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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
81

Assessing the Effects of Lake Dredged Sediments on Soil Health: Agricultural and Environmental Implications on Midwest Ohio

Brigham, Russell D. 10 August 2020 (has links)
No description available.
82

Development of Polymer Monoliths for the Analysis of Peptides and Proteins

Gu, Binghe 04 December 2006 (has links) (PDF)
Several novel polymer monoliths for the analysis of peptides and proteins were synthesized using polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) as crosslinker. Photo-initiated copolymerization of polyethylene glycol methyl ether acrylate and PEGDA yielded an inert monolith that could be used for size exclusion liquid chromatography of peptides and proteins. This macroscopically uniform monolith did not shrink or swell in either water or tetrahydrofuran. More importantly, it was found to resist adsorption of both acidic and basic proteins in aqueous buffer without any organic solvent additives. A strong cation-exchange polymer monolith was synthesized by copolymerization of 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (AMPS) and PEGDA. A ternary porogen (water, methanol and ethyl ether) was found suitable to prepare a flow-through monolith with moderate pressure drop in aqueous buffer. The resulting monolith showed excellent ion exchange capillary liquid chromatography of peptides using a simple salt gradient. Extremely narrow peaks were obtained for the analysis of synthetic peptides, natural peptides and a protein digest. A peak capacity of 179 was achieved. Although the poly(AMPS) monolith demonstrated extraordinary performance, one main drawback of this monolith was its relatively strong hydrophobicity. A decrease in hydrophobicity was achieved by using more hydrophilic monomers (e.g., sulfoethyl methacrylate or vinyl sulfonic acid). The most hydrophilic poly(vinyl sulfonic acid) monolith provided high resolution cation-exchange liquid chromatography of protein standards and lipoproteins. Use of the new PEGDA biocompatible crosslinker over the conventional ethylene glycol dimethacrylate crosslinker for the preparation of polymer monoliths was found to be advantageous for the analysis of biological compounds in several chromatography modes.
83

Storage of Pine Tree Substrate Influences Plant Growth, Nitrification, and Substrate Properties

Taylor, Linda Lea 05 December 2011 (has links)
Pine tree substrate (PTS) is a relatively new substrate for container crop production. There are no detailed studies that elucidate how storage time impacts PTS chemical, physical, and biological aspects. The objective of this research was to determine how PTS storage time influenced PTS chemical and physical properties, nitrification, and plant growth. Pine tree substrate was manufactured by hammer-milling chips of loblolly pine trees (Pinus taeda L.) through two screen sizes, 4.76 mm (PTS) and 15.9 mm amended with peat (PTSP). PTS and PTSP were amended with lime at five rates. A peat-perlite mix (PL) served as a control treatment. Prepared substrates were placed in storage bags and stored in an open shed in Blacksburg, Virginia. Subsamples were taken at 1, 42, 84, 168, 270, and 365 days. At each subsampling day, twelve 1-L containers were filled with each substrate. Six containers were left fallow and six were planted with marigold (Tagetes erecta L. "Inca Gold") seedlings. Substrate was also collected from select treatments for Most Probable Number assays to estimate density of nitrifying microorganisms, and for chemical and physical property analyses. Pour-through extracts were collected from fallow containers at 0, 2, and 4 weeks, and from marigold containers at harvest for determination of pH, electrical conductivity, ammonium-N and nitrate-N. At harvest, marigold height, width, and dry weight were measured. At least 1 kg·m-3 lime for PTS, and 2 to 4 kg·m-3 lime for PTSP were needed to maintain pH values ≥ 5.5 for 365 days. Bound acidity of unlimed PTS increased but cation exchange capacity for unlimed PTS and PTSP decreased over 365 days. Carbon to nitrogen ratio and bulk density values were unchanged over time in all treatments. There were minor changes in particle size distribution for limed PTS and unlimed and limed PTSP. Marigold growth in PTS and PTSP was ≥ PL in all limed treatments, except at day 1. Nitrite-oxidizing microorganisms were present and nitrification occurred in PTS and PTSP at all subsampling days. Pine tree substrate is relatively stable in storage, but pH decreases, and lime addition may be necessary to offset this decrease. / Ph. D.
84

Estudio de la eliminación/recuperación de nitrógeno en el permeado de la ultrafiltración de la línea de aguas de una EDAR mediante eliminación por nitrificación parcial y recuperación con zeolitas

