As proteínas têm sido objeto de extenso estudo e um dos passos mais importantes que se obteve industrialmente nas últimas décadas foi a produção de proteínas hidrolisadas, viabilizando sua aplicação em uma gama de produtos cosméticos e alimentícios. Os hidrolisados de proteína são incorporados em formulações destinadas aos cuidados de cabelo e pele, possuindo facilidade de penetração na cutícula dos cabelos proporcionando brilho, hidratação e condicionamento. Também são incluídos em cremes e loções para o corpo, possuindo propriedades amaciantes, hidratantes e de proteção à pele. Neste trabalho, a técnica de eletroforese capilar foi utilizada para a obtenção do perfil eletroforético de diversos hidrolisados, a saber, de soja, leite, seda, queratina, pele de animal bovino, incluindo proteína de origem marinha, variando-se condições analíticas e instrumentais. Os hidrolisados apresentaram um perfil pouco resolvido e uma investigação com extração em fase sólida foi realizada, proporcionando um fracionamento de peptídeos e, posteriormente um perfil eletroforético com maior resolução. O método de Kjeldhal foi empregado para a determinação de proteínas totais dos diversos hidrolisados de proteína estudados. Duas metodologias para a obtenção das massas molares dos hidrolisados de proteína foram implementadas, utilizando a eletroforese capilar em gel. Um dos métodos empregou o polímero linear de acrilamida para a separação de padrões de proteína na faixa de 14 a 94 kDa. Outro método desenvolvido utilizou dextran (com massa molar de 2.000.000), como rede polimérica, para a separação de padrões de proteína entre 2.512 a 16.949 Da e de 14 a 67 kDa. Os hidrolisados de proteína estudados apresentaram massa molar na faixa de 10-70 kDa. O método com detecção indireta foi desenvolvido para a separação de uma mistura de 20 aminoácidos, sendo que dezesseis aminoácidos foram efetivamente separados em dois métodos distintos. A metodologia estudada foi aplicada para a identificação dos aminoácidos dos hidrolisados de proteína (QUERATAN, SILKION, LACTOSOL, PROSOJA, PROMARIN e PROTEINAN). A quantificação dos aminoácidos foi realizada para o hidrolisado de queratina (QUERATAN), apresentando concentrações na faixa de mgL-1. / Proteins have been object of extensive investigation and in the last years, an important step has been reached from an industrial point of view, which was the production of protein hydrolysates, employed in cosmetic and nourishing products. Protein hydrolysates are employed in shampoo formulations and skin care products because they confer to the products characteristics associated to protection, conditioning and repair of the hair fiber whereas to the body they contributes to moisturization. In this work, the profile of protein hydrolysates from a variety of sources was determined by capillary electrophoresis optimizing analytical and instrument conditions. The protein hydrolysates presented a poorly resolved peak profile. However, when the hydrolisates were submitted to solid phase extraction procedures, a rich peptide mapping was obtained. The Method of Kjeldhal was employed to determine the total protein of several protein hydrolysates. Two methodologies to determine molar masses of protein hydrolysates were implemented using capillary gel electrophoresis. Acrilamide was used to separate protein standards from 14,4 to 94 kDa and dextran, a physical gel, was used to separated protein of 2,5- 16 kd and 14 - 67 kDa. Additionally, an indirect UV/vis absorbance detection methodology was developed to identify and quantify free amino acids in the protein hydrolysates.

