No description available.

To meet ambitious net-zero greenhouse gas emission targets by 2050, large-scale CO₂ reduction and removal are required. Nature-based solutions have been proposed as a potential aid to this process. Mangrove ecosystems, as well as their conservation and restoration, have the potential to make significant contributions in Saudi Arabia and other coastal regions. While field measurements of carbon assimilation rate and leaf area index (LAI) in mangroves provide important insights into carbon fluxes, they are time-consuming, labor-intensive, and limited when covering large areas. To address this issue, multispectral images captured by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) are used to generate spectral vegetation indices, which can then be used to build regression models for estimating mangrove LAI and carbon capture capabilities. The carbon assimilation rate measurements in the field for studying both diurnal and sub-seasonal fluxes revealed that Avicennia marina has a high carbon assimilation rate peak in the morning, which decreases thereafter, and a smaller peak in the afternoon. Furthermore, comparing all the studied sites, the KAM site (June) had the highest morning overall carbon assimilation rate values, ranging from 15- 20 μmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹, followed by Island (October) ranging from 10- 17 μmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹, and finally Rheem (February) ranging from 5- 15 μmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹. Moreover, the acquired multispectral images were used to generate spectral vegetation indices, which were then used as input to build a random forest algorithm for estimating the LAI of mangroves. Following an evaluation of each mangrove site, the Rheem site dataset yielded the best Random forest algorithm (R²= 0.88 and RMSE= 0.39), so this model was used to create high resolution spatially distributed LAI-based maps for all of the mangrove sites studied. Knowing the carbon uptake per leaf area as well as the total leaf area (based on UAV-derived LAI estimates) within a mangrove site enabled us to create carbon capture maps (kg C yr⁻¹ per pixel) for all of the sites studied. To enable a more complete carbon accounting of mangrove ecosystems, future research should explore remote sensing approaches for inferring carbon assimilation in both belowground biomass and soils.

Bacteria classified in the family Methylomonadaceae must derive their carbon from one-carbon compounds. They are characterized by the possession of internal membranes of two types. Type I membranes are layered and fill the middle of the cells while type II membranes form concentric layers around the periphery of the cells. Also, there are two metabolic pathways by which the methylobacteria assimilate one-carbon compounds. Further evidence of this dichotomy was sought by DNA-DNA saturation hybridization of DNAs from both types of methylobacteria. Very low DNA-DNA homology was seen between types I and II or within the types. It was not possible, therefore, to correlate the degree of genetic relatedness with either the nature of the internal membranes or the pathway of carbon assimilation.

The urban water demand in Southwest Texas has grown rapidly in recent years due to the population increases in urban areas, which caused conflict between municipal and agricultural water use. Deficit irrigation is one important measure for solving this problem. A field experiment with seven different irrigation treatments and four cotton varieties was conducted at the Texas AgriLife Research and Extension Center at Uvalde in the summers of 2008 and 2009 to examine the water saving potential and related phenological/physiological responses in Southwest Texas. The results showed that: 1) The threshold deficit ratio for a traditional deficit irrigation scheme falls between 0.7 and 0.8 for cotton production in Southwest Texas under a low energy precision application (LEPA) sprinkler irrigation system. The 70 percent evapotranspiration (ET)-initialled regulated deficit irrigation scheme (70R) performed well in maintaining lint yield in most cotton varieties tested. The significant changes detected in lint quality failed to introduce premiums or discounts in cotton price. 2) The phenological parameters (plant height, node number and flower/fruit number) showed clear trends that illustrate the relationship between increased stress level and decreased plant growth and development. The observed inconsistency of the physiological responses in the two growing seasons may imply that physiological parameters are not good direct predictors of lint yield if measurements are conducted only on a point basis. The partitioning coefficients of boll dry weight in both years failed to show a significant difference between deficit irrigation treatments and the control, indicating that reallocation of carbohydrates may not be the major factor of maintaining lint yield for the deficit irrigation treatments. 3) Economic analysis showed that due to the low water price, it is not currently profitable to adopt deficit irrigation. In case that water price is increased, it may become more profitable to adopt deficit irrigation. This work provides reference information to water authorities and policy makers to set quotas for municipal and agricultural water use and to value water properly through setting different water prices.

