Global ETD Search

11	Acúmulo de forragem e contribuição relativa de categorias de folhas na fotossíntese do dossel do capim Mulato II pastejado sob taxas contrastantes de crescimento e alturas do dossel / Herbage accumulation and relative contribution of leaf categories to canopy photosynthesis of grazed Mulato II brachiariagrass under contrasting growth rates and canopy heights Junior Issamu Yasuoka 27 June 2016 (has links) A intensidade de pastejo e o uso de fertilizantes nitrogenados podem impactar as características estruturais no dossel forrageiro afetando o ambiente luminoso dentro da vegetação, o que por sua vez pode influenciar a taxa fotossintética das folhas e do dossel, e também a produção de forragem. O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever e explicar os efeitos da altura do dossel mantida constante e da taxa de crescimento aplicada como dose de nitrogênio (N) do capim Mulato II (Brachiaria brizantha × B. decumbens × B. ruziziensis) sob lotação contínua e taxa de lotação variável sobre as características produtivas e morfofisiológicas e a participação de diferentes categorias de folhas na composição do índice de área foliar (IAF) e na fotossíntese do dossel. O estudo foi conduzido na ESALQ/USP em Piracicaba-SP durante dois verões agrostológicos. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos completos casualizados, com arranjo fatorial combinando três alturas do dossel (10, 25 e 40 cm) e duas taxas de crescimento geradas por doses de N (50 e 250 kg ha-1 ano-1), em três repetições. As variáveis estudadas incluíram: acúmulo total anual de forragem (ATF), IAF, interceptação de luz (IL), taxas de fotossíntese foliar e do dossel e contribuição relativa de diferentes categorias de folhas no IAF e na fotossíntese do dossel. O ATF aumentou linearmente com a altura do dossel (de 8560 para 13600 kg MS ha-1 ano-1). Aumentos também foram observados para IAF, IL, taxa de fotossíntese do dossel e contribuição das folhas maduras (MAD) no IAF e das folhas mais jovens completamente expandidas (JCE) na fotossíntese do dossel. A contribuição das folhas em expansão (EXP) e das folhas JCE no IAF, a taxa de fotossíntese das folhas EXP e MAD e a contribuição relativa das folhas EXP na fotossíntese do dossel aumentaram com a diminuição da altura do dossel. A aplicação de 250 kg N ha-1 ano-1 resultou em aumento de 137% no ATF em relação à taxa de 50 kg ha-1 ano-1. A maior dose de N resultou em aumento significativo no IAF, IL, taxa de fotossíntese de todas as categorias de folhas, fotossíntese do dossel e contribuição das folhas JCE na fotossíntese do dossel, embora a contribuição das folhas EXP na fotossíntese do dossel tenha sido maior na menor dose de N. A contribuição das folhas MAD na fotossíntese do dossel foi maior quando o dossel foi mantido mais alto e também com maior dose de N na altura de 10 cm. Nos dosséis de 25 cm a proporção de folhas MAD foi maior na menor dose de N e não diferiu entre doses de N quando mantido a 40 cm. Embora dosséis mantidos mais baixos apresentem maior proporção de folhas mais jovens (EXP e JCE) que são as que apresentam maiores taxas fotossintéticas, a fotossíntese do dossel e o ATF foram maiores nos dosséis mais altos. A aplicação de 250 kg N ha-1 ano-1 resulta em aumento na fotossíntese do dossel como consequência do aumento do IAF e da taxa de fotossíntese foliar, resultando em aumento no ATF. / Grazing intensity and nitrogen fertilization can impact the structural characteristics of the canopy affecting the light environment within the vegetation, which in turn may affect leaf and canopy photosynthetic rates, and also forage production. The objective of this study was to describe and explain the effects of canopy height kept constant and growth rate applied as N rate of Mulato II brachiariagrass (Brachiaria brizantha × B. decumbens × B. ruziziensis) under continuous stocking and variable stocking rate, on the productive and morpho-physiological characteristics, and the relative contribution of different leaf categories to the leaf area index (LAI) and to canopy photosynthesis. A field trial was conducted at ESALQ/USP in Piracicaba, SP, Brazil, during two summer growing seasons. A randomized complete block design was used, with a factorial arrangement combining three canopy heights (10, 25, and 40 cm) and two growth rates imposed by N rates (50 and 250 kg ha-1 yr-1), with three replications. The variables studied included: total annual forage accumulation (TFA), LAI, light interception (LI), leaf and canopy photosynthetic rates, and the relative contribution of different leaf categories to the LAI and to canopy photosynthesis. There was a linear increase in TFA with increased canopy height (from 8560 to 13600 kg DM ha-1 yr-1). The LAI, LI, canopy photosynthesis rates, the relative contribution of mature leaves (MAT) to the LAI, and relative contribution of the youngest fully-expanded leaves (YFE) to canopy photosynthesis also increased with canopy height. The relative contribution of expanding leaves (EXP) and YFE to the LAI, leaf photosynthesis of EXP and MAD leaves, and relative contribution of EXP leaves to canopy photosynthesis increased with the reduction in canopy height. The use of a greater N rate (250 kg N ha-1 yr-1) increased ATF by 137%. The application of more N (250 kg N ha-1 yr-1) also increased LAI, LI, photosynthetic rates of all leaf categories, canopy photosynthesis, and relative contribution of YFE leaves to canopy photosynthesis, but the relative contribution of EXP leaves to canopy photosynthesis was greater in the lesser N rate (50 kg N ha-1 yr-1). The relative contribution of MAT leaves to canopy photosynthesis was greater in taller canopies, and also in canopies maintained at 10 cm fertilized with 250 kg N ha-1 yr-1. The canopies maintained at 25 cm showed greater proportion of MAD leaves in the lesser N rate, and was similar in 40-cm canopies for both N rates. Although canopies kept at 10 cm showed greater relative proportion of younger leaves (EXP and YFE), which are those with greater photosynthetic rates, canopy photosynthesis and the TFA were greater in taller canopies. The application of 250 kg N ha-1 yr-1 results in increased canopy photosynthesis, due to increased LAI and leaf photosynthetic rate, resulting in increased TFA. Brachiaria spp. Urochloa spp. Adubação nitrogenada Assimilação de carbono Convert HD 364 Nitrogênio Pastejo Brachiaria spp. Urochloa spp. Carbon assimilation Convert HD 364 Grazing Nitrogen Nitrogen fertilization