Les anticorps monoclonaux (Acms) représentent une part importante des traitements médicamenteux à visées anticancéreuses à l'hôpital. Leur action ciblée et leur efficacité favorisent leur essor considérable dans le monde pharmaceutique. Leur reconstitution est nécessaire avant d'être administré par voie intraveineuse chez le patient. A l’heure actuelle, il n’existe pas de contrôle rigoureux permettant leur indentification. Compte-tenu de leurs propriétés physico-chimiques similaires leur discrimination par un contrôle analytique hospitalier pré-libératoire est un véritable défi. Dans cette thèse trois nouvelles approches ont été explorées pour permettre la discrimination et l'identification rapide d’un mélange de quatre anticorps monoclonaux après reconstitution: le bevacizumab, le cetuximab, le rituximab et le trastuzumab. Parmi ces approches, deux portent sur des méthodes séparatives : la chromatographie d'échange de cations sur support monolithique et l'électrophorèse capillaire de zone. Les conditions d'analyse de ces méthodes ont été optimisées dans l'objectif d’une identification rapide et fiable. Nous avons également étudié les paramètres intrinsèques des anticorps monoclonaux influençant leur séparation. La troisième approche est basée sur une méthode spectrale ultra-rapide par spectroscopie UV dérivée associant l'analyse par injection en flux et l'analyse multivariée. L'étude des données spectrales par l'analyse multivariée nous a permis de concevoir un algorithme capable de discriminer sans ambigüité les anticorps monoclonaux à partir de leurs informations spectrales. / Anticancer monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) represent a large part of anticancer drugs at hospital. Their success is related to their capacity to specifically interact with their target with relatively low adverse effects. mAbs must be compounded at the hospital before patient's infusion. They exhibit common features rendering their discrimination through fast analytical methods difficult. At the hospital, quality controls mainly rely on mAbs identity and quantity compliance. However, identity of compounds with high similarity remains challenging. In this thesis, three new approaches for the discrimination and the identification of four mAbs, bevacizumab, cetuximab, rituximab and trastuzumab have been investigated. Among them, two approaches are based on separation methods Cation exchange chromatography on a monolithic stationary phase and capillary electrophoresis. The analytical conditions were extensively optimized to obtain rapid and suitable method allowing their discrimination. We have also studied the influence of their physico-chemical properties on their separations. The third approach relies on a rapid second derivative spectral method combining flow injection analysis and multivariate analysis. An algorithm able to discriminate accurately the monoclonal antibodies has been designed from in-depth study of the spectral data through multivariate analysis.

La polyneuropathie amyloïde familiale à transthyrétine (FAP-TTR) est une maladie rare héréditaire à transmission autosomique dominante liée à la production de formes mutantes de la transthyrétine (TTR). Ces mutations sont à l’origine d’un changement de conformation de la protéine qui, in vivo, se présente sous forme de tétramère. Celui-ci est alors déstabilisé et évolue vers la formation de fibrilles amyloïdes qui s'accumulent au niveau du système nerveux autonome, des nerfs périphériques et des organes. Ces dépôts sont responsables de la pathologie. Dans le but d’évaluer l’efficacité des thérapies pouvant être mises en œuvre, nous avons développé des stratégies analytiques visant à concevoir un système « point of care » à usage hospitalier permettant de quantifier les formes mutante et native circulantes de la TTR. La méthodologie développée consiste à réaliser la séparation électrocinétique de fragments ciblés de la TTR, obtenus par digestion enzymatique de la protéine. Cette approche analytique a été développée en se focalisant sur une mutation fréquente en France : la TTR Thr49Ala où une thréonine est remplacée par une alanine en position 49. Au cours de cette thèse, deux types de microréacteurs enzymatiques ont été étudiés, i.e. (i) un lit fluidisé contenant des particules magnétiques fonctionnalisées par des molécules de trypsine et (ii) une puce monolithique à base de thiol-ène fonctionnalisée également par la trypsine. Le pouvoir catalytique de ces microsystèmes a été comparé en mesurant l’efficacité de digestion du BApNA (substrat modèle) et de la TTR à l’aide de méthodes analytiques telles que la spectrophotométrie d’absorption UV-Visible, l’électrophorèse capillaire couplée à une détection UV (EC-UV) et la chromatographie liquide couplée à la détection par spectrométrie de masse (UHPLC-SM). Les résultats obtenus ont montré que le microréacteur enzymatique monolithique à base de thiol-ène était le plus performant pour digérer la TTR. Par ailleurs, nous avons réalisé, au cours de cette étude, l’optimisation d’une méthode EC-UV, adaptée à l’analyse des digestats recueillis en sortie de microréacteur. Elle a permis de séparer et de quantifier les peptides d’intérêt pour déterminer le rapport de TTR mutante (Thr49Ala) sur TTR native. / Transthyretin familial amyloid polyneuropathy (TTR-FAP) is a hereditary rare disease with an autosomal dominant transmission, related to the production of mutant forms of transthyretin (TTR). These mutations lead to a conformational change of the protein whose in vivo form is a tetramer. As a consequence, this tetramer is destabilized and evolves towards the formation of amyloid fibrils that aggregate on the autonomic nervous system, peripheral nerves, and organs. These deposits are responsible for the pathology. In order to evaluate the efficiency of possible therapies, we developed analytical strategies aiming at designing a “point of care” system for hospital use, which would enable the quantification of circulating mutant and native forms of TTR. The methodology that we developed consists in undertaking the electrokinetic separation of targeted TTR fragments obtained through the enzymatic digestion of the protein. This analytical approach has been developed while focusing on a frequent mutation in France: the TTR Thr49Ala mutation in which a threonine is substituted by an alanine in position 49. In this thesis, two types of enzymatic microreactors have been studied, i.e. (i) a fluidized bed containing magnetic particles functionalized by trypsin molecules and (ii) a thiol-ene-based monolithic chip also functionalized by trypsin. The catalytic power of these microsystems has been compared by measuring the digestion efficiency of BApNA (model substrate) and TTR through analytical methods such as UV-visible absorption spectrophotometry, capillary electrophoresis with UV detection (CE-UV), and liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry detection (UHPLC-MS). The results showed that the thiol-ene-based monolithic enzymatic microreactor was the most efficient system to digest TTR. Besides, during this study, we undertook the optimization of a CE-UV method which is adapted to the analysis of digested sample collected directly out of the microreactor. This allowed us to isolate and quantify the peptides of interest to measure the ratio of mutant TTR (Thr49Ala) versus the wild one.