Submitted by BRUNA MARQUES DOS SANTOS null (brunamarques.bio@gmail.com) on 2016-05-20T14:43:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Bruna_Marques_Santos.pdf: 2509707 bytes, checksum: d5b8e8138728f1d899f6f957bedf5425 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-05-24T14:23:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_bm_me_jabo.pdf: 2509707 bytes, checksum: d5b8e8138728f1d899f6f957bedf5425 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-24T14:23:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_bm_me_jabo.pdf: 2509707 bytes, checksum: d5b8e8138728f1d899f6f957bedf5425 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-30 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A emissão de dióxido de carbono (CO2) pelas atividades humanas vem aumentando desde a revolução industrial. Previsões indicam que ocorrerá um aumento expressivo da concentração atmosférica deste gás nos próximos anos. Este fato deve resultar em alterações metabólicas nas plantas e, por consequência, impactar o setor florestal brasileiro. Os cloroplastos são as organelas-chave na fixação do CO2 e início do particionamento do carbono nas plantas. Alterações na disponibilidade de CO2 podem afetar o metabolismo dessas organelas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar se o cultivo de plantas jovens de Eucalyptus urograndis em ambiente enriquecido com CO2 resulta em alterações no proteoma cloroplastidial. Para tanto, primeiramente foram avaliados diferentes métodos de isolamento de cloroplastos quanto aos seguintes parâmetros: morfologia dos cloroplastos observada em microscopia de luz (1); rendimento protéico após isolamento plastidial (2); grau de contaminação por proteínas não cloropastidiais (3); e abundância em número de proteínas identificadas e já descritas como plastidiais (4). Após a definição da melhor metodologia para obtenção do proteoma cloroplastidial, mudas de Eucalyptus urograndis de aproximadamente três meses de idade foram cultivadas sob concentrações atmosféricas controladas de CO2 (400 e 1000 ppm) durante dez semanas. A avaliação do proteoma plastidial, por buscas restringentes contra um banco de dados de sequências protéicas de Eucalyptus grandis, resultou na identificação de 816 proteínas em E. urograndis, das quais 80% já haviam sido descritas como plastidiais. O mapeamento in silico de vias metabólicas resultou na identificação de todas as proteínas envolvidas no ciclo de Calvin-Benson, além da detecção de um aumento discreto, porém significativo na abundância de enzimas-chave: PGK, GAPDH, FBA, FBPase, SBPase e RPI. Embora a avaliação da eficiência quântica do fotossitema II tenha indicado ausência de alteração fotossintética, as plantas tratadas com 1000 ppm de CO2 apresentaram fechamento estomático em resposta à condição ambiental imposta, além da diminuição na área do tecido vascular foliar. Esta é a primeira caracterização do proteoma cloroplastidial do gênero Eucalyptus, cujos resultados indicam que a atmosfera enriquecida com CO2 causou respostas na espécie, incluindo um aumento na abundância de proteínas envolvidas na fixação de carbono. Os resultados apresentados aqui podem auxiliar na compreensão das respostas bioquímicas estimuladas por um aumento na concentração atmosférica de CO2 em plantas do tipo C3, além de contribuir para programas de melhoramento que visem obter plantas adaptadas às condições climáticas futuras. / Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from human activities have increased since the industrial revolution. Global projections indicate that there will be a significant increase in the atmospheric concentration of this gas in the coming years. This fact can result in metabolic changes in plants and, consequently, affect the Brazilian forest sector. Chloroplasts are key organelles in carbon fixation and early carbon partitioning in plants. Changes in the availability of CO2 may affect the metabolism of these organelles. The goal of the present study was to assess whether the cultivation of seedlings of Eucalyptus urograndis under a CO2 enriched environment could result in changes in the chloroplast proteome. For this purpose, different chloroplast isolation methods were evaluated to the following parameters: chloroplast morphology observed in bright-field microscopy (1); protein yield after plastid isolation (2); degree of contamination by non-plastidic proteins (3); and abundance in the number of identified proteins described as plastidic (4). After determining the best methodology for the isolation of the chloroplast proteome, E. urograndis seedlings about three months old were grown under CO2 controlled atmospheric concentrations (400 and 1000 ppm) for ten weeks. Evaluation of the plastid proteome, using stringent search against a protein sequence database