A produção de materiais plásticos tem se elevado para 169 milhões de toneladas no mundo, no ano de 2003. Uma parte considerável destes polímeros sintéticos, 36% na Europa são destinados ao setor de embalagens. Estas matérias primas são utilizadas por um período de tempo bastante curto e geram um volume de descartes importante. Mesmo com um desenvolvimento considerável de linhas de gestão dos descartes, seu tratamento e sua eliminação colocam ainda problemas provenientes da dificuldade em reutilizar tais embalagens na forma em que são geradas, seja pelo estado de limpeza em que são descartadas, seja pela composição multi-material que é utilizada para sua produção. O presente trabalho busca o reaproveitamento de Embalagens Cartonadas pós-consumo como reforço em compósito com Polietileno de baixa densidade para i) maximizar o teor de ELV empregada no compósito e ii) melhorar o aspecto visual do compósito por meio de incorporação de concentrado de cores e corantes. Por meio do processo de extrusão, preparou-se o compósito na forma granulada. O material granulado foi moldado por injeção para obtenção dos corpos-de-prova para ensaios de tração. As propriedades viscosimétricas do compósito foram avaliadas por meio do Índice de Fluidez e a morfologia do compósito foi avaliada por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura e espectroscopia de energia dispersiva de raio X. Nas condições do trabalho pode-se afirmar que o teor de Embalagem Cartonada que apresenta o melhor conjunto de propriedades de tração está entre 20 e 25% (p/p) no compósito; a utilização de concentrado de cor para melhoria do aspecto visual do compósito não tem influência no conjunto de propriedades de tração do mesmo. / Plastics materials production has increased to 169 million tons in the world in 2003. A great part of these synthetic polymers, it means 36% in Europe are used in packaging applications. These raw materials are used for a short time and produces a great volume of residues. Even with a great development of residues management, its treatments and elimination causes several problems due to difficulty in reuse these packages as its were discarted or the state of dirtiness in which they are discarted or even by the composition multi-material of these packages. This work has as a goal the reuse of Carton Packages (CP) post-use as a reinforcement in a Low Density PolyEthylene (LDPE), to i) maximize the content of CP in the composite and ii) improve the composite visual aspect by means of color masterbatches. With aid of extrusion process, the granuleted composite was prepared. These granulated was moulded by injection to obtain test specimens for mechanical tests. Composites viscosimetric proprierties and morphology were evaluated by means of Melt Index and Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS). In the work conditions it can be postulate that the best content of CP in the composite that gives the best mechanical properties is between 20 and 25% (w/w); the use of color masterbatches for improve the composite visual aspects has no influence over mechanical properties.

Les palettes sont très largement utilisées pour le transport, le stockage et la manutention de marchandises. Une palette chargée de bouteilles d'eau (emballage tertiaire) est constituée : d'une palette en bois, des packs (emballages secondaires) contenant un ensemble de 6 bouteilles d'eau (emballages primaires) enveloppés par un film plastique, des intercalaires en carton ondulé, et d'une housse plastique rétractable ou étirable pour le maintien et la protection de la marchandise palettisée. L'objectif général de cette thèse est de modéliser et de simuler le comportement statique et dynamique d'une palette durant le transport routier à l'aide du logiciel Abaqus. La simulation détaillée des bouteilles, des packs et des intercalaires constituants la palette est très fastidieuse et complexe à mettre en œuvre. Nous proposons de réaliser l'homogénéisation sur les packs et les intercalaires pour diminuer largement le temps de préparation des géométries et des maillages, ainsi que le temps CPU. Un modèle d'homogénéisation de l'intercalaire en carton ondulé est proposé. Il consiste à calculer les rigidités globales pour une plaque homogène équivalente. Ce modèle d'homogénéisation analytique permet de calculer rapidement et correctement ces rigidités globales et leurs couplages. Le comportement suivant l'épaisseur de l'intercalaire a beaucoup d'influence sur le glissement des packs. Nous avons donc développé un modèle solide en trois couches pour prendre compte le comportement élasto-plastique suivant l'épaisseur. Le pack de 6 bouteilles d'eau a été homogénéisé en caractérisant son comportement global par des essais expérimentaux et des simulations par la méthode des éléments finis. Le remplacement des packs par des solides homogènes de forme simplifiée permet de diminuer largement le nombre d'éléments et d'éviter le traitement du contact bouteille-bouteille et bouteille-film. De nombreux essais expérimentaux et simulations numériques avec nos modèles d'homogénéisation ont été réalisés pour étudier le comportement statique et dynamique de palettes chargées de bouteilles d'eau. Les résultats obtenus par les essais expérimentaux et les simulations numériques sont comparés pour valider nos modèles d'homogénéisation. / Pallet systems are widely used for the transport, storage, stacking and handling of goods. A pallet charged with bottles of water (tertiary packaging) is composed of: a wooden pallet, packs (secondary packaging) containing a set of 6 bottles of water (primary packaging) wrapped with a plastic film, the cardboard sheet insert, and a plastic film for the maintenance and protection of the palletized goods. The aim of this thesis is to model and to simulate the static and dynamic behaviors of a charged pallet during the transport using the Abaqus software. The detailed simulation of the bottles, the packs and the cardboard sheet inserts constituting the pallet is very tedious and complex. We propose to homogenize the packs and cardboard inserts to largely reduce the time for the preparation of geometries and meshes, as well as the CPU time. A homogenization model for the cardboard inserts is proposed. It consists in calculating the global stiffness of the equivalent homogeneous plate. This analytical homogenization model allows calculating these global rigidities and their couplings quickly and correctly. The behavior in the thickness direction of the cardboard has a great influence on the sliding of the packs. We have developed a three layers solid model to take into account the elasto-plastic behavior through the thickness. The pack of 6 bottles of water is homogenized by characterizing its global behavior by experimental measurements and simulations with the finite element method. Replacing the packs by a simplified homogeneous solid permit to greatly reduce the number of elements and avoid the contact treatment between bottle-bottle and bottle-film. Many experimental tests and numerical simulations using our homogenization models have been achieved to study the static and dynamic behaviors of pallets. The results obtained by experimental tests and numerical simulations are compared to validate our homogenization models.