Godifredo Calvo, Jesús 28 March 2024 (has links)
[ES] Los procesos convencionales de depuración del agua residual presentan un elevado consumo energético y no permiten la recuperación de los recursos presentes en el agua. En la transformación de las Estaciones Depuradoras de Agua Residual (EDAR) en estaciones de recuperación de recursos, los procesos de redirección de carbono, como la ultrafiltración del agua residual (UF), juegan un papel crucial. Esta tecnología envía toda la materia orgánica suspendida y parte de la soluble a la digestión anaerobia. Tras la filtración, la línea principal de aguas presenta una composición diferente a la tradicional, principalmente una baja ratio de materia orgánica por unidad de nitrógeno (DQO/N) ausencia de sólidos suspendidos. Esta tesis doctoral tiene como objetivo estudiar experimentalmente, y con modelos matemáticos, diferentes alternativas de tratamiento del permeado de una planta piloto de UF de agua residual urbana real para lograr un efluente que cumpla con los requisitos de vertido. Los esquemas propuestos permiten aprovechar las infraestructuras existentes de las EDARs. La tesis está estructurada en cuatro bloques: 1- Estudio proceso convencional de nitrificación-desnitrificación (ND). Los resultados indican que el proceso de filtración retiene una elevada concentración de materia orgánica y reduce la ratio DQO/N por debajo de las condiciones estequiométricas necesarias, provocando que no todo el nitrógeno pueda ser eliminado mediante ND. Para poder mantener este tratamiento se necesitaría baipasear una parte del agua de entrada al proceso de filtración, para ajustar la ratio DQO/N al valor necesario, o aplicar esta alternativa en aquellos influentes con una alta concentración de materia orgánica soluble, ya que una parte de esta fracción no será retenida. 2- Evaluación del proceso de nitrificación parcial (NP) seguido del proceso Anammox. Ambas etapas biológicas no requieren de materia orgánica para la eliminación del nitrógeno y su consumo energético es menor, al reducir las necesidades de aireación. Experimentalmente se estudió el proceso de NP en la línea principal de aguas. Regulando la duración de la fase aerobia mediante un controlador basado en el pH y el oxígeno, mantenido una concentración de oxígeno de 0.5 mg O2/L y tiempos de retención celular de 3 a 10 días, se consiguió acumular N-NO2 en el reactor. El modelo matemático confirmó la importancia de estos parámetros de operación. 3- Concentración del nitrógeno mediante columnas de intercambio catiónico (IC) y recuperación en contactores de membranas (HFMC). Inicialmente se seleccionó el material adsorbente a partir de los resultados de los ensayos de cinéticas de adsorción. La zeolita natural, el material escogido, se caracterizó y se analizó la influencia de los interferentes mediante las isotermas de adsorción. También se analizó qué regenerante ofrecía mejores resultados. Por último, se realizaron varios ensayos en columnas de adsorción para estudiar la influencia del caudal de trabajo y la concentración de amonio en el afluente sobre la capacidad de adsorción de amonio y el volumen de permeado tratado antes de alcanzar el punto de ruptura. Así mismo se ha estudiado el efecto del caudal de regeneración y la concentración del agente regenerante sobre la capacidad de regeneración y la concentración de la corriente rica en nitrógeno. Se observó cómo con la medida de la conductividad es posible determinar la duración de ambas fases. Los datos experimentales, los resultados de los modelos matemáticos y un balance económico sirvieron para determinar las condiciones de operación. 4- Análisis económico y ambiental de las tres alternativas propuestas para identificar las alternativas viables en la mejora de una EDAR existente o construcción de una nueva instalación. En ambos escenarios el proceso de UF resultó ser el principal limitante para la implantación de alguna de las alternativas. Realizando una proyección futura sobre cómo estará esta tecnología en un corto plazo se est / [CA] Els processos convencionals de depuració de l'aigua residual presenten un elevat consum energètic i no permeten una recuperació dels recursos presents en l'aigua. En la transformació de les Estacions Depuradores d'Aigua Residual (EDAR) en estacions de recuperació de recursos, els processos de redirecció de carboni, com la ultrafiltració de l'aigua residual (UF) juguen un paper crucial. Aquesta tecnologia envia tota la matèria orgànica suspesa i part de la soluble (la fracció col·loidal) a la digestió anaeròbia. Després de la filtració, la línia principal d'aigües presenta una composició diferent de la tradicional, un baix ràtio de matèria orgànica per unitat de nitrogen (DQO/N) i està exempt de sòlids suspesos. Aquesta tesi doctoral té com a objectiu estudiar experimentalment, i amb models matemàtics, diferents alternatives de tractament del permeat d'una planta pilot d'ultrafiltració d'aigua residual urbana real per a aconseguir un efluent que complisca amb els requisits d'abocament. Els esquemes proposats permeten aprofitar les infraestructures existents de les EDARs. La tesi està estructurada en quatre blocs: 1- Estudi del procés convencional de nitrificació-desnitrificació (ND). Els resultats experimentals indiquen que el procés de filtració reté una elevada concentració de matèria orgànica i redueix el ràtio el ràtio DQO/N per baix de les condicions estequiomètriques necessàries, que no tot el nitrogen puga ser eliminat amb ND. Pel que per a poder mantindre aquest tractament es necessitari bypasear una part de l'aigua d'entrada el procés de filtració que parteix de l'aigua d'entrada per a ajustar el ràtio DQO/N al valor necessari, o aplicar-lo en aquells influents amb una alta concentració de matèria orgànica soluble, ja que una part d'aquesta fracció no serà retinguda. 2- Avaluació del procés de nitrificació parcial (NP) seguit del procés Anammox. Totes dues etapes biològiques no requereixen de matèria orgànica per a l'eliminació del nitrogen i el seu consum energètic és menor, en reduir les necessitats de ventilació. Experimentalment es va estudiar el procés de NP en la línia principal d'aigües.Reglant la duració de la fase aeròbia mitjançant un controlador basat en el pH i l'oxigen, mantingut una concentració d'oxigen de 0.5 mg O2/L i temps de retenció cel·lular de 3 a 10 dies, es va aconseguir acumular NO2 en el reactor. El model matemàtic va confirmar la importància d'aquests paràmetres d'operació. 