from Eucalyptus grandis, resulted in the identification of 816 proteins in E. urograndis, from which 80% were already described as plastidic. In silico metabolic pathway mapping resulted in the identification of all proteins involved in the Calvin-Benson cycle and detection of a slight but significant increase in the abundance of key enzymes: PGK, GAPDH, FBA, FBPase, SBPase, and RPI. Although the assessment of the quantum efficiency of photosystem II suggested the absence of changes in the photosynthesis rate, plants treated with 1000 ppm of CO2 presented stomatal closure in response to the imposed environmental condition. A decreased area of the leaf vascular tissue was also detected in young leaves. This is the first characterization of chloroplast proteome of the genus Eucalyptus. Our results indicate that the CO2 enriched atmosphere stimulated metabolic responses, including an increase in the abundance of proteins involved in carbon fixation. Results showed here will assist on the understanding of the biochemical responses stimulated by an increase in the atmospheric CO2 concentration in C3-type plants, and contribute to breeding programs that aim to obtain plants adapted to future climate conditions. / FAPESP: 2014/07454-0

Les écosystèmes forestiers constituent le principal réservoir à long terme de carbone. Toutefois, les dynamiques saisonnières de productions de cette biomasse ligneuse, en relation avec l'assimilation du carbone par l'écosystème et les déterminants environnementaux, restent peu étudiées, limitant notre compréhension du cycle du carbone et particulièrement sa sensibilité aux changements actuels du climat. Cette thèse a pour objectif de comprendre les relations entre le processus de séquestration du carbone dans le bois en formation, la physiologie de l’arbre, l’assimilation du carbone par le peuplement, et les conditions environnementales du site. L’étude porte sur trois sites instrumentés d’une tour à flux avec un peuplement constitué principalement par, respectivement l’épicéa à Tharandt en 2016, le hêtre à Hesse en 2015-2017, et le chêne à Barbeau en 2016. La formation du bois a été suivis par prélèvement hebdomadaire de microcarottes contenant, le phloème, le cambium et le xylème en formation sur des arbres dominants sélectionnés dans l’empreinte de mesure de la tour. La productivité primaire brute a été estimée par Eddy-Covariance, et les variables climatiques mesurés grâce aux dispositifs de la tour. En premier, nous avons mis au point une nouvelle approche histologique, plus rapide et plus précise que la méthode précédemment publiée sur les résineux, pour quantifier la dynamique intra-annuelle de la séquestration du carbone dans le bois en formation, basée sur des mesures répétées de la densité apparente du xylème, et applicable également aux angiospermes. Dans le 2nd chapitre, nous avons montré que l’occurrence en même temps du développement de la canopée et de la reprise de l’activité cambiale pouvait ralentir la croissance radiale du xylème, et favoriser la formation d’un xylème à porosité élevée mais rapidement fonctionnel. Dans le 3ème chapitre, nous avons démontré que le plan ligneux détermine la coordination temporelle entre la croissance en taille et en biomasse du tronc au cours de la saison de végétation, la séquestration du carbone dans le bois en formation étant toujours décalée derrière la croissance radiale du tronc due aux processus internes de la xylogenèse, avec une tendance croissance du décalage temporel pour l’épicéa et le hêtre, mais une tendance décroissante chez le chêne. Le 4ème chapitre démontre que indépendamment du peuplement, la dynamique d'assimilation du carbone présentait une courbe en cloche symétrique culminant en Juin, tandis que la dynamique saisonnière de la séquestration du carbone variait entre les 3 espèces. Le peuplement de hêtres a concentré la séquestration du carbone dans le tronc en Mai-Juillet, tandis que les peuplements d'épicéa et de chênes ont plutôt culminé en Juin-Août et ont concentré cette séquestration vers la 2ème partie de la saison de végétation. Dans le 5ème chapitre, grâce à un suivi de trois ans des flux de carbone, de la croissance des arbres, et des facteurs environnementaux dans le peuplement de hêtres matures, nous avons montré que le classement du bilan de carbone annuel n'était pas maintenu d'une année à l'autre, avec l’assimilation de carbone annuel la plus élevée en 2017, mais la production de biomasse ligneuse la plus élevée en 2016. Cela suggère que l'allocation du carbone de l'assimilation à la séquestration dans la tige ne suit pas une simple règle d’allométrie. Enfin, nous avons observé que, parallèlement à la formation d'un nouveau xylème, la teneur en amidon augmentait également durant la formation du bois. Cela suggère que le stockage