Thesis (Ph. D.)--Bryn Mawr College, 2005. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 214-229).

Applications of theories of interpersonal blame to consumer behavior have largely focused on understanding when consumers blame companies for their misbehavior. The current research moves beyond past work by shedding new light on the processes underlying consumer blame. In Essay 1, a pilot study and five experiments—in contexts of both fictitious and actual high-profile product failures—show that blame may be incorrectly directed toward the victim. The findings show that (1) consumers exaggerate blame for a victim possessing negative (especially immoral) dispositional traits because (2) that individual is seen as deserving of suffering in general and, as a result, (3) consumers are less likely to take punitive action against the company. The experiments support a “moral dominance” effect whereby victim blame is driven more heavily by perceived differences in the victim’s morality than sociability (or competence), because only morality leads consumers to judge the victim as deserving of suffering in general. In Essay 2, a new line of inquiry is proposed pertaining to consumer inferences of company blame and attitudes when the company engages in cause marketing. By engaging in socially responsible behavior, consumers may infer that the company is signaling a (1) negative attitude, (2) moral judgement, and (3) blame judgement toward the perpetrator of that harm. Each predicts the amount of praise the company receives—depending on consumers’ own attitudes, judgments, and blame toward the perpetrator—but blame inferences predict praise most strongly. This is because blame provides a unique signal about the company’s stance on an issue. Two studies support these blame inference predictions.

xi, 47 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / Are consumers more likely to favor brands offered by companies that engage in cause-related marketing (CRM)? This study investigated the effect ofCRM messages on consumers' attitudes toward the sponsoring companies, brand preferences, purchase intentions, and recommendations to others based on personal involvement with the products. Participants were invited to take an online survey to evaluate four print advertisements. Zaichkowsky's Personal Involvement Inventory was applied to measure consumers' involvement with the products. The results suggest that when involvement is high, consumers develop more favorable responses toward the companies with CRM messages than those companies without CRM messages. When involvement is low, however, consumers' responses toward the sponsoring companies vary. In short, the positive effect ofthe perceived CRM advantages is found contingent upon consumers' involvement with the product. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. / Adviser: Kim Sheehan

Cette thèse en linguistique contrastive décrit et met en opposition les propriétés syntaxiques ainsi que les fonctionnements pragmatico-discursifs de parce que en français parlé dans le septième arrondissement de Paris et de certains de ses équivalents en arabe parlé à Tripoli (Libye) : liʔǝnna, ʕlēxāṭǝṛ, māhu et biḥkum.Pour ce qui concerne l’arabe parlé à Tripoli, ces ligateurs peuvent appartenir à deux classes grammaticales différentes : ils peuvent être des ligateurs conjonctionnels et/ou des ligateurs prépositionnels. Cela dépend de leur degré de grammaticalisation. Alors que liʔanna et māhu sont des ligateurs conjonctionnels qui introduisent des propositions subordonnées organisées autour de prédicats verbaux ou non-verbaux, ʕlēxāṭǝṛ et biḥkum peuvent s’employer comme ligateurs prépositionnels et introduire des compléments circonstanciels, ou grammaticalisés comme ligateurs conjonctionnels et introduire des propositions causales.De plus, ces ligateurs peuvent occuper une position canonique lorsque le ligateur suit une proposition principale et introduit une causale, ou une position non-canonique pour laquelle il existe deux cas de figure : soit l’énoncé commence par la causale qui est introduite par un ligateur de cause et la causale est suivie par la proposition principale, soit l’énoncé commence par la proposition principale qui est suivie par la causale qui n’est pas introduite par un ligateur de cause ; ce dernier se trouve en fin de causale et clôture l’énoncé. D’un point de vue pragmatique, la modification de l’ordre des constituants, lorsque les ligateurs et les causales ne sont pas en position canonique, permet de focaliser la causale.Contrairement à l’arabe de Tripoli, l’examen du Corpus du Français Parlé Parisien des années 2000 (CFPP2000) montre que parce que est un ligateur conjonctionnel et introduit des propositions causales qui s’organisent autour de prédicats verbaux, très rarement averbaux.De plus, parce que peut occuper une position canonique lorsque le ligateur suit une proposition principale et introduit une causale et non canonique lorsque parce que suit le présentatif c’est et introduit une causale. Mais il ne peut pas être postposé. Il n’accepte pas non plus de suffixe.En outre, parce que peut être repris mais sous la forme réduite « que », lorsqu’il introduit plusieurs propositions causales. On remarque alors une série de « que ».Parce que ne peut pas non plus relier deux énoncés coordonnés par la préposition et. D’un point de vue pragmatique lorsque l'énoncé commence par c'est parce que, cette structure permet de focaliser la causale. / This contrastive linguistic thesis describes and contrasts the syntactic properties and the pragmatic-discursive function of parce que in spoken French in the seventh district of Paris and some of its Arab equivalents in spoken Arabic of Tripoli (Libya): liʔǝnna, ʕlēxāṭǝṛ, māhu and biḥkum.Regarding the spoken Arabic of Tripoli, these ligators may belong to two different grammatical classes: they may be conjunctional ligators and / or prepositional ligators. It depends on their degree of grammaticalization. While liʔanna and māhu are conjunctional ligators that introduce causal clauses organized around verbal or non-verbal predicates, ʕlēxāṭǝṛ and biḥkum can be used as prepositional ligators and introduce circumstantial complements or be grammaticalized as conjunctional ligators and introduce causal clause.In addition, these ligators can occupy a canonical position when the ligator follows a main clause and introduces a causal clause or a non-canonical position for which there are two cases : either the utterance begins with the causal which is introduced by the ligator of cause and is followed by the main clause, or the utterance begins with the main clause which is followed by the causal not introduced by a ligator of cause; the latter is found at the end of the causal and closing the utterance. From a pragmatic point of view, changing the order of the constituents when ligators and causal clauses are not in canonical position allows the focalization of the causal clause.Unlike the spoken Arabic of Tripoli, the examination of the “Corpus Français Parlé Parsien des années 2000 (CFPP2000)” shows that parce que is conjunctional ligator. It introduces a causal clause organized around verbal predicate, rarely non-verbal.Parce que can occupy a canonical position when the ligator follows a main clause and introduces a causal clause and a non-canonical position when parce que follows c’est and introduces a causal clause. However, it cannot be postponed and it does not accept either suffix.When parce que introduces several causal clauses, it may be found but in reduced form que, giving a series of que.In addition, parce que cannot connect two utterances coordinated by the preposition et. From a pragmatic point of view, when the utterance begins with c’est parce que this structure allows to focalisation of the causal clause.