3- Concentració del nitrogen mitjançant columnes d'intercanvi catiònic (IC) i recuperació en contactors de membranes (HFMC). Inicialment es va seleccionar el material adsorbent a partir dels resultats de les proves de cinètiques d'adsorció. La zeolita natural, el material triat, es va caracteritzar i es va analitzar la influència dels interferents mitjançant isotermes d'adsorció. També es va analitzar quin regenerant oferia millors resultats. Després, es van realitzar diversos assajos en columnes d'adsorció per a estudiar la influència del cabal de treball i la concentració d'amoni en el influent i d'altra banda, el cabal de regeneració i la concentració de l'agent regenerant. Es va observar com mitjançant amb la conductivitat es pot determinar la duració de totes dues fases. Les dades experimentals, els resultats dels models matemàtics i un balanç econòmic van servir per a determinar les condicions d'operació. 4- Anàlisi econòmica i ambiental de les tres alternatives proposades, amb consideracions ambientals per a identificar les alternatives viables en la millora d'una EDAR existent o construcció d'una nova instal·lació. En tots dos escenaris el procés de UF va resultar ser el principal coll de botella per a facilitar la implantació d'alguna de les alternatives. Realitzant una projecció futura sobre com estarà aquesta tecnologia en un curt termini, es van estimar unes moderades millores tant en el seu cost, operació i rendiment. En aquesta projecció futura l'escenari 1, ND, no aconsegueix aconseguir uns re / [EN] Conventional wastewater treatment processes are energy-intensive and do not allow the recovery of the resources present in the water. On the way towards the transformation of Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTP) into resource recovery plants, carbon redirection processes, such as ultrafiltration of wastewater (UF), play a crucial role. This technology sends all suspended and part of the soluble organic matter to anaerobic digestion. After filtration, the main water line presents a different characteristic from the traditional one, mainly a low ratio of organic matter per unit of nitrogen (COD/N) and absence of suspended solids. This doctoral thesis aims to study experimentally, and with mathematical models, different alternatives of treatment of the permeate from a real urban wastewater UF pilot plant to achieve an effluent that meets the discharge requirements. The proposed schemes allow to take advantage of existing WWTP infrastructures. The thesis is structured in four blocks: 1- Study of conventional nitrification-denitrification (ND) process. The results indicate that the filtration process retains a high concentration of organic matter and reduces the COD/N ratio below the necessary stoichiometric conditions, causing incomplete nitrogen removal. In order to maintain this treatment, it would be necessary to bypass part of the inlet water to the filtration process, to adjust the COD/N ratio to the necessary value, or to apply this alternative in those influents with a high concentration of soluble organic matter, since part of this fraction will not be retained. 2- Evaluation of the partial nitrification process (PN) followed by the Anammox process. Both biological stages do not require organic matter for nitrogen removal and their energy consumption is lower, as aeration needs are reduced. The PN process was studied experimentally in the main water line. By controlling the duration of the aerobic phase with a pH and oxygen-based controller, maintaining an oxygen concentration of 0.5 mg O2/L and sludge retention times of 3 to 10 days, N-NO2 accumulation in the reactor was achieved. The mathematical model confirmed the importance of these operational parameters. 3- Nitrogen concentration by cation exchange columns (CEC) and recovery in membrane contactors (HFMC). Initially, the adsorbent material was selected based on the results of the adsorption kinetics tests. Natural zeolite, the material chosen, was characterized and the influence of interferents was analyzed by means of adsorption isotherms. It was also analyzed which regenerant provided the best results. Finally, several tests were carried out on adsorption columns to study the influence of the working flow rate and the concentration of ammonium in the influent on the ammonium adsorption capacity and the volume of permeate treated before reaching the breakpoint. The effect of the regeneration flow rate and the concentration of the regeneration agent on the regeneration capacity and the concentration of the nitrogen-rich stream was also studied. It was observed that by conductivity monitoring it is possible to determine the duration of both phases. Experimental data, the results of mathematical models and an economic balance were used to determine the operating conditions. 4- Economic and environmental analysis of the three proposed alternatives to identify viable alternatives in the improvement of an existing WWTP or construction of a new facility. In both scenarios the UF process turned out to be the main bottleneck to facilitate the implementation of any of the alternatives. By making a future projection of how this technology will be in the short term, improvements in its acquisition cost, operating costs and performance were estimated. With this projection, alternative 1, ND, does not achieve appropriate economic returns. Alternative 2, PN + Anammox, shows a better economic balance than the current situation. Alternative 3, CEC + HFMC, as it does not take advanta / Esta tesis se ha desarrollado dentro del marco de trabajo del proyecto ‘Aplicación de la tecnología de membranas para potenciar la transformación de las EDAR actuales en estaciones de recuperación de recursos Proyecto MEM4REC (Código del proyecto: CTM2017-86751-C2-1-R), financiado por el Ministerio de economía, industria y competitividad (MINECO). También esta tesis se ha visto financiada por la ayuda para la formación de profesorado universitario (FPU) (código de la ayuda: FPU17/00540), financiada por el Ministerio de Universidades / Godifredo Calvo, J. (2024). Estudio de la eliminación/recuperación de nitrógeno en el permeado de la ultrafiltración de la línea de aguas de una EDAR mediante eliminación por nitrificación parcial y recuperación con zeolitas [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/203439
85