de carbone et la croissance du tronc étaient étroitement liés, avec une proportion plus importante chez le chêne que chez l’épicéa et le hêtre. Ainsi, cette thèse a permis d'améliorer nos connaissances sur la dynamique de l'allocation du carbone dans l'arbre, de l'assimilation au niveau des feuilles à la séquestration à long terme dans le bois, et d'explorer leur sensibilité respective aux conditions climatiques. / Forest ecosystems are the major and most perennial terrestrial carbon pool. However, the seasonal dynamics of production of this woody biomass, in relation to the ecosystem carbon uptake remain poorly studied, limiting our understanding of the carbon cycle and particularly its sensitivity to current climate changes. This thesis aimed to better understand the underlying process of carbon sequestration within forming wood, as related to tree physiology, stand carbon assimilation and site environmental conditions. The study was conducted on three instrumented site with a flux tower, the stand is dominated respectively by spruce in Tharandt in 2016, by beech in Hesse in 2015-2017, and by oak in Barbeau in 2016. To monitor wood formation, wood samples containing phloem, cambial zone, and developing xylem were collected weekly on dominant trees within the tower footprint. Flux tower measurements were used to estimate the daily GPP of the stand, and record the climatic conditions. In the 1st chapter, we developed a novel histologic approach, to quantify the intra-annual dynamics of carbon sequestration in spruce forming wood. This approach, based on repeated measurements of xylem apparent density, is easier, faster, and more accurate than the previously available method, and is applicable also to angiosperm species. In the 2nd chapter, we showed that simultaneous occurrence of the canopy development and the resumption of cambial activity slowed down xylem radial growth, and might entail the formation of xylem with high porosity but functional at early growing season. In the 3rd chapter, we demonstrated that the tree-ring structure determined the temporal coordination between stem growth in size and in biomass along the growing season, with carbon sequestration in forming wood always lagging behind stem radial growth due to inner processes of xylogenesis. Indeed, we showed an increasing timelag ranging from ten days to nearly one month for spruce and beech, but a decreasing timelag from nearly three to one week for oak trees. In the 4th chapter, we observed that regardless of the stand, carbon assimilation followed a large and symmetric bell curve peaking in June, while seasonal dynamics of carbon sequestration differed among the three species. The beech trees concentrated carbon sequestration in stem in May-July, while the spruce and oak trees rather peaked in June-August, and completed stem growth towards the second part of the growing season. In the 5th chapter, based on a three-year monitoring of carbon fluxes, trees growth and environmental factors in the mature beech stand, we showed that ranking of annual carbon balance was not maintained from one year to another, with higher carbon assimilation during the hottest year, but higher woody biomass production in the wettest year. This suggests that allocation of carbon from assimilation to sequestration in stem is not following a simple allometric rule. In the last chapter, we observed that parallel to formation of a new xylem, starch content also increased in forming wood, suggesting that storage and stem growth were tightly connected along the growing season, with higher allocation to storage for sessile oak, compared to spruce and beech. This thesis has improved our knowledge about the dynamics of carbon allocation in the tree, from assimilation at the leaf level to long-term sequestration into the wood, and allowed to explore their respective sensitivity to climate conditions. A better quantification of the shift between stem growth in size and in biomass will require to disentangle the kinetics of cellulose and lignin deposition. However, our work contributed to a better understanding of the intra-annual dynamics of stem radial growth and carbon sequestration, which could help to improve modelling of forests net primary productivity, in the context of current global warming.

No description available.

