Les changements d’usage des terres à des fins de développement s'accompagnent toujours de conflits entre les différentes parties prenantes, en particulier dans le cadre de la construction ou de l'expansion de projets de développement dans les pays en voie de développement. C’est le cas des projets d'infrastructure comme les barrages hydrauliques et de leurs conséquences à la fois positives et négatives. Dans ces projets les conflits émergent en raison des problèmes liés aux attentes foncières, ainsi qu’aux intérêts divergents des différentes parties prenantes. En fonction de leur intensité, ils apparaissent alors sous différentes formes, avec des impacts importants sur les populations locales.La thèse traite des conflits qui surgissent entre les différents acteurs liés au projet de construction du barrage Diamer Bhasha au Pakistan, ainsi de leurs impacts socioéconomiques sur les personnes affectées. Ce projet a commencé à faire face à des oppositions concernant les acquisitions de terres et provoqué des manifestations, des actions en justice, le blocage des routes et des menaces à l’égard des promoteurs du projet.Afin d'analyser les conflits et d'évaluer les impacts socioéconomiques du projet, nous avons utilisé différentes sources de données primaires et secondaires. 61 entretiens ont ainsi été réalisés avec des experts et des parties prenantes appartenant à différents domaines.De plus, 289 articles de différents quotidiens nationaux et régionaux concernant les conflits et les impacts socioéconomiques du barrage ont été étudiés afin de vérifier et de corroborer ces informations. En outre, certains documents publiés par des organisations, publiques et privées, ont également été consultés. Les résultats révèlent différents conflits entre les personnes affectées et le Gouvernement, ainsi qu’entre différents groupes locaux d’acteurs, au sujet des compensations foncières et des droits de propriété. L’étude met en évidence les problèmes posés par le projet au niveau socio‐économiques, qui concernent en particulier un plan de réinstallation inefficace et la perte massive d'emplois. En outre, il explore les causes profondes des conflits, dues à la mauvaise planification, la mauvaise gouvernance, la mauvaise gestion, la corruption et le népotisme dans les différentes activités du projet. L’absence de participation de toutes les parties prenantes et la diffusion inexistante de l'information sur les activités du projet, sont également de très importantes sources de conflits entre les différents acteurs. Enfin, le travail présente des mesures de politiques et des recommandations pour une meilleure gouvernance, en termes de renforcement des capacités des populations locales dans différents domaines et de participation de toutes les parties prenantes à l’ensemble des composantes du projet. / Land use change for the purpose of development always comes with conflicts among different stakeholders, especially under the construction or expansion of developmental projects in developing countries. Thus, infrastructural projects like dams have both positive and negative consequences in this regard. The conflicts in such projects emerge with view of issues associated with the superposition of land expectation, as well as different stakeholders' interests. They appear in different forms, depending upon their intensity, with severe impacts on local people. The article deals with conflicts arising among different actors and their socioeconomic impacts on affected people, due to construction of Diamer Bhasha Dam project in Pakistan. This project started facing opposition from land acquisition and encouraged protestations, legal action in court, road blockage, threatening the project contractor, and violation.In order to analyze the conflicts and to assess the socioeconomic impacts of the project, we used both primary and secondary data sources. About 61 interviews with experts and stakeholders of different backgrounds were conducted.Moreover, under the secondary source about 289 articles from different national and regional dailies on conflicts and socioeconomics impacts of the Dam were studied in order to cross check the information. Further, some literature published by public and private organizations was also consulted.Preliminary results show different conflicts between affected people and Government and also among different groups of locally affected people, over land compensations and property rights. This study further highlights the socioeconomic issues of the project in the form of ineffective resettlement plan and loss of employment opportunities. It further, explores the root causes of conflicts, due to poor planning and governance, mismanagement, corruption and cronyism in different project activities. Lack of participation of all stakeholders and proper information dissemination about all project activities are also main source of conflicts among different actors. Finally, it provides policy measures and recommendations for better governance in the form of capacity building of local people in different areas and participation of all stakeholders in all project activities.