Evaluation of Electrochemical Storage Systems for Higher Efficiency and Energy Density

Martino, Drew J 25 January 2017 (has links)
Lack of energy storage is a key issue in the development of renewable energy sources. Most renewables, especially solar and wind, when used alone, cannot sustain a reliably constant power output over an extended period of time. These sources generally generate variable amounts of power intermittently, therefore, an efficient electrical energy storage (EES) method is required to better temporally balance power generation to power consumption. One of the more promising methods of electrical energy storage is the unitized regenerative fuel cell (UFRC.) UFRCs are fuel cells that can operate in a charge-discharge cycle, similar to a battery, to store and then to subsequently release power. Power is stored by means of electrolysis while the products of this electrolysis reaction can be recombined as in a normal fuel cell to release the stored power. A major advantage of UFRCs over batteries is that storage capacity can be decoupled from cell power, thus reducing the potential cost and weight of the cell unit. Here we investigate UFRCs based on hydrogen-halogen systems, specifically hydrogen-bromine, which has potential for improved electrode reaction kinetics and hence cheaper catalysts and higher efficiency and energy density. A mathematical model has been developed to analyze this system and determine cell behavior and cycle efficiency under various conditions. The conventional H2-Br2 URFCs, however also so far have utilized Pt catalysts and Nafion membranes. Consequently, a goal of this work was to explore alternate schemes and materials for the H2-Br2 URFC. Thus, three generations of test cells have been created. The first two cells were designed to use a molten bromide salt, ionic liquid or anion exchange membrane as the ion exchange electrolyte with the liquids supported on a porous membrane. This type of system provides the potential to reduce the amount of precious metal catalyst required, or possibly eliminate it altogether. Each cell showed improvement over the previous generation, although the results are preliminary. The final set of results are promising for anion exchange membranes on a cost basis compared Nafion. Another promising energy storage solution involves liquid methanol as an intermediate or as a hydrogen carrier. An alternative to storing high-pressure hydrogen is to produce it on-board/on-site on demand via a methanol electrocatalytic reformer (eCRef), a PEM electrolyzer in which methanol-water coelectrolysis takes place. Methanol handling, storage, and transportation is much easier than that for hydrogen. The hydrogen produced via methanol eCref may then be used in any number of applications, including for energy storage and generation in a standard H2-O2 PEM fuel cell. The mathematical modeling and analysis for an eCref is very similar to that of the HBr URFC. In this work, a comprehensive model for the coelectrolysis of methanol and water into hydrogen is created and compared with experimental data. The performance of the methanol electrolyzer coupled with a H2-O2 fuel cell is then compared for efficiency to that of a direct methanol fuel cell data and was found to be superior. The results suggest that an efficient and small paired eCRef-fuel cell system is potentially be a cheaper and more viable alternative to the standard direct methanol fuel cell. Both the H2-Br2 URFC and the methanol eCref in combination with a H2-O2 fuel cell have significant potential to provide higher energy efficiency and energy density for EES purposes.
86

Magnetit-Nanokomposite als Funktionspartikeln für die Bioseparation / Magnetite nanocomposites as functional particles for bioseparation applications