In which ways can the process of trimming dispersion coated board products be optimized so as to reduce material waste and increase production efficiency? This is the question that this master thesis report seeks to answer. In paper production, alot of waste is generated when cutting production reels into customer reels. Some material waste are necessary in order to ensure good quality, however a large amount of the wastecould be reduced if the cutting process was to be optimized. During this project, carried out at a forest company, a mathematical optimization model was developed in order to reduce waste and save costs. This model is based on a cutting stock problem using column generation approach. It provides as its output cutting patterns and an optimal allocation of rolls for production purposes, which implies minimizing the number production rolls needed.The visualization of the results could also be used to achieve optimal stock levels, and easier keep track on how to use the material available in stock. Findings show that there are potential savings to be done. Simulations suggest an implementation of this model could result in material savings of around 7 %. This could also translateto environmental savings in CO2, where every decrease of one tonne material equals to adecrease in CO2emissions of 500 kg

Biomimetic tactile sensing was previously mostly performed in medical situations, such as when locating tumors in patients’ bodies. This thesis examined the effectiveness of using a biomimetic tactile sensory equipment for examining pressure distribution throughout carton board packages, made in two different carton board qualities. The purpose was to examine to what extent biomimetic tactile sensing was able to mimic the results of a group of human test subjects evaluations. Eight packages, made from two different materials, were tested. There were four packages of each of the materials. Each package had four points where displacement measurements with a force of 6N were conducted. The packages were then measured twice on a single point on the edge of the package, with the force of 12N.  The packages at disposal were compressed using a uniaxial-tensile-testing machine alongside with the aforementioned equipment. The pressure sensitive film was placed on top of the packages and a limit on the maximum force to be applied was set on the testing machine. Two limits on the applied forces were set, the first to see the distribution of pressure within the range of elastic deformation, so that no lasting deformation would have occurred. The second force limit was set to see the moment where the elastic deformation area transformed into the plastic deformation area, to see whether or not there was a difference in the distribution of pressure pre- or post-plastic deformation. From the results from compression tests, it was clear that there was a difference in pressure distribution before and after the plastic deformation had occurred. The experimental diagrams showed that the curves were vastly different in both cases. It was also clear that there was a significant difference in the distribution of pressure, depending on if the pressure was applied closer to the middle compared to closer to the center of the package (single vs multiple concentration of forces, respectively). Inspecting results from packages made in both carton board qualities, there were no clear results as the same trends could be seen throughout the tests.  It was concluded that the BioTac could be used to accurately identify concentrations of forces, differences in pressure distribution and the location of deformation. This means that the BioTac will be useful in future experiments, when objectively evaluating and defining grip stiffness, with the help of methods such as the finite-element method. / Biomimetiskt taktilt avkännande var något som tidigare mestadels utfördes för medicinala syften, såsom för att lokalisera tumörer i patienters kroppar. Detta examensarbete undersökte effektiviteten av att använda en biomimetisk taktil avkännare för att granska tryckfördelningen genom kartongförpackningar, gjorda av material från två olika kartongkvaliteter. Totalt åtta förpackningar, gjorda av två olika material, provades. Det var fyra av varje materialtyp. Varje förpackning mättes på fyra punkter med 6N och sedan två gånger på samma punkt med 12N. Förpackningarna till förfogande trycktes ihop med en enaxlad drag- och tryckprovare samt den tidigare nämnda avkännaren. En tryckkänslig film användes mellan avkännaren och förpackningen för att tydligt se tryckfördelningen på alla förpackningarna. Två gränser på den maximala tillåtna kraften upprättades i tryckmaskinen, 6N och 12N. Den lägre nivån sattes för att undersöka tryckfördelningen inom det elastiska deformationsområdet, utan att en kvarstående plastisk deformation uppstått. Den högre gränsen sattes för att undersöka skedet där det elastiska deformationsområdet övergår till det plastiska. Båda gränsvärdena valdes för att undersöka om det gick att urskilja en skillnad i tryckfördelningen innan och efter plastisk deformation, eller inte.  Från resultaten av dessa kompressionstest var det tydligt att det fanns en skillnad i tryckfördelning före och efter den plastiska deformationen uppstått. De uppställda diagrammen visade att kurvorna var mycket annorlunda i båda fallen. Det var, dessutom, relativt tydligt att det fanns en skillnad i tryckfördelning beroende av om trycket var applicerat närmre mitten av paketet jämfört med om det var applicerat närmre kanten av paketet (enskilda kraftkoncentrationer vid mitten av förpackningarna och multipla koncentrationer vid kanten av förpackningarna). Genom att undersöka resultat från förpackningar gjorda av båda kartongkvaliteter, upptäcktes ingen tydlig skillnad i förpackningarna, då liknande trender uppstod i båda materialen. Slutsatsen drogs att BioTac kunde användas för att finna kraftkoncentrationer, skillnader i tryckfördelning, samt området för deformation. Detta betyder att BioTac-sensorn kan vara nyttig vid framtida experiment, för att objektivt utvärdera och definiera greppstyvhet, med metoder som finita-element-metoden.