The purpose of this exploratory research was to explore the causes of gender stereotyping in the workplace. The study sought to gain insights on stereotyping, particularly factors that cause the development of stereotypes and the role played by organisations in promoting stereotyping.In this qualitative study, thirteen purposefully selected participants were interviewed through in-depth face-to-face interviews using a semi-structured interview guide. Data was analysed using content, narrative and frequency analysis methods.Understanding of stereotyping and gender stereotyping was tested and confirmed amongst participants. Similarities in defining stereotyping and gender stereotyping were found, which implied an automatic association of stereotypes to gender. The study found evidence of the existence of stereotypes in the workplace; however stereotypes are formed in childhood, particularly in the school and home environments. Finally, the study found that the workplace plays a role in the formation of gender stereotypes through comments made by its employees, employee behaviours such as awarding special privileges to female employees, and through work social settings such as sports events, particularly where alcohol is served. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

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Roads cause substantial wildlife mortality, but there is currently limited understanding of the relative magnitude of this mortality source. There are also substantial gaps in knowledge concerning the ecological ramifications of carrion introduced to the environment from vehicle collisions and in particular how vertebrate scavengers may consume carrion resulting from vehicle collisions. Although a variety of factors influence scavenger use of carcasses, the mechanisms influencing competition for this resource between obligate and facultative scavengers have not been thoroughly explored. I conducted a global synthesis of mortality of terrestrial vertebrates documenting 42,755 mortalities of known cause from 120,657 individuals representing 305 vertebrate species. Overall, 28% of mortalities were directly caused by humans and 72% were from natural sources. Vehicle collisions accounted for 4% of mortality overall. Larger birds were more likely than smaller birds to die from vehicle collisions and vehicle mortality of mammals increased over time. There was no difference in proportion of rabbit carcasses scavenged or scavenger arrival time between those placed along roads, power line clearings, and forests. No species arrived at roads quicker than other treatments. Turkey vultures (Cathartes aura) and coyotes (Canis latrans) scavenged equally across treatments, whereas gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) scavenged along roads and power lines, but not in forests. Scavenger use of carrion near roads likely relates to factors besides carrion availability, such as traffic avoidance and predation risk. Because some scavengers make substantial use of carrion on roads, this resource could be an important mechanism by which human activities impact wildlife. Scavenging by facultative scavengers did not increase in the absence of competition with vultures. I found no difference in scavenger presence between control carcasses and those from which vultures were excluded. Facultative scavengers did not functionally replace vultures during summer in this study. These results suggest that under the conditions of this study, facultative scavengers would not compensate for loss of vultures. Carcasses would persist longer in the environment and consumption of carrion would likely shift from vertebrates to decomposers. Such changes could have substantial implications for disease transmission, nutrient cycling, and ecosystem functioning.

