Research was conducted using the Soil-Plant-Atmosphere-Research (SPAR) units at Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS to investigate temperature effects on warm- and cool-season turfgrasses. Data collected include clipping yield, total root biomass, and relative chlorophyll index (RCI). Cultivars and species in the study included: ‘Latitude 36’, ‘Tifway’, ‘MSB-285’, and ‘TifEagle’ bermudagrass, ‘Meyer’ zoysiagrass, ‘Penn A1/A4’ and ‘Penncross’ creeping bentgrass, ‘Midnight’ Kentucky bluegrass, ‘Fiesta 4’ perennial ryegrass, and ‘Falcon V’ tall fescue. Grasses were grown in the SPAR units at varying day/night temperature regimes. Clipping yield was collected every three days, and regression was used to determine the temperature at which clipping yield equaled zero. Root biomass was collected at the conclusion of the trial, while RCI was taken once weekly. Base temperature for warm-season grasses ranged from 12.5 to 13.2°C. Determined optimum temperatures ranged from 31.8 to 36.1°C for warm-season turfgrasses and 18.8 to 20.6°C for cool-season turfgrasses.

Foram conduzidos dois experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência do uso de quelatos de ferro no cultivo hidropônico de rúcula em ambiente protegido. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com 4 repetições e 6 tratamentos: Fe-IDHA (ácido D,L aspártico, N-(1,2 dicarboxietil) tetra sódico), Fe-EDTA (ácido etilenodiamino tetra acetic), Fe-ORGÂNICO (a base de aminoácidos), Fe-EDDHA (ácido etilenodiamino - di (o - hidroxifenil-acético o-o 4,8%) e Fe-HBED (ácido N, n`-Bis (2-Hidroxibenzil) N- etilenodiamina n`dipropiônico) e testemunha (sem adição de ferro). O primeiro experimento foi conduzido no período de 8 de maio a 7 de junho de 2012 e o segundo entre 13 de junho e 13 de julho de 2012. As mudas de rúcula, da cultivar \"Folha Larga\", foram transplantadas aos 10 DAS. As avaliações biométricas foram realizadas aos 10, 15, 20, 25 e 30 dias após o transplante (DAT) para: altura das plantas, número de folhas, área foliar, massa fresca e seca das folhas e massa seca das raízes. Aos 15, 20, 25 e 30 dias após o transplante (DAT) foram determinados o índice relativo de clorofila (IRC) e os teores de nitrogênio e ferro das folhas. Todos os quelatos possibilitaram fornecimento suficiente de ferro para o adequado crescimento e produtividade de rúcula em NFT. Plantas submetidas aos tratamentos Fe-HBED e Fe-EDDHA foram estatisticamente semelhantes ao quelato Fe-EDTA e Fe-ORGÂNICO, mas superiores ao Fe-IDHA e testemunha em relação ao crescimento. / Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the efficiency of using iron chelates in hydroponic rocket salad in a greenhouse. The experimental design was completely randomized with 4 replications and six treatments: Fe-IDHA, Fe-EDTA, Fe-ORGÂNIC, Fe-EDDHA and Fe-HBED) and control. The first experiment was conducted from May 8 to June 7, 2012 and the second between 13 June and 13 July 2012. The seedlings of rocket salad variety Folha Larga were transplanted at 10 DAS. The biometric evaluations were performed at 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 DAT, and analyzed to: plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, fresh and dry weight of leaves and dry weight of roots. At 15, 20, 25 and 30 days after transplanting (DAT) were determined relative chlorophyll index (RCI) and nitrogen and iron contents of the leaves. All chelates made it possible sufficient supply of iron for the adequate growth and productivity of rocket in NFT. Plants subjected to treatments Fe-HBED and Fe- EDDHA were statistically similar to chelate Fe-EDTA and Fe-ORGANIC, but higher than the Fe-IDHA and control in relation to growth.