Inorganic ions are one of the most important group chemicals. Their importance is crucial for all living organisms on the planet and monitoring of their content is essential for this purpose in clinical or environmental analysis but also in the food industry, agriculture or many other industries. Many analytical methods for ion detection have been designed and used, depending on the area of their use. Recently, numerous methods have been adapted to areas where not primarily intended. One such methods may be, for example, laser ablation with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, which has recently begun to affect the analysis of biological samples. As a complementary method, able to detect also non-metallic ions is capillary electrophoresis. In this master thesis, the possibility of applying capillary electrophoresis with indirect photometric detection for the separation of inorganic ions in cell lysates of HeLa cells by capillary electrophoresis was verified. Main attention was paid to chloride ions. The ability to separate inorganic compounds in cellular material using salicylic acid as an absorbing anion in the base electrolyte was tested.

This thesis deals with biosensors based on modified semiconductor core/shell quantum dots (QDs) for diagnosis. The work is divided into four main parts. The first one discusses the theory required for the use of QDs in bioaplications, there are described methods of synthesis, modification, application and bioconjugation of QDs. In the experimental part, CdTe/ZnS QDs with core/shell structure were prepared, in which the core was modified by MPA, GSH and TGA. In the next step, these QDs were further modified using CDI, EDC and NHS as mediators in order to increase affinity to BSA (bovine serum albumine) and IgG (imunoglobuline G). Prepared conjugates were characterized by fluorescence spectroscopy (Infinite M200Pro, Tecan) and capillary electrophoresis (Agilent 7100).