Tchanque Kemtchou, Valéry 09 December 2014 (has links) (PDF)
Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Herstellung von funktionellen Magnetit-Nanokompositen durch Sprühtrocknung für die Anwendung in der Bioseparation. Dabei liegen die Schwerpunkte auf der Anwendung von Polyelektrolyten als Ionenaustauscher sowie auf der Nachhaltigkeit des Herstellungsprozesses. Basierend auf einem existierenden Herstellungsprozess wurde die Aufgabenstellung konkretisiert. Es wurden Möglichkeiten zur nachhaltigen Prozessgestaltung der Synthese von kationischen bzw. anionischen magnetischen Funktionspartikeln zur Proteinabtrennung vorgestellt. Als magnetische Komponente wurde Magnetit verwendet. Aufgrund seines pseudo-amphiphilen Charakters und seiner besonderen Eigenschaften in Bezug auf die Stabilisierung von Magnetit-Kolloiden wurde Polyvinylbutyral (Mowital B 30T) als Matrixpolymer bei der Sprühtrocknung benutzt. Für die nachhaltige Prozessgestaltung wurden Isopropanol und Tetrahydrofuran als Dichlormethan-Ersatz bei der Sprühtrocknung verwendet. Bei der Synthese kationischer Magnetic Beads wurden verzweigtes Polyethylenimin und lineares Poly(Allyamin) als Anionenaustauscher verwendet. Beide Polykationen sind schwache Polyelektrolyte mit Aminogruppen. Für die Verarbeitung der Polykationen als funktionelle Liganden in magnetischen Funktionspartikeln wurde zwei Herstellungsmethoden vorgestellt: eine Synthese ohne Oberflächenmodifizierung, wobei die mechanische und chemische Stabilität der Funktionspartikeln einzig von der chemischen Struktur der eingesetzten Materialien bzw. vom Matrixpolymer abhängt, und eine Synthese mit Oberflächenmodifizierung. Die Synthese mit Oberflächenmodifizierung ist gekennzeichnet durch die kovalente Bindung von Polyethylenimin bzw. Poly(Allyamin) an der Oberfläche der Funktionspartikeln (Polyvinylbutyral). Dafür wurde 1,1’-Carbonyldiimidazol als „zero length“-Crosslinker benutzt. Die nach beiden Methoden hergestellten Funktionspartikeln wurden charakterisiert, um ihre technische Eignung beurteilen zu können. Für die Charakterisierung der sorptiven Eigenschaften wurde unter anderem der Bowman-Birk Inhibitor (BBI) verwendet. Das Protein ist ein Sojaprodukt und für seine krebsvorbeugende Wirkung bekannt. Um die Selektivität der Abtrennung zu untersuchen, wurden BBI-Produkte mit unterschiedlichen Reinheitsgraden benutzt. Durch die zwei vorgestellten Methoden konnten kationische magnetische Funktionspartikeln erfolgreich hergestellt werden. Alle Funktionspartikeln sind superparamagnetisch, und der Medianwert ihrer Partikelgrößenverteilung liegt im einstelligen Mikrometerbereich. Aufgrund eines höheren Polykationanteils ist die Bindungskapazität der Funktionspartikeln ohne Oberflächenmodifizierung um den Faktor 2,4 größer als die BBI-Bindungskapazität der Funktionspartikeln mit Oberflächenmodifizierung (Qmax=322 mg/g). Das Fehlen eine feste Anbindung des funktionellen Liganden an den Funktionspartikeln ohne Oberflächenmodifizierung verleiht jedoch diesen eine sehr schlechte chemische Stabilität in Lösungen. Es wurde auch gezeigt, dass oberflächenmodifizierte Funktionspartikeln mit ähnlichen Eigenschaften durch den Einsatz von Dichlormethan bzw. Tetrahydrofuran als Lösungsmittelersatz während der Sprühtrocknung hergestellt werden können. Durch den Einsatz von mit Poly(allylamin) oberflächenmodifizierten Funktionspartikeln konnte BBI von technischen Sojamolken unterschiedlicher Reinheitsgrade erfolgreich abgetrennt werden. Anionische Magnetic Beads wurden mit Kationenaustauscherharz als funktionellem Ligand hergestellt. Dabei wurde Isopropanol als organisches Lösungsmittel während der Sprühtrocknung verwendet. Die Synthese wurde analog zur Synthese der kationischen Magnetic Beads ohne Oberflächenmodifizierung durchgeführt. Es wurde auch hier gezeigt, dass anionische magnetische Funktionspartikeln mit guten sorptiven Eigenschaften durch den Einsatz von Isopropanol als organisches Lösungsmittel hergestellt werden können. Die