Foram conduzidos dois experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência do uso de quelatos de ferro no cultivo hidropônico de rúcula em ambiente protegido. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com 4 repetições e 6 tratamentos: Fe-IDHA (ácido D,L aspártico, N-(1,2 dicarboxietil) tetra sódico), Fe-EDTA (ácido etilenodiamino tetra acetic), Fe-ORGÂNICO (a base de aminoácidos), Fe-EDDHA (ácido etilenodiamino - di (o - hidroxifenil-acético o-o 4,8%) e Fe-HBED (ácido N, n`-Bis (2-Hidroxibenzil) N- etilenodiamina n`dipropiônico) e testemunha (sem adição de ferro). O primeiro experimento foi conduzido no período de 8 de maio a 7 de junho de 2012 e o segundo entre 13 de junho e 13 de julho de 2012. As mudas de rúcula, da cultivar \"Folha Larga\", foram transplantadas aos 10 DAS. As avaliações biométricas foram realizadas aos 10, 15, 20, 25 e 30 dias após o transplante (DAT) para: altura das plantas, número de folhas, área foliar, massa fresca e seca das folhas e massa seca das raízes. Aos 15, 20, 25 e 30 dias após o transplante (DAT) foram determinados o índice relativo de clorofila (IRC) e os teores de nitrogênio e ferro das folhas. Todos os quelatos possibilitaram fornecimento suficiente de ferro para o adequado crescimento e produtividade de rúcula em NFT. Plantas submetidas aos tratamentos Fe-HBED e Fe-EDDHA foram estatisticamente semelhantes ao quelato Fe-EDTA e Fe-ORGÂNICO, mas superiores ao Fe-IDHA e testemunha em relação ao crescimento. / Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the efficiency of using iron chelates in hydroponic rocket salad in a greenhouse. The experimental design was completely randomized with 4 replications and six treatments: Fe-IDHA, Fe-EDTA, Fe-ORGÂNIC, Fe-EDDHA and Fe-HBED) and control. The first experiment was conducted from May 8 to June 7, 2012 and the second between 13 June and 13 July 2012. The seedlings of rocket salad variety Folha Larga were transplanted at 10 DAS. The biometric evaluations were performed at 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 DAT, and analyzed to: plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, fresh and dry weight of leaves and dry weight of roots. At 15, 20, 25 and 30 days after transplanting (DAT) were determined relative chlorophyll index (RCI) and nitrogen and iron contents of the leaves. All chelates made it possible sufficient supply of iron for the adequate growth and productivity of rocket in NFT. Plants subjected to treatments Fe-HBED and Fe- EDDHA were statistically similar to chelate Fe-EDTA and Fe-ORGANIC, but higher than the Fe-IDHA and control in relation to growth.

Orientador: Leandro Borges Lemos / Resumo: Práticas mais sustentáveis envolvendo a fixação biológica de nitrogênio (FBN) e o uso do clorofilômetro portátil no manejo da adubação têm se mostrado promissoras para aumentar a eficiência do uso de nitrogênio (N) na cultura do feijoeiro-comum. Objetivou-se monitorar manejos de fornecimento de N com o uso do clorofilômetro portátil e avaliar seus efeitos nos atributos agronômicos e qualitativos de cultivares de feijoeiro-comum do tipo carioca de crescimento indeterminado e determinado (IPR Campos Gerais e IAC Imperador). O experimento foi implantado no delineamento em blocos casualizados (DBC), no esquema fatorial 2 x 9, com quatro repetições. O primeiro fator foi constituído pelas cultivares e o segundo fator pelos seguintes manejos de fornecimento de N: MT: Testemunha sem inoculação e sem adubação de N em cobertura; MRiz: Testemunha inoculada com Rhizobium tropici e sem aplicação de N em cobertura; MRiz+Clo: Inoculação com Rhizobium tropici + 30 kg ha-1 de N quando o índice de suficiência de N (ISN) determinado com o uso do clorofilômetro portátil for inferior a 90%; MRiz+Clo+Azo: Inoculação com Rhizobium tropici + de 30 kg ha-1 de N quando ISN < 90% + aplicação de Azospirillum brasilense via foliar (V4); MClo: 30 kg ha-1 de N quando ISN < 90%; M45: 45 kg ha-1 de N em V4; M90: 90 kg ha-1 de N em V4; M135: 135 kg ha-1 de N em V4; MRef: 90 kg ha-1 de N em V3 + 90 kg ha-1 de N em V4. Realizou-se o monitoramento do índice de clorofila e a avaliação dos teores de N foliar ao lo... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: More sustainable practices involving biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and the use of portable chlorophyll meter in fertilization management are promising to increase nitrogen (N) use efficiency in the common bean crop. This study aimed to monitor N supply managements using a portable chlorophyll meter and its effects on agronomic and qualitative attributes of Carioca-type common bean cultivars with indeterminate and determinate growth habits (IPR Campos Gerais and IAC Imperador). The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design (RBD), in a 2 x 9 factorial scheme, with four replicates. The first factor consisted of the cultivars and the second factor for the following N supply managements: MC: Control without inoculation and without top-dressing N fertilization; MRhz: Control inoculated with R. tropici and without top-dressing N fertilization; MRhz+Chl: Rhizobium tropici inoculation + 30 kg ha-1 of N when the N sufficiency index (NSI) determined using the portable chlorophyll meter is less than 90%; MRhz+Chl+Azo: Rhizobium tropici inoculation + 30 kg ha-1 of N when NSI < 90% + foliar application of Azospirillum brasilense (V4); MChl: 30 kg ha-1 of N when NSI < 90%; M45: 45 kg ha-1 of N in V4; M90: 90 kg ha-1 of N in V4; M135: 135 kg ha-1 of N in V4; MRef: 90 kg ha-1 of N in V3 + 90 kg ha-1 of N in V4. The chlorophyll index was monitored, and leaf N levels were evaluated throughout the cycle, shoot dry matter determination, yield components, yield and qualitative a... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

The aim of this diploma thesis was to find out the seasonal changes of the air pollution tolerance index (APTI) in London planetree (Platanus acerifolia) and small-leaved lime tree (Tilia cordata), which grow in Jiráskovonábřeží in České Budějovice near the busy urban roads. The research was conducted in August, 2015. The complete results of this research were summarized into a teaching presentation for pupils at primary schools, which shall show them the issues of urban stress for these two tree species, which are very often planted in cities. The APTI index consists of four parameters, which were needed to be found out for the APTI index could be established. These parameters for the APTI are: the content of chlorophylls in a leaf, the content of the ascorbic acid in a leaf, the relative water content in a leaf and the pH of the extract from a leaf. By the discovering ofthe values of these parameters, the APTI was counted and thanks to this APTI it was easier to determine, which of these two tree species is less or more stressed by air pollution on the particular location. Further, the fluorescence of chlorophyll, which is -next to the APTI index- another indicator of effect of stress on the physiological processes in a plant and measured fluorescence values were compared with values from the previous measuring in 2013. The results were statistically evaluated and processed into the tables and graphs. According to the results of the APTI index, the small-leaved lime tree has proved as more sensitive to air pollution in Jiráskovo nábřeží, the London planetree was more resilient from this point of view. By the comparison of the results of chlorophyll content and fluorescence from 2013 and 2015, it was found out that the year 2015 has proved as less favourable for both species.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-06-02T19:54:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Soraia John da Silva.pdf: 1762972 bytes, checksum: aae3e43996736241367a1924339662c0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-02T19:54:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Soraia John da Silva.pdf: 1762972 bytes, checksum: aae3e43996736241367a1924339662c0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-20 / CAPES / The glyphosate, herbicide used in different countries, inhibits the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), blocking the synthesis of aromatic amino acids. With this, it still affects the activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and the concentration of metabolites in plants. Its activity was first reported as a metal chelator. Therefore, to make use of this herbicide, may be formation of complexes with metals from soil, occurring change in the effectiveness of the product and loss of minerals. Thus, to avoid such problems,this study aimed to compare the effectiveness of three forms of glyphosate: purified, previously complexed with metals, and a commercial form (Roundup WG?). The effects of glyphosate complexes with copper, cobalt and nickel with different stoichiometries and different pH values on the