A intensidade de pastejo e o uso de fertilizantes nitrogenados podem impactar as características estruturais no dossel forrageiro afetando o ambiente luminoso dentro da vegetação, o que por sua vez pode influenciar a taxa fotossintética das folhas e do dossel, e também a produção de forragem. O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever e explicar os efeitos da altura do dossel mantida constante e da taxa de crescimento aplicada como dose de nitrogênio (N) do capim Mulato II (Brachiaria brizantha × B. decumbens × B. ruziziensis) sob lotação contínua e taxa de lotação variável sobre as características produtivas e morfofisiológicas e a participação de diferentes categorias de folhas na composição do índice de área foliar (IAF) e na fotossíntese do dossel. O estudo foi conduzido na ESALQ/USP em Piracicaba-SP durante dois verões agrostológicos. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos completos casualizados, com arranjo fatorial combinando três alturas do dossel (10, 25 e 40 cm) e duas taxas de crescimento geradas por doses de N (50 e 250 kg ha-1 ano-1), em três repetições. As variáveis estudadas incluíram: acúmulo total anual de forragem (ATF), IAF, interceptação de luz (IL), taxas de fotossíntese foliar e do dossel e contribuição relativa de diferentes categorias de folhas no IAF e na fotossíntese do dossel. O ATF aumentou linearmente com a altura do dossel (de 8560 para 13600 kg MS ha-1 ano-1). Aumentos também foram observados para IAF, IL, taxa de fotossíntese do dossel e contribuição das folhas maduras (MAD) no IAF e das folhas mais jovens completamente expandidas (JCE) na fotossíntese do dossel. A contribuição das folhas em expansão (EXP) e das folhas JCE no IAF, a taxa de fotossíntese das folhas EXP e MAD e a contribuição relativa das folhas EXP na fotossíntese do dossel aumentaram com a diminuição da altura do dossel. A aplicação de 250 kg N ha-1 ano-1 resultou em aumento de 137% no ATF em relação à taxa de 50 kg ha-1 ano-1. A maior dose de N resultou em aumento significativo no IAF, IL, taxa de fotossíntese de todas as categorias de folhas, fotossíntese do dossel e contribuição das folhas JCE na fotossíntese do dossel, embora a contribuição das folhas EXP na fotossíntese do dossel tenha sido maior na menor dose de N. A contribuição das folhas MAD na fotossíntese do dossel foi maior quando o dossel foi mantido mais alto e também com maior dose de N na altura de 10 cm. Nos dosséis de 25 cm a proporção de folhas MAD foi maior na menor dose de N e não diferiu entre doses de N quando mantido a 40 cm. Embora dosséis mantidos mais baixos apresentem maior proporção de folhas mais jovens (EXP e JCE) que são as que apresentam maiores taxas fotossintéticas, a fotossíntese do dossel e o ATF foram maiores nos dosséis mais altos. A aplicação de 250 kg N ha-1 ano-1 resulta em aumento na fotossíntese do dossel como consequência do aumento do IAF e da taxa de fotossíntese foliar, resultando em aumento no ATF. / Grazing intensity and nitrogen fertilization can impact the structural characteristics of the canopy affecting the light environment within the vegetation, which in turn may affect leaf and canopy photosynthetic rates, and also forage production. The objective of this study was to describe and explain the effects of canopy height kept constant and growth rate applied as N rate of Mulato II brachiariagrass (Brachiaria brizantha × B. decumbens × B. ruziziensis) under continuous stocking and variable stocking rate, on the productive and morpho-physiological characteristics, and the relative contribution of different leaf categories to the leaf area index (LAI) and to canopy photosynthesis. A field trial was conducted at ESALQ/USP in Piracicaba, SP, Brazil, during two summer growing seasons. A randomized complete block design was used, with a factorial arrangement combining three canopy heights (10, 25, and 40 cm) and two growth rates imposed by N rates (50 and 250 kg ha-1 yr-1), with three replications. The variables studied included: total annual forage accumulation (TFA), LAI, light interception (LI), leaf and canopy photosynthetic rates, and the relative contribution of different leaf categories to the LAI and to canopy photosynthesis. There was a linear increase in TFA with increased canopy height (from 8560 to 13600 kg DM ha-1 yr-1). The LAI, LI, canopy photosynthesis rates, the relative contribution of mature leaves (MAT) to the LAI, and relative contribution of the youngest fully-expanded leaves (YFE) to canopy photosynthesis also increased with canopy height. The relative contribution of expanding leaves (EXP) and YFE to the LAI, leaf photosynthesis of EXP and MAD leaves, and relative contribution of EXP leaves to canopy photosynthesis increased with the reduction in canopy height. The use of a greater N rate (250 kg N ha-1 yr-1) increased ATF by 137%. The application of more N (250 kg N ha-1 yr-1) also increased LAI, LI, photosynthetic rates of all leaf categories, canopy photosynthesis, and relative contribution of YFE leaves to canopy photosynthesis, but the relative contribution of EXP leaves to canopy photosynthesis was greater in the lesser N rate (50 kg N ha-1 yr-1). The relative contribution of MAT leaves to canopy photosynthesis was greater in taller canopies, and also in canopies maintained at 10 cm fertilized with 250 kg N ha-1 yr-1. The canopies maintained at 25 cm showed greater proportion of MAD leaves in the lesser N rate, and was similar in 40-cm canopies for both N rates. Although canopies kept at 10 cm showed greater relative proportion of younger leaves (EXP and YFE), which are those with greater photosynthetic rates, canopy photosynthesis and the TFA were greater in taller canopies. The application of 250 kg N ha-1 yr-1 results in increased canopy photosynthesis, due to increased LAI and leaf photosynthetic rate, resulting in increased TFA.