12	Multispectral imaging of Sphagnum canopies: measuring the spectral response of three indicator species to a fluctuating water table at Burns Bog Elves, Andrew 02 May 2022 (has links) Northern Canadian peatlands contain vast deposits of carbon. It is with growing urgency that we seek a better understanding of their assimilative capacity. Assimilative capacity and peat accumulation in raised bogs are linked to primary productivity of resident Sphagnum species. Understanding moisture-mediated photosynthesis of Sphagnum spp. is central to understanding peat production rates. The relationship between depth to water table fluctuation and spectral reflectance of Sphagnum moss was investigated using multispectral imaging at a recovering raised bog on the southwest coast of British Columbia, Canada. Burns Bog is a temperate oceanic ombrotrophic bog. Three ecohydrological indicator species of moss were chosen for monitoring: S. capillifolium, S. papillosum, and S. cuspidatum. Three spectral vegetation indices (SVIs) were used to characterize Sphagnum productivity: the normalized difference vegetation index 660, the chlorophyll index, and the photochemical reflectance index. In terms of spectral sensitivity and the appropriateness of SVIs to species and field setting, we found better performance for the normalized difference vegetation index 660 in the discrimination of moisture mediated species-specific reflectance signals. The role that spatiotemporal scale and spectral mixing can have on reflectance signal fidelity was tested. We were specifically interested in the relationship between changes in the local water table and Sphagnum reflectance response, and whether shifting between close spatial scales can affect the statistical strength of this relationship. We found a loss of statistical significance when shifting from the species-specific cm2 scale to the spectrally mixed dm2 scale. This spatiospectral uncoupling of the moisture mediated reflectance signal has implications for the accuracy and reliability of upscaling from plot based measurements. In terms of species-specific moisture mediated reflectance signals, we were able to effectively discriminate between the three indicator species of Sphagnum along the hummock-to-hollow gradient. We were also able to confirm Sphagnum productivity and growth outside of the vascular growing season, establishing clear patterns of reflectance correlated with changes in the local moisture regime. The strongest relationships for moisture mediated Sphagnum productivity were found in the hummock forming species S. capillifolium. Each indicator Sphagnum spp. of peat has distinct functional traits adapted to its preferred position along the ecohydrological gradient. We also discovered moisture mediated and species-specific reflectance phenologies. These phenospectral characteristics of Sphagnum can inform future monitoring work, including the creation of a regionally specific phenospectral library. It’s recommended that further close scale multispectral monitoring be carried out incorporating more species of moss, as well as invasive and upland species of concern. Pervasive vascular reflectance bias in remote sensing products has implications for the reliability of peatland modelling. Avoiding vascular bias, targeted spectral monitoring of Sphagnum indicator species provides a more reliable measure for the modelling of peatland productivity and carbon assimilation estimates. / Graduate peatland peatland restoration peatland monitoring peatland modelling peat peat moss multispectral multispectral imaging multicamera array multitemporal multiple linear regression linear mixed effects Sphagnum sphagna Sphagnum capillifolium Sphagnum papillosum Sphagnum cuspidatum spatiospectral uncoupling near-sensing remote sensing phenospectral phenology phenologies phenospectral bias phenospectral libraries carbon assimilation carbon dioxide carbon dynamics carbon emissions carbon geographies carbon mineralization carbon sequestration carbon source carbon sink carbon storage irrecoverable carbon climate forcing methane Ecological Restoration restoration ecology ecohydrology ecohydrological restoration hydrology ecohydrological gradients ecological integrity reflectance nature based solutions ombrotrophic moss raised peatland mires mires photochemical reflectance index normalized difference vegetation index chlorophyll index climate change climate forcing climate envelope climatope nonvascular vascular bias plant functional type plant functional types structure equation models spectral vegetation indices hummock hollow acrotelm catotelm diplotelmic biocrusts organic soil periodicity moisture deficit senescence rejuvenescence productivity photosynthesis light use efficiency photosynthetic function photosynthetically active radiation water table hydrology rewetting depth to water table landscape change landscape degradation peat subsidence Burns Bog

Search results

Multispectral imaging of Sphagnum canopies: measuring the spectral response of three indicator species to a fluctuating water table at Burns Bog