anionischen Funktionspartikeln besitzen im Vergleich zu Literaturwerten höhere Bindungskapazitäten (bis 280 mg/g; ermittelt mit Lysozym). Im letzten Kapitel wird der kritische Prozessschritt des Lösungsmittelaustausches behandelt. Nach dem Lösungsmittelaustausch sollten die Magnetitnanopartikeln in der organischen Phase stabil sein. Dies ermöglicht sowohl eine homogene Verteilung der Nanopartikeln in der Matrix als auch deren bessere Verkapselung während der Sprühtrocknung. Es wurde festgestellt, dass sich eine vollständige Abtrennung von Dichlormethan durch die angewendete Destillationsmethode nicht erreichen lässt. Anhand von zwei Modellsystemen — Rizinolsäure- und Ölsäure-beschichteten Magnetitnanopartikeln — und Lösungsmittelgemischen wurde die Stabilität von sterisch stabilisierten Magnetitpartikeln in binären Lösungsmittelgemischen untersucht. Der Fokus bei dieser Untersuchung lag auf der Untersuchung der Stabilität der beschichteten Magnetitnanopartikeln in einer möglichst Dichlormethan- bzw. Isooktan-freien organischen Phase. Als zweites Lösungsmittel (als Lösungsmittelersatz betrachtet) wurden neben Tetrahydrofuran und Isopropanol technisch verbreitete Lösungsmittel wie Isooktan und 1-Butanol eingesetzt. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse zeigen, dass die Anwendung der technischen Rizinolsäure bzw. Ölsäure einen zusätzlichen Einfluss auf die Stabilität der Magnetitpartikeln hat, da diese aus anderen Fettsäuren mit unterschiedlichen chemischen Strukturen bestehen. Die Diskrepanz zwischen der berechneten HANSEN-Distanzen und der Stabilität der Magnetitnanopartikeln mit reinen Fettsäuren lässt vermutet, dass die Zusammensetzung der Lösungsmittelgemische an der fest/flüssig-Grenzfläche anders ist als im freien Volumen. Ein Modell zur Beschreibung der Stabilität der Nanopartikeln, das auf einer Anreicherung des Ausgangslösungsmittels an der Grenzfläche basiert, wurde postuliert. Solange die Diffusion des zweiten Lösungsmittels in die Adsorptionsschicht nicht ausreichend genug ist, um die Löslichkeit der Fettsäureketten entscheidend zu reduzieren und somit einen Abfall der Abstoßungskräfte zwischen der Partikeln hervorzurufen, bleiben alle beschichteten Magnetitnanopartikeln stabil im Lösungsmittelgemisch. Dies ist der Fall für die mit der reinen Rizinolsäure beschichteten Magnetitnanopartikeln in allen verwendeten Lösungsmittelgemischen mit 0,5 Vol. % DCM in der kontinuierlichen Phase. Durch die vorgestellten Herstellungsmethoden wurde gezeigt, dass magnetische Funktionspartikeln sowohl mit festen partikelförmigen Ionenaustauschern als auch mit flüssigen schwachen Polyelektrolyten erfolgreich synthetisiert werden können. Eine nachhaltige Prozessgestaltung durch die Reduzierung der Dichlormethanmenge im Sprühtrocknungsprozess ist auch möglich. Für eine erfolgreiche industrielle Anwendung der Funktionspartikeln müssen aber ihre chemischen sowie mechanischen Eigenschaften deutlich verbessert werden. Dies könnte z.B. durch die Verwendung eines anderen Matrixpolymers oder durch die Entfernung von nicht gebundenen Bestandteilen durch gezielte Waschung der Funktionspartikeln erfolgen. Die Bindungskapazität sowie die Selektivität der oberflächenmodifizierten Funktionspartikeln sollte ebenfalls verbessert werden. Dafür wurde einen Ansatz durch die Quaternisierung der Aminogruppen präsentiert. Schließlich würde die Untersuchung der Stabilität der beschichteten Magnetitnanopartikeln in einphasigen reinen Lösungsmitteln nähere Erkenntnisse über das postulierte Modell der Anreicherung von Dichlormethan in der Adsorptionsschicht erbringen. Dabei könnte die Dichlormethanmenge durch mehrstufige Destillation bzw. Rektifikation beim Lösungsmittelaustausch entfernt werden. Eine vollständige Untersuchung dieses Effekts würde zusätzlich eine Antwort auf zahlreiche Fragestellungen der Kolloidchemie in Bezug auf das Stabilitätsverhalten von Pigmentdispersionen (Lacke) oder von beschichteten Nanopartikeln in Polymerlösungen erbringen.
87