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Masters of Commerce / Local governments worldwide are invariably faced with challenges of human capacity constraints, corruption, lack of operating transparency and accountability, dysfunctional ward committees, poor public participation, non-compliance with legislation and by-laws, poor prioritisation of community needs, unaligned budget processes, unauthorised and wasteful expenditure, tensions between politicians and administrators, as well as weak financial viability. A strong legal framework, clearly defining authority and accountability, backed by relevant skills development training, are necessary foundations for service delivery; however, without the appropriate training, staff performance could remain inadequate. Various countries have reached varying levels of local government effectiveness; however, all too often municipalities do not have the adequate skills required, to deliver the services needed, to ensure community development. Despite being well structured, South Africa’s institutional arrangements are often deeply flawed, while local government still needs to transform from passive service provider to proactive facilitator. Skills development legislation forms part of government policies to enable transformation; however, many local municipalities are burdened by poor service delivery, corrupt staff, and no accountability. Therefore, there is a desperate need to explore the best way of addressing local government challenges and skills shortcomings of their human resources. In this current study, the researcher conducted a case study to explore varying aspects of local government skills development, particularly the implementation of a training programme in a rural municipality. Data collection was conducted with key informants, as well as trainees, through in-depth, individual, semi-structured interviews. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data, present the findings relevant to the strategies, as well as make recommendations on the required enhancements, for improved implementation of local government skills development initiatives.

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Identifying family strengths is central to early childhood practices. Moving beyond identification to exploring and explicitly applying those strengths can evolve strengths-based and family capacity-building practices. Assessment and planning processes that focus on the strategies families use to help their child learn can give agency to families in this parenting role. This exploratory study examined the perspectives of seven families who participated in an early intervention assessment-to-planning approach that sought to uncover, understand, and utilize the strategies families used to help their child learn and their appraisals of those strategies. Family responses during qualitative interviews were analyzed into three themes: (1) naturalistic observations yield naturalistic understandings, (2) practices that honor family strengths and family fit, and (3) self-discovery and self-affirmation. Implications for evolving family capacity-building approaches are discussed.

The concept of participation seems to reflect in most development programmes that involve people at the grassroots level. In Ghana, the introduction of the decentralization programme in the late 1980s that aimed at promoting effective, comprehensive and rapid development, more especially in the rural areas also adopted participatory approach. The approach led to the introductory of district assembly system which was to enhance the involvement of people at the grassroots in participatory activities. However, since the introduction of the decentralisation system to promote grassroots level participation, the people are still inactive and the level of involvement in development decision-making still remains weak. To clearly understand these problems, the thesis has aimed at answering the following research questions; how are rural people involved in participatory practice in the development activities in their area; what barriers affect and hinder the active participation of rural people and how could these be addressed? Answers to those questions helped to examine the nature of participation at the grassroots level; understand how the district assembly adopt participatory practice and to ascertain the nature of barriers that hinder effective participatory practice. Using a case study approach for the investigation, an interpretivists and constructivists were the philosophical underpinnings of the investigation. The data was gathered through the use of focus group discussions and one-to-one informal interviews. It was observed that, participation continues to reflect in most rural development programmes, but there are key barriers that still continue to hamper the effectiveness of participatory practice. Power relations, threats, intimidations and more especially the use of juju and witchcraft which never featured in most development literature are among the major barriers that continue to weaken local people readiness to actively participate. Most rural people feel threaten to participate for the fear of being bewitched or killed through the use of juju, witchcraft or black magical powers. Without critically and effectively addressing those bottlenecks and barriers, and put community members at the pivot of decision-making, the use of outsiders¿ knowledge and ideas alone to address the problems of participation with the hope of improving the lives of the rural people will not yield any significant result. / Title page missing

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