Ghanaian banks struggle to maintain sufficient capital after the Bank of Ghana increased the minimum capital requirement as a buffer against the 2008 financial crisis. Grounded in the efficient structure theory (EST), the purpose of this correlational study was to examine the relationships between efficiency, size, risk, and ownership structure on banks' performance when minimum capital requirement increases. Archival data were collected from PricewaterhouseCoopers website covering all Ghanaian banks with available data for the 5-year period ending 2013. Initial one tail paired sample t tests revealed significant increases over time for efficiency, t(21) = 3.849, p -?¤ .001, net interest margin (NIM), t(21) = 5.201, p -?¤ .001, return on equity (ROE), t(21) = 1.833, p -?¤ .041, and risk t(21) = 3.614, p -?¤ .001. The results of the multiple regression analysis indicated the EST models could significantly predict bank performance for the 5-year period ending 2013. X-efficiency model could predict NIM F(8, 123) = 6.94, p =.00, R2 = .288, efficiency and ownership type were statistically significant with efficiency (t = 6.09, p -?¤ .001) denoting higher to the model than foreign banks (t = 2.96, p -?¤ .004). While, scale efficiency model could predict ROE, F(8, 123) = 5.18, p =.00, R2 = .133, ownership type and size were statistically significant with State banks (t = -2.26, p -?¤ .025) denoting more to the model than size (t = 2.00, p -?¤ .047). Society can benefit from the results of this doctoral study because investors, bank of Ghana, and bank managers could better predict the banks' performance based on the information from the study, which may lead to a higher families' confidence in the positive contribution of banks in their communities.

Dodd-Frank represents a federal intervention in corporate governance, which had previously been an issue for the states.The most prominent state in this respect is Delaware because of its favorable treatment of corporate interests.Although Delaware’s regulations are too lenient to encourage responsible risk management practices, the federal law is normally driven by populist outrage and anti-corporate sentiments that impair lawmakers’ abilities to write rational, efficient reforms.The climate of political pressure does not foster a thoughtful review of the best ways to affect risk management practices. This paper thus explores the role of leverage in the financial crisis, the shortcomings of Dodd-Frank’s capital requirements, the ways in which reform could have encouraged more responsible leverage positions, and the nature of federal corporate governance regulation.

This thesis investigates three aspects of corporate finance, namely the determinants of firm’s long term investment represented by the net capital expenditures, the determinants of firm’s short term investment represented by working capital requirements and the capital budgeting practices - all within the context of Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) markets. Despite the importance of these interrelated topics to decision makers and despite the great emphasis given to teach them in universities, few researchers investigated the determinants of both long and short term investments and out of those, most focused on developed markets. Moreover, almost all the existing studies investigated these determinants at the firm level with little evidence about macroeconomic factors. Besides, none have provided a comprehensive investigation of capital budgeting practices from a single market whether developed or emerging. Hence, this thesis completed three independent investigations. The first and second investigation presented in chapters three and four respectively, explores three categories of factors that are found in the existing literature, or predicted by this thesis to be associated with firm’s long and short term investments. These first two investigations utilize a pooled OLS regression for a panel data set covering the period from 2000 to 2014. Furthermore, the third investigation presented in chapter five explores a wide set of capital budgeting practices from a single frontier market within the GCC. Precisely, the investigation covers the development, the selection and the post completion stage of capital budgeting. It also, explores factors that are found in the existing literature or predicted by this thesis to influence the use of such practices. This investigation utilizes a survey questionnaire containing 23 questions to gather the required data. Finally, this thesis makes various contributions to the corporate finance literature. Specifically, chapter three and four extend the existing literature on the determinants of firm’s long and short term investments by examining it in the context of new emerging markets namely the GCC markets. Beside, revealing the positive effect of macroeconomic factors on firm’s investments. Chapter five extends the existing literature on capital budgeting practices by investigating three stages of these practices from the Omani market. Additionally, it provides new evidence related to the significant relation between capital budgeting practices and new firms characteristics.

This thesis deals with the current legislation of banking regulation in the Czech Republic. It analyzes both Czech and relevant European regulation that has increasing importance in the area. Moreover, the most significant amendments enacted as a result of the Basel III implementation are pointed out. The issue is viewed from an interdisciplinary perspective therefore, in addition to the analysis of current legislation, its economic impact on the Czech banking sector is also evaluated. Due to the enormous breadth of the banking regulation field, this thesis focuses on examining the areas considered most essential by the author. The first introductory chapter lays down the theoretical foundations of banking and banking regulation and thoroughly defines the term "bank", both legally and economically. The second chapter deals with banking licensure, which plays a crucial role in the regulation of accessing the activity of banks. It analyzes the requirements that have to be met in order to be authorized, as well as the issue of the single EU passport and the withdrawal of the authorization. The third chapter deals with the wide and significant area of banking risks. The discussion assesses the nature of each risk, as well as methods for their measurement and management, and capital requirements. The predominant...