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A cana-de-aÃÃcar à uma planta de grande potencial econÃmico, sendo utilizada principalmente para produÃÃo de aÃÃcar e biocombustÃveis. O Brasil tem destaque internacional na produÃÃo de cana-de-aÃÃcar, sendo o maior produtor mundial dessa cultura. Apesar dessa lideranÃa, o Brasil està localizado em uma regiÃo tropical e apresenta vÃrias adversidades climÃticas. O estudo da fisiologia da cana-de-aÃÃcar em situaÃÃes de estresse, como deficiÃncia hÃdrica, torna-se fundamental para manutenÃÃo e melhoria da produÃÃo dessa cultura. A cana-de-aÃÃcar à uma espÃcie de fotossÃntese C4, com um mecanismo de concentraÃÃo de CO2. Dessa maneira, espera-se que a crescente elevaÃÃo de CO2 na atmosfera nÃo afete a produtividade da cana-de-aÃÃcar de maneira relevante, mas os estudos acerca do assunto sÃo ainda bem escassos. Diante desse quadro, objetivou-se avaliar a regulaÃÃo da fotossÃntese por deficiÃncia hÃdrica, suprimento de nitrogÃnio e CO2 elevado em plantas de cana-de-aÃÃcar. O CapÃtulo 1 comtempla o estado da arte a respeito do tema em estudo. No capÃtulo 2, foi realizado um trabalho com o objetivo de avaliar as respostas de duas cultivares de cana-de-aÃÃcar consideradas contrastantes em relaÃÃo Ãs respostas à deficiÃncia hÃdrica, IAC SP 94-2094 e IAC SP 95-5000. Estas cultivares foram expostas a dÃficit hÃdrico severo, com suspensÃo da irrigaÃÃo por cinco dias, e recuperaÃÃo, reirrigadas por dois dias apÃs o estresse. O tratamento aplicado foi capaz de afetar fortemente as trocas gasosas, com fechamento estomÃtico nas duas cultivares, levando a fortes reduÃÃes de transpiraÃÃo e assimilaÃÃo de CO2. Os parÃmetros da fluorescÃncia da clorofila a foram afetados, mas nÃo o suficiente para apresentar fotoinibiÃÃo. A cultivar tolerante apresentou maior atividade de PEPcase no estresse, mas a atividade de Rubisco nÃo foi alterada. Na cultivar sensÃvel, nÃo houve alteraÃÃo na atividade de PEPcase enquanto que a atividade de Rubisco foi reduzida em 40% no estresse mas com total recuperaÃÃo. A expressÃo de PEPcase foi aumentada no estresse mas com maior incremento na cultivar tolerante, com padrÃo semelhante na quantidade de rubisco. No capÃtulo 3, foi realizado um trabalho com o objetivo de avaliar o sistema de defesa anti-oxidativo em plantas de cana-de-aÃÃcar expostas ao estresse hÃdrico moderado. Neste capÃtulo, apenas a cultivar IAC SP 94-2094 foi utilizada e a deficiÃncia hÃdrica foi aplicada atravÃs de ciclos de irrigaÃÃo, com plantas irrigadas a cada cinco dias por um perÃodo de 15 dias e recuperaÃÃo de trÃs dias. O estresse hÃdrico aplicado causou reduÃÃes marcantes na condutÃncia estomÃtica, na transpiraÃÃo foliar e na fotossÃntese lÃquida, com recuperaÃÃo parcial, refletindo em uma menor eficiÃncia do uso da Ãgua e eficiÃncia de carboxilaÃÃo. Os parÃmetros fotoquÃmicos apresentaram modificaÃÃes transitÃrias, completamente revertidas pela recuperaÃÃo. As atividades da Rubisco e PEPcase nÃo mostraram modificaÃÃes, mas houve aumento na quantidade relativa de PEPcase e estado de ativaÃÃo da Rubisco. O estresse hÃdrico aplicado aumentou a peroxidaÃÃo lipÃdica e o conteÃdo de H2O2, induzindo aumentos de atividades de SOD e APX, principalmente APX tilacoidal e Fe-SOD. O perfil de aÃÃcares foi alterado nas plantas estressadas, com aumento de hexoses e diminuiÃÃo do teor de amido nas folhas. O objetivo do capÃtulo 4 foi avaliar as modificaÃÃes fisiolÃgicas e bioquÃmicas em relaÃÃo aos processos fotossintÃticos em cana-de-aÃÃcar submetida a um ambiente de elevado CO2 e baixo suprimento de nitrogÃnio (-N). A fotossÃntese lÃquida foi reduzida nas plantas com CO2 elevado e -N. Os parÃmetros fotoquÃmicos foram reduzidos apenas no tratamento -N, mas sem sinal de fotoinibiÃÃo. As enzimas da carboxilaÃÃo, PEPcase e Rubisco, sofreram regulaÃÃes diferenciadas, tanto pelo alto CO2 como pelo baixo suprimento de nitrogÃnio. A determinaÃÃo de nitrato mostrou acÃmulo nas raÃzes, indicando deficiÃncia no transporte para parte aÃrea. O tratamento âN diminuiu o conteÃdo de aminoÃcidos, proteÃnas solÃveis e nitrogÃnio total. O teor de sacarose foi reduzido em todos os tratamentos. Por fim, verificamos que a cultivar IAC SP 94-2094 possui maior fotoproteÃÃo