonance gyromagnétique ont bien été mis en évidence. La simulation électromagnétique des structures est validée par un accord correct entre simulations et mesures. Il ressort de cette étude que la non réciprocité d’une ligne sur YIG chargée par des inductances parallèles peut être améliorée jusqu’à 15 dB environ par rapport à une simple ligne coplanaire sur YIG pour certaines bandes de fréquences. Enfin l’agilité en fréquence de la structure de bande des lignes CRLH est établie. Ces travaux ouvrent de très intéressantes perspectives pour le développement de nouveaux composants microondes et sont susceptibles de constituer un socle solide pour une suite des activités dans cette thématique. / In this thesis we studied some passive components based on metamaterials. Our goal was to assess the physical properties of CRLH lines combined with a ferrite substrate. When the CRLH TLs are integrated with ferrite substrate, new properties based on the “CRLH” structure and nonreciprocity of ferrite can be obtained. Samples were processed on dielectric substrate (alumina) as well as on YIG substrate, according to fabrication steps which are described in this work. These samples have been characterized, in particular for the YIG substrate, with and without a magnetic polarization field. 3D Finite element simulation was used to get the scattering parameters. Lastly, dispersion diagrams were extracted from both measured and simulated data.We can get nonreciprocity by modeling the ferrite substrate, and “left-handed” property by modeling the structure of CRLH. The first chapter of this manuscript focus on theories of microwave transmission lines, coplanar waveguides, magnetic materials and metamaterials. In the second chapter, we designed and implemented conventional CPW components as well as stand-alone capacitors and inductors on alumina substrate. We completed the fabrication process in NANOLYON. Then the simulations in software COMSOL, and the analytical modelling approaches in Matlab are presented. The measured, simulated and analytical S parameters are given, the corresponding propagation constants of CPW, the extracted values of capacitance and inductance are given and discussed. The CPW components on ferrite are introduced in the third chapter. Firstly, different kinds of ferrite and the fabrication of components are presented. Then the modelling of permeability of ferrite material is detailed, and implemented in the 3D finite element simulation. The nonreciprocity is studied using CPW components based on ferrite BaM and YIG. For CPW on ferrite substrate, the measured and simulated S parameters, as well as propagation constant are given. In chapter four, the modelling of CRLH transmission line and the CRLH transmission line theory were presented. Examples of balanced and unbalanced CRLH TL are presented and the dispersion diagram is given. Then a parametric study of the components realized on alumina and on YIG has been driven. The geometric parameters were the left-handed inductances, left-handed capacitances and the length of the CPW separating them (CPW2). Both experimental and simulated scattering parameters are shown and the corresponding propagation constants are given. That enables to identify the different frequency bands: left-handed band, right-handed band and bandgap. Moreover, we establish that the band structure of these components can be tuned with the magnetic applied field.

While 3D stacked multi-processor technology offers the potential for significant computing advantages, these architectures also face the significant challenge of small, localized hotspots with very large heat fluxes due to the placement of asymmetric cores, heterogeneous devices and performance driven layouts. In this thesis, a new thermal management solution is introduced that seeks to maximize the performance of microprocessors with dynamically managed power profiles. To mitigate the non-uniformities in chip temperature profiles resulting from the dynamic power maps, solid-liquid phase change materials (PCMs) with an embedded heat spreader network are strategically positioned near localized hotspots, resulting in a large increase in the local thermal capacitance in these problematic areas. Theoretical analysis shows that the increase in local thermal capacitance results in an almost twenty-fold increase in the time that a thermally constrained core can operate before a power gating or core migration event is required. Coupled to the PCMs are solid state coolers (SSCs) that serve as a means for fast regeneration of the PCMs during the cool down periods associated with throttling events. Using this combined PCM/SSC approach allows for devices that operate with the desirable combination of low throttling frequency and large overall core duty cycles, thus maximizing computational throughput. The impact of the thermophysical properties of the PCM on the device operating characteristics has been investigated from first principles in order to better inform the PCM selection or design process. Complementary to the theoretical characterization of the proposed thermal solution, a prototype device called a "Composite Thermal Capacitor (CTC)" that monolithically integrates micro heaters, PCMs and a spreader matrix into a Si test chip was fabricated and tested to validate the efficacy of the concept. A prototype CTC was shown to increase allowable device operating times by over 7X and address heat fluxes of up to ~395 W/cm2. Various methods for regenerating the CTC have been investigated, including air, liquid, and solid state cooling, and operational duty cycles of over 60% have been demonstrated.