In the wake of the financial crisis the systemic importance of banks for the stability of the financial system became evident. Finansinspektionen classifies the banks Nordea, Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken, Svenska Handelsbanken and Swedbank as systemically important for the Swedish financial system. The Basel accords strive to increase the resilience of banks and the financial system by imposing stricter regulatory capital requirements. It is debated how these restraints affect the banks’ cost of capital which prompt the first research question of the study: How has the increase in regulation regarding the capital structure of banks affected Sweden’s major banks’ cost of capital? According to Modigliani & Miller a firm’s cost of capital is independent of its capital structure. The second research question is thus: Does the development regarding Sweden’s major bank’s cost of capital align itself with the Modigliani-Miller theorem? The purpose of the study is thus to assess how the increase in regulatory capital requirements have affected the Swedish major banks’ cost of capital and to what extent these developments align with the Modigliani-Miller theorem. The researchers utilizes a quantitative method and collected secondary data for the period 2008 to 2016 to answer the formulated hypotheses which are deduced from the theoretical framework.   The results from the study illustrate significant correlations between increased regulatory capital requirements and the cost of capital. The authors can however not assert the irrelevance of capital structure for the banks’ cost capital but find that reduced tax shields only have modest effects on the banks’ cost of capital.

Cette thèse a pour objectif de prendre part à la réflexion menée sur la mise en place d'une réglementation efficace pour l'industrie bancaire. Pour cela, ce travail contribue à la littérature existante à travers plusieurs aspects. Tout d'abord, nous tenons compte de l'impact des nouvelles contraintes en capital suggérées par les accords dits de Bâle III sur l'offre de crédit des banques en plus de la stabilité bancaire. Par ailleurs, cette thèse prend également en compte la disparité entre régulateurs bancaires concernant leurs capacités à auditer les banques et les sanctionner si besoin est. De manière plus générale, cette hétérogénéité des régulateurs bancaires nous amène également à repenser la réglementation existante, en étudiant sous quelles conditions une régulation centrale devient plus efficace qu'un ensemble de régulations locales. La prise en compte de chacun de ces éléments permet alors d'aborder la régulation bancaire à travers une perspective nouvelle. Dans le premier chapitre de cette thèse, nous construisons un modèle théorique analysant l'impact de l'ajout d'un ratio de levier à la Bâle III en plus d'un ratio de capital pondéré du risque à la Bâle II sur le bien-être du régulateur. Nous mettons en évidence que ce ratio de levier conduit à une baisse de l'offre de crédit des banques. En contrepartie, le ratio de levier peut réduire l'instabilité bancaire mais uniquement si le régulateur souffre d'un faible pouvoir de supervision : pour les régulateurs bénéficiant d'un fort pouvoir de supervision, le ratio de levier entraine une détérioration du bien-être. Le but du second chapitre est de tester empiriquement les résultats de cette approche théorique. Nous utilisons pour cela les données disponibles depuis la mise en place effective du ratio de levier proposé par le Comité de Bâle. Nous mettons en évidence que la mise en place de ce ratio de levier conduit à une baisse significative de l'offre de crédit bancaire, ainsi qu'à une hausse du risque de crédit. Ces deux effets sont amplifiés lorsque le pouvoir de supervision est élevé. Le troisième chapitre se consacre à l'élaboration d'un schéma réglementaire capable d'internaliser les externalités existantes lorsque plusieurs régulateurs locaux avec des objectifs différents doivent cohabiter. Nous montrons que cela est rendu possible par la mise en place d'un régulateur central déléguant les tâches liées à la supervision aux régulateurs locaux. Cette régulation centrale est d'autant plus efficace si les régulateurs locaux souffrent d'une forte capture de la part des banques et si les effets de contagion entre pays sont élevés. / The aim of this thesis is to contribute to the current debate on the implementation of an efficient regulatory framework in the banking industry. To this end, we extend the existing literature in many aspects. First, we consider the impact of capital requirements recently suggested by the Third Basel Accord on credit supply as well as banking stability. Second, we take into account the disparity between the regulators' authority to audit and sanction banks. Besides, we analyze how a central regulation can lead to a more efficient framework compared to a combination of local regulations. Overall, the consideration of this set of dimensions brings a new perspective for the banking regulation approach. In the first chapter, we investigate how the implementation of a leverage ratio in addition to a risk-weighted capital ratio affects the regulator's welfare. We show that such a capital regulation leads to a reduction in credit supply. On the other hand, a leverage ratio restriction can improve the banking stability when the regulator suffers from a low supervisory power. On the contrary, the welfare of regulators enjoying a high supervisory power is decreased by the application of a leverage ratio. The second chapter tests results of this first theoretical approach. In order to do so, this second chapter is based on data available since the effective application of the leverage ratio suggested by the Basel Committee. We find that the implementation of such a capital ratio decreases credit supply while increasing credit risk. Furthermore, we show that a strong supervisory power accentuates these effects. In the third chapter, we analyze how a regulatory scheme could internalize the externalities produced by the presence of several local regulators with different aims. We establish that the optimal framework is the set up of a central regulator delegating supervisory tasks to local regulators. This central regulation is more efficient when spillover effects across countries are important and when local regulators suffer from a high capture from banks.

