I den rådande bostadsbristen har en del av samhällsdebatten handlat om att effektivisera bygglovsprocessen och mer specifikt möjligheten att överklaga bygglov. Förslag som framkommit i förarbeten till plan- och bygglagen (PBL) är bland annat att begränsa vad som får överklagas och vem som har rätt att överklaga ett bygglovsbeslut samt att avgiftsbelägga överklaganden. Då förarbetena endast bygger på generell statistik saknas kunskap kring vad den klagande parten anför för skäl vid ett överklagande. Det saknas även redovisning kring vilka skäl som vinner störst framgång hos länsstyrelsen genom att ärenden återförvisas eller upphävs. Syftet med studien är att skapa förståelse kring överklagade bygglov samt vilken funktion länsstyrelsen fyller som överklagandeinstans. Huvudmålet är att utreda skälen bakom överklagade bygglov samt undersöka vilka av de anförda skälen som har störst framgång för de klagande hos länsstyrelsen. För att uppfylla syftet har tre frågeställningar besvarats. Vilka skäl som anförs av klagande part? Med vilka skäl upphäver och återförvisar länsstyrelsen kommunernas beslut? I vilken grad överensstämmer skälen anförda av klagande med de skäl länsstyrelsen upphäver eller återförvisar ärenden? En kvantitativ innehållsanalys har tillämpats tillsammans med juridisk metod för att kunna uttolka och klassificera skälen. För att sammanställa och analysera resultatet användes statistisk analys. Totalt har 274 överklagade beslutshandlingar granskats och resulterat i 197 handlingar som ansågs representativa för studien. Granskningen resulterade vidare i 77 kategorier med skäl anförda av klagande part. De skäl som anförts flest gånger av klagande part var att åtgärden medförde betydande olägenhet, stred mot detaljplan eller påverkade omgivningen negativt med hänsyn till exempelvis stads- och landskapsbild samt kulturvärden på platsen. Vidare anfördes även frekvent att grannehörande ej hade skett eller att det funnits brister i bygglovshandlingarna. Skäl som inte berörde den sökta åtgärden, så kallade okynnesskäl, var också ett av de vanligaste skälen anförda av klagade part. Det överlägset vanligaste skälet för upphävande var att åtgärden strider mot detaljplan och inte var att betrakta som en liten avvikelse. För återförvisade ärenden var de vanligaste skälen för länsstyrelsens beslut att grannehörande ej hade skett samt att byggnadsnämnden brustit i sin motivering. Totalt överensstämde anförda skäl av klagande och länsstyrelsens skäl för upphävande eller återförvisning i 47 % av fallen. Sammantaget var de största framgångsfaktorerna skäl som berör planstridigheter eller brister i byggnadsnämndens hantering av bygglovsärenden. Som helhet ansågs länsstyrelsen fylla en viktig roll som tillsynsmyndighet och borde därmed inte uteslutas ur instanskedjan. / In the current housing crisis, part of the social debate has been focused on streamlining the building permit process, and more specifically the ability to appeal a building permit. Proposals that emerged in the legislative history is to limit what and who has the right to appeal a building permit decision and the possibility to charge for the appeals. As the legislative history is only based on general statistics there is a lack of knowledge about what the complainant confided as reasons for the appeal. Nor is there any recognition on the grounds that wins the greatest success with the provincial government by matters referred back or canceled. The purpose of the study is to create a better understanding about the contested building permits and the function the provincial government fills as the appeal court. The main objective is to investigate the reasons behind the contested building permits, and investigate which of the arguments that have the greatest success for the complainants. To fulfill the purpose three questions were answered. What are the reasons invoked by the appellant? With what the reasons cancels and remits the provincial government municipal decisions? To what degree do the reasons cited by the complainant correspond with the reasons the provincial government cancels or refers cases? A quantitative content analysis was applied together with the legal method to interpret and classify the reasons. A statistical method has been used to compile and present the results. A total of 274 contested decision documents were reviewed and resulted in 197 documents considered as representative for the study. The review resulted in 77 categories of reasons cited by the complainants. The most common reasons were: significant inconvenience, the measure is contrary to the local plan, city- and landscape, cultural heritage and good overall effect is adversely affected, the neighbor hearing has not occurred, that there have been shortcomings in the documents and frivolous reasons. By far the most common reasons for the cancellation was that the measure is contrary to local plan and was not considered to be a little deviation. The most common reasons for the provincial government to remit cases were that the neighbor hearing had not occurred and that the building committee failed in its justification of the decision. Reasons cited by the complainant and the provincial governments reasons for the suspension or referral was consistent in 47% of the cases. Overall, the biggest success factors to cited reasons involving measures who is contrary to local plan or defects in the building committees' handling of building permits. As a whole the provincial government are considered to play an important role as a regulator and should therefore not be excluded from the instance chain.