indicada pelo maior NPQ e possui ainda maior atividade e expressÃo de PEPcase, permitindo melhor performance em perÃodos de dÃficit hÃdrico severo. Quando estudada com dÃficit hÃdrico moderado, as plantas desta cultivar apresentaram uma organizada defesa anti-oxidativa para proteÃÃo contra as espÃcies reativas de oxigÃnio. Quando sob elevada concentraÃÃo de CO2, as plantas de cana-de-aÃÃcar exibem modificaÃÃes estomÃticas e bioquÃmicas, reduzindo a atividade fotossintÃtica pela reduÃÃo da assimilaÃÃo de nitrato e atividade de redutase do nitrato, mostrando uma forte relaÃÃo entre a assimilaÃÃo de carbono e nitrogÃnio. / Sugarcane is plant of great economic potential, mainly utilized to sugar and biofuel production. Brazil has an international importance, leading the world production of this culture. In despite of this high production, Brazil is located in a tropical region and presents several climatic adversities. The study of sugarcane physiology in stress situations, like water deficit, becomes essential to maintenance and improvement of the production. Sugarcane is a C4 species, with a CO2 concentration mechanism. It is expected that the growing elevation of CO2 in the atmosphere does not the sugarcane productivity in a relevant way but the studies about this subject are very scarce. Thus, it was aimed to evaluate the photosynthesis regulation by water deficit, nitrogen supply and high CO2 in sugarcane plants. Chapter 1 contains the state of the art concerning the study theme. In the chapter 2, it was performed an work in order to evaluate the responses to water deficit of two sugarcane cultivars considered contrasting about water deficit, IAC SP 94-2094 and IAC SP 95-5000. These cultivars were exposed to severe water deficit, with withholding water for five days, and recovery, irrigated after for two days after stress. The applied treatment strongly affected the gas exchanges, with stomatal closure in both cultivars, leading to great reductions in transpiration and CO2 assimilation. The chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters were affected, but without photoinhibition. Tolerant cultivar showed higher PEPcase activity in stress, but Rubisco activity was not altered. In the sensitive cultivar there was not alteration in the PEPcase activity whereas Rubisco activity was reduced 40% in stress but totally recovered. PEPcase expression was increased in stress but with a higher increment in sensitive cultivar, with a similar pattern in the Rubisco amount. In the chapter 3, it was performed an work in order to evaluate the antioxidative system in sugarcane plants exposed to mild water stress. In this chapter, IAC SP 94-2094 was utilized and the water deficit was applied with irrigation cycles, with plants irrigated each five days for fifteen days and recovery for three days. Water stress applied caused remarkable decreases in the stomatal conductance, leaf transpiration and net photosynthesis, with partial recovery, causing lower water use and carboxylation efficiencies. Photochemical parameters showed transient changes completely reversible by recovery. PEPcase and Rubisco activities did not show modifications but it was increase in the relative amount of PEPcase and Rubisco activation state. Water stress increased the lipid peroxidation and H2O2 content, inducing increases in SOD and APX activities, mainly thylakoidal APX and Fe-SOD. Sugars profile was altered in stressed plants, with increase in hexoses and decrease in starch content in leaves. The aim of the chapter 4 was evaluate the physiological and biochemical changes in concern to photosynthetic processes in sugarcane exposed to high CO2 and low supply of nitrogen (-N). Net photosynthesis was reduced in plants subjected to high CO2 and -N. Photochemical parameters were decreased only in -N treatment, but with no photoinhibition. Carboxylation enzymes, PEPcase and Rubisco, did suffer differential regulations either by high CO2 or by low nitrogen. Nitrate determination showed accumulation in roots, indicating deficiency in transport to shoot. -N treatment decreased the amino acids content, soluble proteins and total nitrogen. Sucrose content was reduced in all treatments. At last, it was verified that IAC SP 94-2094 cultivar has more photoprotection indicated by higher NPQ and more PEPcase activity and expression, conferring a better performance in severe water deficit periods. When studied under mild water stress, the plants showed an organized anti-oxidative defense for protection against reactive oxygen species. When under high CO2, sugarcane plants exhibit stomatal and biochemical changes, reducing the photosynthetic activity by reduction in nitrate assimilation and nitrate reductase activity, showing a strong relation between carbon and nitrogen assimilation.