Synthesis, characterisation and application of organoclays

Xi, Yunfei January 2006 (has links)
This thesis focuses on the synthesis and characterisation of organoclays. X-ray diffraction has been used to study the changes in the basal spacings of montmorillonite clay and surfactant-intercalated organoclays. Variation in the d-spacing was found to be a step function of the surfactant concentration. Three different molecular environments for surfactant octadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (ODTMA) within the surface-modified montmorillonite are proposed upon the basis of their different decomposition temperatures. High-resolution thermogravimetric analysis (HRTG) shows that the thermal decomposition of montmorillonite modified with ODTMA takes place in four steps attributing to dehydration of adsorbed water, dehydration of water hydrating metal cations, loss of surfactant and the loss of OH units respectively. In addition, it has shown that the decomposition procedure of DODMA and TOMA modified clays are very different from that of ODTMA modified ones. The surfactant decomposition takes place in several steps in the DODMA and TOMA modified clays while for ODTMA modified clays, it shows only one step for the decomposition of surfactant. Also TG was proved to be a useful tool to estimate the amount of surfactant within the organoclays. A model is proposed in which, up to 0.4 CEC, a surfactant monolayer is formed between the montmorillonite clay layers; up to 0.8 CEC, a lateral-bilayer arrangement is formed; and above 1.5 CEC, a pseudotrimolecular layer is formed, with excess surfactant adsorbed on the clay surface. While for dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DODMA) and trioctadecylmethylammonium bromide (TOMA) modified clays, since the larger sizes of the surfactants, some layers of montmorillonite are kept unaltered because of steric effects. The configurations of surfactant within these organoclays usually take paraffin type layers. Thermal analysis also provides an indication of the thermal stability of the organoclay as shown by different starting decomposition temperatures. FTIR was used as a guide to determine the phase state of the organoclay interlayers as determined from the CH asymmetric stretching vibration of the surfactants to provide more information on surfactant configurations. It was used to study the changes in the spectra of the surfactant ODTMA upon intercalation into a sodium montmorillonite. Surfaces of montmorillonites were modified using ultrasonic and hydrothermal methods through the intercalation and adsorption of the cationic surfactant ODTMA. Changes in the surfaces and structure were characterized using electron microscopy. The ultrasonic preparation method results in a higher surfactant concentration within the montmorillonite interlayer when compared with that from the hydrothermal method. Both XRD patterns and TEM images demonstrate that SWy-2-Namontmorillonite contains superlayers. TEM images of organoclays prepared at high surfactant concentrations show alternate basal spacings between neighboring layers. SEM images show that modification with surfactant will reduce the clay particle aggregation. Organoclays prepared at low surfactant concentration display curved flakes, whereas they become flat with increasing intercalated surfactant. Fundamentally this thesis has increased the knowledge base of the structural and morphological properties of organo-montmorillonite clays. The configurations of surfactant in the organoclays have been further investigated and three different molecular environments for surfactant ODTMA within the surface-modified montmorillonite are proposed upon the basis of their different decomposition temperatures. Changes in the spectra of the surfactant upon intercalation into clay have been investigated in details. Novel surfactant-modified montmorillonite results in the formation of new nanophases with the potential for the removal of organic contaminants from aqueous media and for the removal of hydrocarbon spills on roads.
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INFLUENCE OF SAMPLE DENSITY, MODEL SELECTION, DEPTH, SPATIAL RESOLUTION, AND LAND USE ON PREDICTION ACCURACY OF SOIL PROPERTIES IN INDIANA, USA

Samira Safaee (17549649) 09 December 2023 (has links)
<p dir="ltr">Digital soil mapping (DSM) combines field and laboratory data with environmental factors to predict soil properties. The accuracy of these predictions depends on factors such as model selection, data quality and quantity, and landscape characteristics. In our study, we investigated the impact of sample density and the use of various environmental covariates (ECs) including slope, topographic position index, topographic wetness index, multiresolution valley bottom flatness, and multiresolution ridge top flatness, as well as the spatial resolution of these ECs on the predictive accuracy of four predictive models; Cubist (CB), Random Forest (RF), Regression Kriging (RK), and Ordinary Kriging (OK). Our analysis was conducted at three sites in Indiana: the Purdue Agronomy Center for Research and Education (ACRE), Davis Purdue Agriculture Center (DPAC), and Southeast Purdue Agricultural Center (SEPAC). Each site had its unique soil data sampling designs, management practices, and topographic conditions. The primary focus of this study was to predict the spatial distribution of soil properties, including soil organic matter (SOM), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and clay content, at different depths (0-10cm, 0-15cm, and 10-30cm) by utilizing five environmental covariates and four spatial resolutions for the ECs (1-1.5 m, 5 m, 10 m, and 30 m).</p><p dir="ltr">Various evaluation metrics, including R<sup>2</sup>, root mean square error (RMSE), mean square error (MSE), concordance coefficient (pc), and bias, were used to assess prediction accuracy. Notably, the accuracy of predictions was found to be significantly influenced by the site, sample density, model type, soil property, and their interactions. Sites exhibited the largest source of variation, followed by sampling density and model type for predicted SOM, CEC, and clay spatial distribution across the landscape.</p><p dir="ltr">The study revealed that the RF model consistently outperformed other models, while OK performed poorly across all sites and properties as it only relies on interpolating between the points without incorporating the landscape characteristics (ECs) in the algorithm. Increasing sample density improved predictions up to a certain threshold (e.g., 66 samples at ACRE for both SOM and CEC; 58 samples for SOM and 68 samples for CEC at SEPAC), beyond which the improvements were marginal. Additionally, the study highlighted the importance of spatial resolution, with finer resolutions resulting in better prediction accuracy, especially for SOM and clay content. Overall, comparing data from the two depths (0-10cm vs 10-30cm) for soil properties predications, deeper soil layer data (10-30cm) provided more accurate predictions for SOM and clay while shallower depth data (0-10cm) provided more accurate predictions for CEC. Finally, higher spatial resolution of ECs such as 1-1.5 m and 5 m contributed to more accurate soil properties predictions compared to the coarser data of 10 m and 30 m resolutions.</p><p dir="ltr">In summary, this research underscores the significance of informed decisions regarding sample density, model selection, and spatial resolution in digital soil mapping. It emphasizes that the choice of predictive model is critical, with RF consistently delivering superior performance. These findings have important implications for land management and sustainable land use practices, particularly in heterogeneous landscapes and areas with varying management intensities.</p>
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Investigation Of Temperature, Solution Strength, And Applied Stress Effects On Cation Exchange Processes In Different Geosynthetic Clay Liner Products