La maladie d'Alzheimer (MA) est une maladie neurodégénérative liée à l’oligomérisation et à la fibrillation du peptide bêta amyloïde, avec Abêta 1-42 étant le plus agrégeant et neurotoxique. La cause exacte de la maladie d'Alzheimer n’est pas encore connue et donc il n'y a pas de traitement efficace contre cette maladie.Une stratégie prometteuse pourrait être l'inhibition de l'oligomérisation de monomères solubles d'Abêta;, en stabilisant la conformation non structurée native du peptide, à travers l’utilisation de composés capables d'empêcher la formation de feuillets bêta. En effet, les peu d'études structurales des espèces oligomériques et des fibrilles ont révélé que l'agrégation implique des structures en feuillet bêta.De nombreuses petites molécules ont été proposées pour leur capacité à inhiber ou moduler l'agrégation de Abêta 1-42 et sa toxicité. Cependant, le processus d'agrégation est très complexe et difficile à contrôler. Des études récentes indiquent que les oligomères solubles transitoires précédant la formation de fibrilles sont les espèces les plus toxiques. Ainsi, le développement d'inhibiteurs ciblant à la fois l’oligomérisation et la fibrillation reste difficile en dépit de son importance thérapeutique. Les peptides sont des alternatives raisonnables aux autres produits pharmaceutiques chimiques. En particulier, l'inhibition de l'agrégation de Abêta; a été ciblée en utilisant des éléments d'auto-reconnaissance (SRE), qui sont des séquences d'acides aminés clés impliqués dans les différentes espèces agrégées. À notre connaissance, l'utilisation de petites "bêta-hairpins" acycliques a été très rarement explorée comme ligands de feuillets-bêta et comme inhibiteurs de l'agrégation.Comme l’agrégation de Abêta est un processus dynamique et complexe, nous avons supposé que les "bêta-hairpins" flexibles pourraient mieux s'adapter dans l'interaction avec les différentes conformations de Abêta 1-42 présents pendant le processus d'agrégation, et en particulier dans les premiers stades de l'oligomérisation. Nous avons conçu des mimes de feuillets bêta acycliques basés sur un squelette semi-rigide de type pipéridine-pyrrolidine comme inducteur flexible de coude bêta, et sur différents SREs de Abêta 1-42. Le choix des SREs a été basée sur les structures d'oligomères et fibrilles.La capacité de tous les composés a été évaluée par spectroscopie de fluorescence à la thioflavine-T pour déterminer l'activité inhibitrice. Les résultats obtenus ont été complétés par microscopie à transmission électronique. Les composés les plus prometteurs ont également été étudiés par électrophorèse capillaire (EC) pour suivre les étapes très précoces du processus d'oligomérisation. Les meilleurs inhibiteurs ont été étudiés afin de déterminer leur capacité à réduire la toxicité de Abêta 1-42 sur des cellules de neuroblastome SH-SY5Y.Nous rapportons également dans cette thèse les études conformationnelles, effectuées par RMN et réalisées pour étudier et confirmer la capacité de composés de se structurer en solution comme des "bêta-hairpins".Enfin, nous avons développé une voie de synthèse pour obtenir de nouvelles chaînes peptidomimétiques composées par des résidus aza-aminoacides. Dans la littérature, seules des séquences peptidiques comportant un seul résidu aza-aminoacide au milieu, sont connues, mais les propriétés de liaison hydrogène d’un 2:1 [aza/alpha]-tripeptide ne sont pas encore, à notre connaissance, étudiées ni exploitées dans la conception d’inhibiteurs des interactions protéine-protéine. Nous présentons dans cette thèse les études conformationelles réalisées par RMN, cristallographie aux rayons X et modélisation moléculaire.On peut conclure que les éléments structurels décrits dans cette thèse fournissent des indications précieuses dans la compréhension du processus d'agrégation du peptide Abêta 1-42 et dans la conception de nouveaux " bêta-hairpins" acycliques ciblant des protéines amyloïdes. / Amyloidosis is the generic word to name a group of diseases that are caused by the misfolding and extracellular accumulation of various proteins. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder linked to oligomerization and fibrillization of amyloid β peptides, with Aβ 1-42 being the most aggregative and neurotoxic one. To date, the exactly cause of the Alzheimer's disease is not still known and so there is no effective treatment of the disease.An attractive strategy for treating AD could be the inhibition of the oligomerization of soluble Aβ monomers, by stabilizing the native unstructured conformation of the peptide, using compounds able to prevent the formation of β-sheets. Indeed, few structural studies of oligomeric species and fibrils revealed that the aggregation involves β-sheet structures.A large number of small molecules have been proposed for their ability to inhibit or modulate Aβ1-42 aggregation and toxicity. However, the aggregation process is highly complex, and extremely difficult to control. Recent studies indicate that soluble transient oligomers preceding fibril formation are highly toxic species. Thus, the development of inhibitors targeting both oligomerization and fibrillization remains challenging despite its therapeutic significance. Peptides are today reasonable alternatives to small molecule pharmaceuticals. In particular, inhibition of Aβ-aggregation has been targeted using self-recognition elements (SREs), which are key amino acid sequences involved in the different aggregated species. To our knowledge, the use of small acyclic β-hairpins has been very rarely explored as β-sheet binders and inhibitors of aggregation.As Aβ-aggregation is a dynamic and complex process, we hypothesized that flexible β-hairpins could adapt themselves in the interaction with the different Aβ1-42 conformations present during the aggregation process, and in particular in the early stages of oligomerization. We designed acyclic β-hairpin mimics based on a piperidine-pyrrolidine semi-rigid scaffold developed recently as a flexible β-turn inducer, and on different SREs of Aβ1-42. The choice of the SREs was based on oligomer and fibril structures.The ability of all compounds to influence the Aβ 1-42 fibrillization process was evaluated by thioflavin-T fluorescence spectroscopy, used as an evaluation tool to define the inhibitory activity. The obtained results were successively supplemented by transmission electron microscopy. The most promising compounds were also studied by Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) using a method we recently proposed to monitor the very early steps of the oligomerization process overtime. The best inhibitors were investigated to determine their ability to reduce the toxicity of aggregated Aβ1-42 to SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells.Together with the evaluation of these molecules, we report in this thesis the conformational studies performed by NMR. These structure investigations were performed to investigate and confirm the β-hairpin conformational preference of the compounds in solution.Finally, we performed a practical synthetic pathway to obtain new peptidomimetic chains composed by aza-amino acid residues. In the literature only peptide sequence, with just one aza-amino acid residue in the middle, are known, but the hydrogen-bonding properties of 2:1 [Aza/α]-tripeptides have not yet, to our knowledge, been exploited in the design of the inhibition of protein-protein interactions. We present in this thesis the conformational studies of the 2:1 [Aza/α]-tripeptide sequence by NMR analyses, X-ray crystallography and molecular modelling.In conclusion, the structural elements made in this thesis provide valuable insights in the understanding of the aggregation process of Aβ 1-42 peptide and to explore the design of novel acyclic β-hairpin targeting amyloid-forming proteins.