Orientador: Carlos Alfredo Joly / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T23:22:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_VivianeCamilade_D.pdf: 4448305 bytes, checksum: d5b1fa443a44dd4c9727eafe8ee5a04a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Alchornea triplinervia, Nectandra oppositifolia, Eugenia umbelliflora, Gomidesia schaueriana, Guapira opposita e Guatteria gomeziana são espécies arbóreas típicas das áreas alagadas da Floresta de Restinga do sudeste do Brasil. A fim de determinar os efeitos do alagamento sazonal do solo sazonal na sobrevivência, morfo-anatomia, crescimento e taxa de assimilação de carbono nestas espécies, foram avaliadas as respostas de crescimento, os parâmetros fotossintéticos básicos, a concentração de pigmentos fotossintéticos, as características foliares e as alterações morfo-anatômicas de indivíduos jovens crescendo experimentalmente em condições não alagadas (controle) e alagadas. A. triplinervia, N. oppositifolia, E. umbelliflora e G. schaueriana foram capazes de sobreviver e crescer durante o período de alagamento do solo, embora este crescimento tenha sido reduzido em comparação às plantas não alagadas. Lenticelas hipertrofiadas foram observadas em A. triplinervia e N. oppositifolia e a formação de raízes adventícias somente em A. triplinervia. Nas plantas alagadas de G. opposita e G. gomeziana o crescimento cessou e a sobrevivência foi comprometida, tendo ocorrido a morte de alguns indivíduos a partir da segunda semana de alagamento do solo. A taxa de assimilação de carbono foi reduzida em todas as espécies quando submetidas ao alagamento do solo, em função tanto de fatores estomáticos como não estomáticos, mas apenas G. opposita e G. gomeziana apresentaram valores negativos. Após a drenagem do solo, A. triplinervia e E. umbelliflora foram capazes de recuperar a taxa de assimilação de carbono, mas N. oppositifolia e G. schaueriana continuaram a apresentar valores reduzidos em comparação às plantas que não foram alagadas. Os resultados sugerem que A. triplinervia, N. oppositifolia, E. umbelliflora e G. schaueriana são espécies resistentes ao alagamento do solo e por isso são capazes de sobreviver a longos períodos nesta condição, enquanto que G. opposita e G. gomeziana são espécies sensíveis a tal condição. As respostas observadas neste estudo justificam a ocorrência das espécies estudadas na Floresta de Restinga inundável / Abstract: Alchornea triplinervia, Nectandra oppositifolia, Eugenia umbelliflora, Gomidesia schaueriana, Guapira opposita and Guatteria gomeziana are typical tree species of swampy areas of Restinga Forest in Southeastern Brazil. To elucidate effects of seasonal flooding on survival, morpho-anatomy, growth and carbon assimilation rate in these species, were evaluated growth responses, basic photosynthetic parameters, concentration of photosynthetic pigments, leave characteristics and morpho-anatomical changes of young plants growing experimentally in non-flooded (control) and flooded conditions. A. triplinervia, N. oppositifolia, E. umbelliflora and G. schaueriana were able to survive and grown in flooding conditions, but with reduced performance compared to non-flooded plants. Hypertrophied lenticels were observed in A. triplinervia and N. oppositifolia and adventitious roots only in A. triplinervia. Flooded plants of G. opposita and G. gomeziana ceased growth and survival was compromised, with death of some individuals after the second week of flooding. Carbon assimilation rate was reduced in all species when subjected to waterlogging due to both stomatal and non-stomatal limitations, but only G. opposita and G. gomeziana showed negative values. After soil drainage A. triplinervia and E. umbelliflora were able to recover the carbon assimilation rate, but N. oppositifolia and G. schaueriana continued to show reduced values in relation to non-flooded individuals. Results suggest that A. triplinervia, N. oppositifolia, E. umbelliflora and G. schaueriana are resistant species and therefore able to survive long periods in this condition, while G. opposita and G. gomeziana are species non resistant to flooding. Responses observed in this study explain the occurence of studied species in swampy areas of Restinga Forest / Doutorado / Biologia Vegetal / Doutor em Biologia Vegetal