Fuller, Kendra 01 September 2024 (has links) (PDF)
An extensive laboratory test program was conducted to analyze and compare the cation exchange processes in three different varieties of sodium bentonite (Na-B) geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) over increased conditioning durations up to 32 days and investigate the effects of temperature, solution strength, and applied stress. The goal of this test program was to establish whether the variables of temperature, solution strength, and applied stress improved or degraded the engineering properties of GCLs in laboratory testing and municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill applications. The GCLs were conditioned in liquids of increasing ionic strength, using deionized water and 2, 50, and 200 mM CaCl2 solutions to represent control, pore water, mild MSW leachate, and harsh MSW leachate. Conditioning periods were 1 to 32 days. Tests were conducted at 5°C, 20°C, 40°C, and 60°C and at 0 kPa, 30 kPa, and 500 kPa to represent stresses experienced by the cover and bottom liner. These variables were selected to represent geoenvironmental conditions observed in MSW landfill systems. Cation exchange processes in the bentonite component of the GCL were quantified by measuring the bound cation (BC) concentrations and cation exchange capacities (CEC) of the specimens and by conducting index testing to determine the dimensional measurements, final moisture content, and swell index of the conditioned bentonite. The temperature, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, sodium and calcium concentrations of the conditioning fluids were measured periodically for all specimens and the sodium concentration was measured for all specimens tested at applied stress. Temperature, solution strength, and applied vertical stress all affected the cation exchange processes in the bentonite component of GCLs. Increasing temperature, increased solution strength and decreased applied vertical stress were observed to increase cation exchange processes. The results of this study can be applied to quality assurance evaluations of in-service GCLs. In addition, the observation of the study indicates that GCLs used in cover liner systems for MSW landfills may be susceptible to high rates of cation exchange due to low overburden stresses and high surface temperatures. GCLs used in bottom liner may experience inhibited cation exchange rates as a result of high vertical stresses and relative lower temperatures.
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STUDY OF THE TRANSPORT OF HEAVY METAL IONS THROUGH CATION-EXCHANGE MEMBRANES APPLIED TO THE TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS

Martí Calatayud, Manuel César 12 January 2015 (has links)
La presente Tesis Doctoral consiste en la determinación de las propiedades de transporte de diferentes especies catiónicas a través de membranas de intercambio catiónico. Las membranas de intercambio iónico son un componente clave de los reactores electroquímicos y de los sistemas de electrodiálisis, puesto que determinan el consumo energético y la eficiencia del proceso. La utilización de este tipo de membranas para el tratamiento de efluentes industriales no es muy extendida debido a los requisitos de elevada resistencia química y durabilidad que deben cumplir las membranas. Otro asunto importante radica en la eficiencia en el transporte de los iones que se quieren eliminar a través de la membrana. Normalmente, existe una competencia por el paso a través de las membranas entre diferentes especies debido al carácter multicomponente de los efluentes a tratar. Sin embargo, una mejora en las propiedades de las membranas de intercambio iónico permitiría la implantación del tratamiento mediante reactores electroquímicos de efluentes industriales con un contenido importante en compuestos metálicos, tales como los baños agotados de las industrias de cromado. La utilización de una tecnología limpia como la electrodiálisis conllevaría diferentes ventajas, entre las cuales destacan la recuperación de los efluentes para su reutilización en el proceso industrial, el ahorro en el consumo de agua y la disminución de la descarga de contaminantes al medio ambiente. La determinación de las condiciones de operación óptimas así como la mejora de las propiedades de transporte de las membranas constituye el principal tema de la presente investigación. Para ello, se emplearán diferentes tipos de membrana. En primer lugar, se estudiará el comportamiento de las membranas poliméricas comerciales que poseen unas propiedades de resistencia química elevadas, las cuales se tomarán como referencia. De forma paralela, se producirán membranas conductoras de iones a partir de materiales cerámicos económicos, ya que la resistencia de los materiales cerámicos a sustancias oxidantes y muy ácidas es mayor que la de los materiales poliméricos. Este punto constituye la parte más innovadora de la investigación, puesto que la mayoría de las membranas de intercambio iónico comerciales están basadas en materiales poliméricos que no pueden resistir las condiciones específicas de los efluentes industriales. Una vez determinadas las condiciones de operación óptimas, se realizarán ensayos en plantas piloto con el fin de confirmar los resultados obtenidos mediante las técnicas de caracterización y determinar el grado de recuperación y coste energético asociado a los procesos electrodialíticos de tratamiento de efluentes industriales. / Martí Calatayud, MC. (2014). STUDY OF THE TRANSPORT OF HEAVY METAL IONS THROUGH CATION-EXCHANGE MEMBRANES APPLIED TO THE TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/46004 / Premios Extraordinarios de tesis doctorales

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