No description available.

This is a thesis project done on behalf of BillerudKornäs in collaboration with Örebro University in a research project investigating grip stiffness of carton board packages. This is of interest because a better understanding of it would allow optimizing of the packaging design and result in a better product. In this thesis the mission has been to develop a setup for a sensor enabling a method of testing on packages. This has been carried out as a product development project. After a preparation study a specification of requirements was written. With the use of this a number of concepts were generated. Through evaluation one concept was chosen for further development and built as a prototype model. The prototype did not work satisfactory at the end of the project but could with some improvements be useful in testing packages with the intended sensor. / Detta är ett examensarbete utfört åt BillerudKorsnäs i samarbete med Örebro universitet inom ett forskningsprojekt där greppstyvhet hos kartongförpackningar undersöks. Det här är intressant eftersom att en djupare förståelse inom området skulle möjliggöra optimering av förpackningsdesignen och resultera i en bättre produkt. Uppgiften i detta examensarbete har varit att utveckla en testrigg för en sensor med syfte att möjliggöra en laborativ metod för att testa förpackningar. Detta har bedrivits som ett produktutvecklingsprojekt. Efter att en förstudie gjorts togs en kravspecifikation fram. Med hjälp utav vad som definierats i denna generades ett antal koncept. Genom utvärdering valdes ett koncept för vidareutveckling och byggdes sedan som prototypmodell. Prototypen fungerade inte tillfredställande vid projektets slut men skulle efter vissa förbättringar kunna vara användbar vid tester av förpackningar med den avsedda sensorn.