Chiral separation systems in capillary electrophoresis are in the scope of interest of many research groups all over the world. Therefore, the need to develop reliable theoretical models, which would help to explain phenomena connected with chiral separations or optimization of separation conditions, is obvious. In this thesis several mathematical models and approaches that can fulfill these requirements are presented. First part of the thesis deals with the determination of rate constants of interconversion of enantiomers by means of dynamic capillary electrophoresis. We focused on mixtures of chiral selectors and formulated a mathematical model, which enables to determine rate constants of interconversion in such systems. Mixtures of chiral selectors are very popular in separation practice due to their enhanced enantioselectivity. The theoretical model established in the thesis is able to explain the separation mechanisms of multi-chiral selector systems and to propose and verify possible ways of their optimization. In addition, the separation mechanism in systems with simultaneous cyclodextrin and borate complexation was revealed. Finally we present the complete mathematical model of electromigration in systems with complexation agents. The model is implemented into our simulation tool Simul 5...

Pterins belong to an important group of compounds, acting as inhibitors, sensiziters, enzymes, coenzymes, pigments etc. and together with carotenoids and anthraquinones are responsible for characteristic coloration of bugs. This work was focused on the development of a capillary electrophoretic separation method for the analysis of six pterine derivatives, namely biopterine, neopterine, isoxanthopterine, leukopterine, xanthopterine and erythropterine and on their identification in the real samples. Separation was conducted in an uncoated fused-silica capillary termostated at 30 řC. Separation electrolyte contained boric acid, tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane and disodium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. The effects of buffer pH, concentration of electrolyte components, separation voltage and wavelength of UV detection on electromigration behavior and detection sensitivity were studied. Under the optimized separation conditions, organic extracts of the three forms of Graphosoma semipunctatum bugs were analyzed.

(EN) Proteinogenic amino acids are key components of living organisms. Thus, the latest metabolomics research has focused on developing fast and sensitive methods for the determination of amino acids. In this context, this thesis contains two studies describing development of high-performance separation techniques for the quantification of amino acids. In the first study, a capillary electrophoresis method was developed for the determination of free amino acids in tobacco plants, particularly focusing on optimizing the extraction of amino acids from solid plant materials. The extraction procedure was optimized using design of experiments (DoE) to obtain the highest possible extraction yield of amino acids. Factors such as volume and concentration of the extraction solvent (hydrochloric acid) were assessed as the most significant. Subsequently, the optimal values of these factors were determined using response surface methodology (RSM). Lastly, proteinogenic amino acids were quantified using capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection and calibration with internal standard, which improved the precision of the method. The second study aimed at developing a supercritical fluid chromatography method for the determination of free proteinogenic amino acids in human plasma. The most...

3 Selectively substituted cyclodextrins for analytical and pharmaceutical applications Abstract This thesis is focused on the selective modification of cyclodextrins, and its primary aim is the preparation and characterization of mono- and persubstituted derivatives of cyclodextrins in a regioselective and straightforward manner. The work is divided into two main parts describing synthetic strategies and applications of modified cyclodextrins with one or several substituents, respectively. The first section deals with the introduction of a single chromophoric moiety on the cyclodextrin scaffold such as cinnamyl, rhodaminyl, fluoresceinyl and eosinyl groups. The complete set of monocinnamyl-α-cyclodextrin regioisomers has been prepared by direct alkylation, and the self-assembling properties of the corresponding regioisomers were thoroughly investigated by dynamic light scattering and NMR experiments. These investigations revealed that the different isomers (mono-6-O-, mono-2-O- and mono-3-O- cinnamyl-α-cyclodextrin) form distinct supramolecular species through intermolecular association. A fast method for the unambiguous identification of the pure regioisomers has also been developed based on a series of 2D NMR measurements. Xanthene-modified β-cyclodextrins, other representatives of monosubstituted...