The main aim of this work is to describe and explain the capital requirements of the banking sector. Both economically and legally. The thesis is divided into five main parts. First, I deal with the theoretical description and reasoning behind the banking sector regulation. This part of the work emphasized the relation between financial and business cycle, I illustrate their close relation and mutual interaction. Furthermore, the thesis defines capital adequacy in general, its importance and its most important elements and features. Subsequently, the development of the Basel regulation is described in detail, which despite its legal non-binding nature represents the basic rules for capital adequacy. The main emphasis is put on Basel II and Basel III and its implementation in European and Czech law, where the most important concepts are elaborated in detail to analyze and evaluate them. The main topics I deal with are the structure of capital and measurement of market, credit and operational risk. Particular emphasis is placed on the pro-cyclicality of capital requirements, the implications of this pro-cyclicality, and the tools in Basel III to mitigate this feature. Therefore, I describe in detail the additional capital buffers and liquidity requirements introduced in response to tackle this...

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo examinar el efecto de la política macroprudencial en el riesgo de insolvencia de las entidades bancarias en el Perú. Las herramientas que se estudian son las provisiones dinámicas, los requerimientos de capital, los requerimientos de encaje en moneda nacional y en moneda extranjera. El periodo de estudio comprende desde el año 2011 hasta el 2019 y el análisis se realiza a través de un panel dinámico. Los resultados indican que la política macroprudencial ha sido efectiva para disminuir el riesgo de insolvencia de las entidades bancarias pero de manera parcial, ya que solo los requerimientos de capital y los requerimientos de encaje en moneda extranjera tienen significancia estadística. La no significancia de los requerimientos de encaje en moneda nacional se pueden deber a que estos se han mantenido en valores estables y que pueden ser efectivos para otros objetivos intermedios. Con respecto a las provisiones dinámicas, estas solo han estado activas durante un periodo corto de tiempo, lo cual se podría deber a que el criterio está asociado al ciclo económico y no al ciclo financiero. Asimismo, se encuentra que algunas características originan que los bancos se encuentren menos expuestos al riesgo de insolvencia, tales como el grado de capitalización, la estructura de financiamiento, el tamaño y su nivel de actividad. / The aim of this investigation is to examine the effect of macroprudential policy on the banks’ risk of insolvency in Peru. The tools included are dynamic provisions, capital requirements, and the requirements for assembling in national currency and foreign currency. The study period runs from 2011 to 2019 and the analysis is done through a dynamic panel. The results indicate that the macroprudential policy has been effective in reducing the risk of insolvency of banks, but only partially, because only capital requirements and the requirements on reserve for foreign currency have statistical significance. The non-significance of the reserve requirements in national currency may be due to the fact that they have been maintained at stable values and that they may be effective for other intermediate objectives. With regard to the dynamic provisions, they have only been active for a short period of time, which could be due to the fact that the criterion is associated with the economic cycle and not with the financial cycle. Likewise, it is found that some characteristics cause banks to be less exposed to insolvency risk, such as such as the degree of capitalization, the financing structure, the size and their level of activity. / Trabajo de investigación