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T20:42:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lilian Antunes Pinto.pdf: 4311313 bytes, checksum: 37bf9ac00a3449c626d1f5d990c0a36a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-30 / Search new recycling ways and new materials from the mixture of materials that have been used it is important to ensure the sustainability and continuity of the product chain. This study was conducted in order to find alternatives to recycle the paper from the long life carton packages, through the incorporation of fibers in a matrix of recycled polyethylene. For this research was added 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of cellulose fibers in the polymer matrix by in single screw extrusion process and conformation of specimens by injection. To check the features obtained from the formulations prepared samples were subjected to tensile test and bending, morphological characterization by scanning electron microscopy, infrared and DSC tests as the Hot Stage. Through tensile and bending tests was possible to prove the increase in stiffness and the yield stress of the polymer with the addition of cellulose fibers. FTIR analysis showed that degradation of LDPE used in the research, coming from industrial waste, was not significant. In terms of thermal characterization, performed by testing DSC on Hot Stage, the presence of cellulose fibers neither affected the melting temperature of the material nor submitted nucleating effect, did not changing the temperature of crystallization of the matrix LDPE. / Buscar novas formas de reciclagem e novos materiais a partir da mistura de materiais que já foram utilizados é importante para garantir a sustentabilidade e dar continuidade à cadeia dos produtos. O presente estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de encontrar alternativas para reciclar o papel proveniente das embalagens cartonadas longa vida, através da incorporação das fibras em uma matriz de polietileno reciclado. Para isso foram adicionados 5%, 10%, 15% e 20% de fibras de celulose na matriz polimérica através do processo de extrusão em equipamento de rosca simples e conformação de corpos de prova por injeção. Para verificar as características obtidas nas formulações preparadas as amostras foram submetidas a ensaios mecânicos de tração e flexão e caracterização morfológica através dos ensaios como microscopia eletrônica de varredura, infravermelho e caracterização térmica em DSC-Hot Stage. Através dos ensaios mecânicos de flexão e tração foi possível comprovar o aumento na rigidez e da tensão de escoamento do polímero com a adição de fibras de celulose. A degradação do PEBD utilizado oriundo de resíduo industrial não se mostrou significativa, a partir de análises de FTIR. Em termos de caracterização térmica, realizada através do ensaio de DSC na Hot Stage, foi possível verificar que a presença de fibras de celulose não interferiu na temperatura de fusão do material e também não apresentou efeito nucleante, não alterando a temperatura de cristalização da matriz de PEBD.

The dairy food industry is continuously striving towards products with higher quality and longer shelf-life available to the customer at low prices. Arla Foods in Linköping, Sweden, is currently investigating the possibilities of changing the material in yogurt packaging containers by replacing the currently used carton with a different and cheaper alternative. A successful switch will give the company an economical advantage without affecting the sensory attributes (smell, taste, sight, and consistency), aroma profile or other important trademarks of the yogurt. This study is designed to examine and compare yogurt that has been stored in different packaging cartons, one coated with a single-layered low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and one coated with a currently used multi-layered ethylene-vinyl alcohol (EVOH). The study was based on the analysis and measurement of sensory attributes performed by experts, physical properties in laboratory and chemical composition in GC-FID/MS together with a discriminative test where a group of people would identify any difference between the yogurts. Together, these analyses would provide an explanation about any differences between the packaging materials by connecting physical, chemical and/or sensory characteristics. The collected results would give a better and more comprehensive picture than each analysis would do separately. The results from the study show that there is a difference between yogurts stored in LDPE-based containers and yogurts stored in EVOH-based containers and that the product was chemically affected, mainly by the level of oxygen in contact with the food. The overall assessment is that the largest difference was discovered in the taste.

The work has been carried out mainly for Tetra Pak within the project "A New Model for Deformation of Carton boardPackages by Manual Handling". Tetra Pak is specialized in food packaging, its processing and distribution. The purpose of this thesis was to implement a new carton board model for the finite element method which describes both the elastic and plastic deformation, this is called Hill’s model.This model is used to describe orthotropic materials, which a carton board is. Next, examine the differences that occurred in terms of principal stress and force-displacement diagram for different carton board packages when loaded with different objects. Simulations were performed in the finite element program Ansys APDL. To start with, a literature study was performed to cover the theory of the problem, problem causes and other work carried out in the same area. Then the material model was constructed and the simulations were performed. After this, all the data was gathered and analyzes performed. The introduction of the new material model was successful. The result shows how the carton board packages act until the maximum force the package can engage, in some cases also what happens after this state. The results also show how the principal stresses develop and the size of these. / Examensarbetet har utförts för i huvudsak Tetra Pak inom projektet "A New Model for Deformation of Carton Board Packages by Manual Handling". Tetra Pak är specialister på livsmedelsförpackningar, dess bearbetning och distribution. Syftet för detta examensarbete var att införa en kartongmodell för finita elementmetoden som beskriver både elastiskt och plastiskt tillstånd, denna kallas Hills modell. Modellen används för att beskriva ortotropa material, vilket kartong är. Därefter undersöka skillnader som uppstod vad gäller huvudspänningar och kraftförskjutningsdiagram för olika kartongförpackningar när dessa utsattes för olika tryckande objekt. Simuleringar utfördes i finita elementprogrammet, Ansys APDL. Till att börja med utfördes en litteraturstudie för att täcka teorin om problemet, problemorsaker och andra utförda arbeten inom samma område. Därefter gjordes materialmodellen var på simuleringarna utfördes. Efter detta samlades all data in och analyser utfördes. Införandet av den nya materialmodellen lyckades. Resultatet visar hur kartongförpackningarna agerar fram till den maximala kraften som förpackningen kan ta upp, i vissa fall även vad som händer efter detta tillstånd. Resultaten visar också hur huvudspänningarna utbreder sig och storleken på dessa.