in vitro activity of EPSPs were evaluated. Selected complex for the first experiment in vivo were Cu421 and Co821 (first number for pH and the latter two to stoichiometry glyphosate: metal). These complexes were used in the in vivo experiment I, as well as distilled water (control), purified Roundup and glyphosate on transgenic soybean and B. decumbens. In the following experiments (II and III), mineral oil was used in all treatments to reduce leaching of the compounds. The complex selected for continuation of this study was Cu421 due to its emphasis on the results obtained in the first experiment in vivo. When comparing the effect of the compounds in Falker Chlorophyll Index (ICF) of B. decumbens compared to control, there was fall of this index when using Roundup, Cu421 and purified glyphosate (the latter only in the second experiment). Later it was analyzed fresh mass accumulation and collected fresh material for determination of enzyme activities and N-NO3- levels. The complex Cu421 caused a more significant fresh mass reduction and still allowed the increase in the content of soluble nitrate in Brachiaria decumbens, probably due to the presence of nitrate in this complex. In the case of transgenic soybean there was no significant change in ICF. The use of Roundup and the complex did not change significantly the fresh mass accumul ation in this species. The application of the purified glyphosate, however, caused increase in mass accumulation and all treatments altered soybeans in nitrate content. In experiments with mineral oil in B. decumbens, the Cu421 complex inhibited significantly the EPSPs activity, as well as purified Roundup and glyphosate (the latter only in the experiment III). No inhibition occurred in transgenic soybean. All treatments in vivo stimulated PAL activity only on weed, which suggests that the increase in this activity is a consequence of the inhibition of EPSPs and other deleterious effects of compounds on susceptible plants. This study showed that especially Cu421 complex might be used effectively as a herbicide since it inhibits EPSPs, activates the PA,L reduces fresh mass accumulation and influences photosynthesis in the tested weed. Besides, the transgenic soybean showed little sensitive to this compound, which further increases the prospect of using the same as herbicide. / O glifosato, herbicida usado mundialmente, atua inibindo a enzima 5-enolpiruvil-chiquimato- 3-fosfato-sintase (EPSPs), bloqueando a s?ntese de amino?cidos arom?ticos. Com isso, ainda influencia a atividade de fenilalanina am?nia liase (PAL) e a concentra??o de metab?litos nas plantas. A sua primeira a??o reportada foi como agente quelante de metais. Portanto, ao fazer uso deste herbicida, pode haver forma??o de complexos com metais do solo, ocorrendo altera??o da efic?cia do produto e defici?ncia mineral. Assim, de modo a evitar tais problemas, este trabalho teve como objetivo, comparar a efici?ncia de tr?s formas de glifosato: purificado, previamente complexado com metais, e uma das suas formas comerciais (Roundup WG?). Os efeitos de complexos de glifosato com cobre, cobalto e n?quel, sintetizados sob diferentes estequiometrias e valores de pH, foram avaliados sobre a atividade in vitro de EPSPs. Os complexos selecionados para o primeiro experimento in vivo foram: Cu421 e Co821 (primeiro n?mero referente ao pH e os dois ?ltimos ? estequiometria glifosato:metal). Estes complexos foram usados no experimento in vivo I, assim como ?gua destilada (controle), Roundup e glifosato purificado, sobre soja transg?nica e Brachiaria decumbens. Nos experimentos seguintes utilizou-se ?leo mineral em todos os tratamentos para reduzir a lixivia??o dos compostos. O complexo selecionado para continua??o deste estudo foi o Cu421 devido a seu destaque nos resultados obtidos no primeiro experimento in vivo. Ao comparar o efeito dos compostos no ?ndice de Clorofila Falker (ICF) de B. decumbens em rela??o ao controle, observou-se queda deste ?ndice ao usar Roundup, Cu421 e glifosato purificado (este ?ltimo, somente no segundo experimento). Posteriormente foi analisado ac?mulo de massa fresca e coletado material fresco para determina??o das atividades enzim?ticas e dos teores N-NO3-. O complexo Cu421 foi o que provocou maior redu??o da massa fresca e ainda possibilitou o aumento no teor sol?vel de nitrato em B. decumbens, provavelmente devido ? presen?a de nitrato neste complexo. No caso da soja transg?nica n?o