El presente documento investiga el efecto del capital reglamentario y el requerimiento de depósito sobre el margen de interés neto del sistema bancario en Perú en el periodo dic2010-dic2019 usando un panel de datos de 15 bancos. Este estudio está basado en la extensión del modelo teórico, planteado por Ho-Saunders (1981), realizado por Cruz-García y Fernández de Guevara (2019), en donde incluyen los requerimientos de capital y de depósito como determinantes importantes del margen o spread financiero. En el análisis econométrico se utilizó la metodología del system GMM, desarrollado por Arellano y Bond (1991), Arellano y Bover (1995) y Blundell y Bond (1998), y a través de dicha metodología, los resultados demuestran que los requerimientos de capital afectan de manera directa a los márgenes de interés de las entidades bancarias, y ello implica que los costos adicionales derivados de la regulación son trasladados a las familias y empresas a través de márgenes de interés mayores. Asimismo, las variables específicas de los bancos, como los costos operativos medios, el tamaño de operaciones, el riesgo de crédito, y el grado de competencia de los bancos son relevantes en la determinación de los márgenes de interés neto y tienen un impacto importante en ella. / This paper investigates the effect of capital requirements and deposit requirements on the net interest margin of the Peruvian banking system in the period Dec 2010 - Dec 2019 using a data panel of 15 banks. This study is based on the extension of the theoretical model proposed by Ho-Saunders (1981) and carried out by Cruz-García and Fernández de Guevara (2019), where they include capital and deposit requirements as important determinants of the financial margin or spread. The econometric analysis used the GMM system methodology, developed by Arellano and Bond (1991), Arellano and Bover (1995) and Blundell and Bond (1998), and through this methodology the results show that capital requirements directly affect the interest margins of banks, and this implies that the additional costs derived from regulation are transferred to families and companies through higher interest margins. Also, bank-specific variables, such as average operating costs, size of operations, credit risk, and the degree of competition of banks are relevant in determining net interest margins and have an important impact on it. / Trabajo de investigación

Sammanfattning Forskningsfrågor Vilket samband finns mellan sänkningen av kapitalkravet för privata aktiebolag från 100 000 kronor till 50 000 kronor och deras överlevnadsförmåga? Vilket samband finns mellan sänkningen av kapitalkravet för privata aktiebolag från 50 000 kronor till 25 000 kronor och deras överlevnadsförmåga? Syfte Syftet med studien är att undersöka vilken påverkan sänkta krav på investeringskapital har för privata aktiebolags förmåga att överleva på marknaden. Metod Studien har genomförts med en kvantitativ metod baserad på sekundärdata. Sekundärdatan innehåller information om antal företagskonkurser, dess aktiekapital och antal aktiva år utifrån två olika startår, 2010 och 2020. Datan är hämtad från databasen Retriever Business och sammanställts manuellt i ett excel-dokument. Datan har utifrån sammanställningen analyserats med hjälp av linjär regression. Studiens analysmetod har använts för att undersöka eventuell korrelation mellan två variabler. De två studerade variablerna är aktiekapital och antal aktiva år. Slutsats De statistiska mätningarna som utförts ger inga indikationer på att det skulle finnas ett samband mellan det sänkta kapitalkravet och företags överlevnad i något av fallen. Trots att mätningarna från 2020 visade en positiv riktning, visar korrelationen mellan variablerna på mycket svagt samband från båda de studerade åren. Hypotesprövningen visar att nollhypotesen inte kan förkastas i något av fallen, till följd av p-värde som överstiger 0,05. Slutligen kan utifrån insamlade data konstateras att majoriteten av företagskonkurserna från båda de studerade åren hade ett aktiekapital i lägsta intervall, 75,6 procent från 2010 och 91 procent från 2020. / Abstract Reasearch questions What are the connections between the lowering of the share capital for private limited companies from 100 000 sek to 50 000 sek and their survivability? What are the connections between the lowering of the share capital for private limited companies from 50 000 sek to 25 000 sek and their survivability? Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of reduced share capital and the company´s survivability. Method The study has been done with a quantitative method based on secondary data. The secondary data contains information about the number of business bankruptcies, their share capital and number of their active years based on two different atarting years, 2010 and 2020. The data is picked from the database Retriever Business and has been compiled in Excel. The data has from excel analyzed using linear regression. The analysis method is chosen to examine possible correlation between two variables. The two variables are share capital and the number of years when the company has been active. Conclusion The statistical measurements that have been carried out give no indication that there would be a connection between the lowered capital requirement and the companieś survival. The correlation between the variables shows a very weak connection, even though the measurements from 2020 showed a positive development direction. Through a hypothesis cannot be rejected in either case, as a result of a p-value that exceeds 0,05. Finally, based on collected data ascertain that the majority of the corporate bankruptcies from both years have a share capital in the lowest interval, 75,6 percent for 2010 and 91 percent frpm 2020.