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Osencovas T. (2008). Labdaros rinkodaros paskirties įtaka greito vartojimo prekių patrauklumui. Baigiamasis magistratūros darbas. Vilnius: ISM Vadybos ir Ekonomikos universitetas. Verslo socialinės atsakomybės esmė glūdi tame, kad verslas turi įsipareigojimų prieš visuomenę, kuriuos jis gali vykdyti aukodamas resursus arba pasirinkdamas socialiai atsakingą verslo praktiką. Pastaruoju metu įmonių socialinė atsakomybė tampa ne tik altruistine veikla, tačiau ir viena iš kompetencijų, stiprinančių įmonių konkurencingumą. Viena iš verslo socialinių iniciatyvų yra labdaros rinkodara. Jos esmė glūdi verslo subjekto pasiūlyme vartotojui paaukoti tam tikrą sumą labdarai perkant produktą ar paslaugą. Labdaros rinkodaros veiksmingumą lemia produkto ar paslaugos, su kuriuo vykdoma labdaros rinkodaros kampanija, prekės ženklo žinomumas ir stiprumas, labdaros paskirties artumas vartotojui, prekės ženklo ir labdaros paskirties atitikimas. Darbo tikslas yra identifikuoti kaip skirtingos labdaros rinkodaros paskirtys įtakoja greito vartojimo prekių patrauklumą. Tikslui pasiekti yra iškelti šie darbo uždaviniai: 1. Išnagrinėti požiūrius į verslo socialinės atsakomybės sampratą bei jų raidą. 2. Atskleisti labdaros rinkodaros sąvoką bei identifikuoti labdaros rinkodaros veiksmingumą lemiančius veiksnius. 3. Identifikuoti, kaip Lietuvos vartotojai vertina labdaros rinkodaros paskirtis tipinėje greito vartojimo prekių kategorijoje. 4. Įvertinti empirinio tyrimo metu gautus duomenis lyginant su... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Osencovas T. (2008). The Impact of the Cause to the Attractivness of Fast Moving Consumer Goods in Cause Related Marketing. Master thesis. Vilnius: ISM University of Management and Economics. The roots of corporate social responsibility lay in position that business is responsible for society. Such responsibility could be realised through donation of recources or social responsible practice of business. Recently corporate social responsibilty is used not only as an altruistic activity – corporates use it as competence which reinforces their competiveness. One of corporate social initiatives is cause related marketing. It could be characterised as corporate‘s proposal to the customer to donate particular amount while purchasing product or service. The effectivness of cause related marketing depends on the strength of product‘s or service‘s brand, cause familiarity to the customer and brand – cause fit. The aim of this paper is to identify how different causes influence the attractivness of fast moving consumer goods in cause related marketing. To achieve this purpose the following tasks are settled: 1. To analyse standpoints to conception and evolution and corporate social responsibility. 2. To explain the conception of cause related marketing and identify factors that impact effectivness of cause related marketing. 3. Identify how Lithuanian customers value causes in typical fast moving consumer goods‘ category. 4. To compare emprical data with theoretical background. 5... [to full text]

Cette thèse qui se veut une contribution à l’étude des textes des grammairiens arabes portera sur l’orientation explicative qui caractérisait les grammairiens du 4ème/ 10ème siècle. Étant donné que notre intervention se limitera à la morpho-phonologie, nous avons choisi comme auteur Ibn Ğinnî ; considéré comme le grammairien le plus versé dans cette discipline. Nous tenterons d’explorer les principes qui régissent selon Ibn Ğinnî la morpho-phonologie. Une étude détaillée sera consacrée à la notion de lourdeur comme principe fondamental chez Ibn Ğinnî qui explique, d’une forme ou d’une autre, tout phénomène morpho-phonologique. Un recours à d’autres disciplines voisines où la méthodologie adoptée est plus explicite permettra de décoder le langage d’Ibn Ğinnî dans al-H et d’exploiter les implicites de son texte. Ce travail sur l’histoire de la langue mettra en exergue l’aspect interdisciplinaire comme perspective de recherche sur la grammaire arabe. / This thesis whose aim is to contribute to the study of the texts of the Arabic grammarian will deal with the explanatory orientation which characterised the grammarians of the 4th/10th century. Given that our intervention focuses on morph phonology, we chose as author Ibn Ğinnî, who is considered to be the most well-learned grammarian in this field. We will try to explore the principles, which according to him, governs morph phonology. A more detailed chapter will deal with the notion of heaviness which is a fundamental principle in Ibn Ğinnî and which explains somehow or other any phonological phenomenon. A study of other related subjects where the methodology adopted is more explicit will enable to understand the language of Ibn Ğinnî in Hasâ’is, and to make use of the implicits of314his texts. This work on the language history will highlight the interdisciplinary aspects as a research perspective in the Arabic grammar.