houve altera??o significativa de ICF. O uso de Roundup e dos complexos n?o alterou de forma significativa o ac?mulo de massa fresca nesta esp?cie. A aplica??o do glifosato purificado, entretanto, causou incremento no ac?mulo de massa e todos os tratamentos alteraram o teor de nitrato em soja. Nos experimentos com ?leo mineral em B. decumbens, o complexo Cu421 inibiu de forma significativa a atividade de EPSPs, assim como Roundup e glifosato purificado (este ?ltimo, somente no experimento III). Em soja transg?nica n?o houve inibi??o. Todos os tratamentos in vivo estimularam a atividade de PAL somente na gram?nea, permitindo sugerir que o aumento nesta atividade seja consequ?ncia da inibi??o de EPSPs e de outros efeitos delet?rios dos compostos sobre plantas suscept?veis. O presente estudo mostrou que principalmente o complexo Cu421 pode vir a ser utilizado de forma eficaz como herbicida, uma vez que inibe a EPSPs, ativa a PAL, reduz ac?mulo de massa fresca e influencia a fotoss?ntese na planta daninha testada. E, em contrapartida, a soja transg?nica mostrou-se pouco sens?vel a este composto, o que aumenta ainda mais a perspectiva do uso do mesmo como herbicida.

Northern Canadian peatlands contain vast deposits of carbon. It is with growing urgency that we seek a better understanding of their assimilative capacity. Assimilative capacity and peat accumulation in raised bogs are linked to primary productivity of resident Sphagnum species. Understanding moisture-mediated photosynthesis of Sphagnum spp. is central to understanding peat production rates. The relationship between depth to water table fluctuation and spectral reflectance of Sphagnum moss was investigated using multispectral imaging at a recovering raised bog on the southwest coast of British Columbia, Canada. Burns Bog is a temperate oceanic ombrotrophic bog. Three ecohydrological indicator species of moss were chosen for monitoring: S. capillifolium, S. papillosum, and S. cuspidatum. Three spectral vegetation indices (SVIs) were used to characterize Sphagnum productivity: the normalized difference vegetation index 660, the chlorophyll index, and the photochemical reflectance index. In terms of spectral sensitivity and the appropriateness of SVIs to species and field setting, we found better performance for the normalized difference vegetation index 660 in the discrimination of moisture mediated species-specific reflectance signals. The role that spatiotemporal scale and spectral mixing can have on reflectance signal fidelity was tested. We were specifically interested in the relationship between changes in the local water table and Sphagnum reflectance response, and whether shifting between close spatial scales can affect the statistical strength of this relationship. We found a loss of statistical significance when shifting from the species-specific cm2 scale to the spectrally mixed dm2 scale. This spatiospectral uncoupling of the moisture mediated reflectance signal has implications for the accuracy and reliability of upscaling from plot based measurements. In terms of species-specific moisture mediated reflectance signals, we were able to effectively discriminate between the three indicator species of Sphagnum along the hummock-to-hollow gradient. We were also able to confirm Sphagnum productivity and growth outside of the vascular growing season, establishing clear patterns of reflectance correlated with changes in the local moisture regime. The strongest relationships for moisture mediated Sphagnum productivity were found in the hummock forming species S. capillifolium. Each indicator Sphagnum spp. of peat has distinct functional traits adapted to its preferred position along the ecohydrological gradient. We also discovered moisture mediated and species-specific reflectance phenologies. These phenospectral characteristics of Sphagnum can inform future monitoring work, including the creation of a regionally specific phenospectral library. It’s recommended that further close scale multispectral monitoring be carried out incorporating more species of moss, as well as invasive and upland species of concern. Pervasive vascular reflectance bias in remote sensing products has implications for the reliability of peatland modelling. Avoiding vascular bias, targeted spectral monitoring of Sphagnum indicator species provides a more reliable measure for the modelling of peatland productivity and carbon assimilation estimates. / Graduate