Le testament est un acte singulier au sein du droit privé, à bien des égards. Tout d’abord, c’est certainement l’acte juridique le plus dramatique du droit civil. Il exprime des sentiments très profondément ancrés dans le coeur de l’homme : la peur de la mort et aussi la peur des morts, le désir de rester parmi les vivants, de laisser quelque trace de son existence, le souci d’assurer l’avenir de ses proches… Le testament est également tragique par les troubles qu’il peut provoquer chez les survivants : le testament est bien souvent une source de scandales et de conflits intra-familiaux. Le testateur peut espérer se venger des siens, et rire à l’avance des mauvaises surprises successorales qu’il réserve à ses héritiers. Ensuite, le testament est un acte mystérieux du point de vue technique. Son mécanisme est très spécifique et déroge à de nombreuses règles de la théorie générale des actes juridiques. En effet, le testament est tout le contraire d’un contrat : commandement unilatéral et d’outre-tombe, le testament oblige les héritiers, sans engager aucunement le testateur, qui peut, sa vie durant, librement révoquer ses dispositions testamentaires. Cette étude a pour but de mieux cerner la nature juridique de l’acte de dernière volonté et de préciser son régime général, en indiquant les grands principes utiles à son application et à son interprétation. Sans prétendre dresser un inventaire exhaustif de l’ensemble des dispositions à cause de mort, ce travail vise ainsi à éclairer d’une part certaines difficultés traditionnelles du droit des testaments et d’autre part, certaines applications récemment consacrées par le législateur, notamment dans la loi du 23 juin 2006. / A will is a singular act in private law, in many ways. First, it is certainly the most dramatic legal act of the private law. It expresses feelings very deeply rooted in the human heart : the fear of the death and also the fear of the deaths, the desire to stay among the alive, to leave some track of its existence, the concern to insure the future of his family … The will is also tragic by the disorders which he can provoke among survivors: the will is very often a source of scandals and family conflicts. The testator can hope to take revenge for his family. Then, the will is a mysterious act of the technical point of view. Its mechanism is very specific and breaks numerous rules of the general theory of the legal acts. Indeed, the will is all the opposite of a contract : unilateral command, the will obliges the heirs, without obliging at all the testator, who can, during his life, freely revoke its testamentary provisions. This study aims at explaining better the legal nature of the act of last will and at specifying its general rules, by indicating major principles useful for its application and for its construction. Without attempting a full analysis of all provisions on death, this work aims to shed light some difficulties traditional law of wills and some applications recently established by the legislature, particularly in Act of June 23, 2006.

Nowadays firms are dealing with fierce competition and are "forced" to keep launching new products and strategies that would attract consumers'attention. One of the fastest growing marketing strategies - Cause-related marketing (CRM) addresses these trends as well as benefits from them. Cause-related marketing is a strategic partnership between a for-profit and non-profit organization. The contributions to the cause are made via consumer'purchases. As many statistics prove, CRM is a very effective strategy resulting in higher sales, enhanced image as well as loyalty. The question remains: how is it possible? What marketing concepts and techniques stand behind CRM? The diploma theses answers those questions and explains most important markteting and psychologial concepts from consumer's and firm's perspective.

This thesis deals with a common cause failure analysis (CCF) for space devices. This analysis belongs among dependability analyses, which have not been sufficiently developed in a field of space industry in corresponding technical and normative documents. Therefore, we focused on devising a new procedure of a qualitative and quantitative common cause failure analysis for the space applications herein. This new procedure of the qualitative and quantitative CCF analysis was applied on redundant systems of a special space device microaccelerometer (ACC), which was developed in VZLÚ. Performance of the qualitative CCF analysis can lead to recommendations to change design of the system, making the system less susceptible to the common cause failures. Performance of the quantitative CCF analysis and its inclusion into the computation of the system reliability can lead to a more accurate estimation of the reliability (in most cases it leads to decreasing the system reliability). During the development of the ACC there were not defined any requirements to perform the CCF analysis within general dependability requirements (defined by the customer and by ECSS standards). Hence, we compared computations of the ACC reliability with and without considering the CCFs. When the CCFs were considered, the reliability of the ACC was decreased according to our assumption. On our example of the ACC we showed advantages of the performance of the CCF analysis within the dependability analyses during development of the space devices.

Numa amostra de 997 óbitos de pacientes portadores de transtornos mentais procedeu-se a análise critica das estatísticas de mortalidade segundo causas básicas e associadas de morte por meio da comparação das causas mencionadas nos atestados de óbito originais com as causas de novo atestado refeito após consulta a todas informações disponíveis sobre os falecidos, informações estas existentes nos prontuários clínicos, resultados de exames de laboratório, relatórios de exames radiológicos, de biópsia, de autópsia e outros. O número médio de diagnósticos por atestado, após consulta às informações adicionais, aumentou de 2,08 para 4,11, número este que não variou sensivelmente com o sexo e a idade dos falecidos, observando-se entretanto variação da média de diagnósticos por atestado segundo a especialidade do médico atestante. As causas básicas dos atestados refeitos diferiram em 43,13 por cento dos casos das causas básicas selecionadas nos atestados originais. A tabulação de todas as causas, básicas e associadas, permitiu evidenciar a importância, no processo da morte, de muitas causas menos frequentes causa básica. como As principais causas de morte, básicas e associadas, de pacientes cujos transtornos mentais incluíram-se nos grupos Psicose, Transtornos da Personalidade e Outros Transtornos Mentais Não-Psicóticos e Deficiência Mental foram analisadas a partir dos diagnósticos do atestado refeito, comparando estas causas com aquelas dos atestados originais, constatando-se que, nestes atestados, os transtornos mentais são subestimados como causa de morte. Tal subestima se deve em parte a influência das disposições da Classificação Internacional de Doenças para a seleção da causa básica de morte. Foram também estudadas as principais associações de doenças naqueles casos em que as causas básicas pertenceram a grupos de causas relacionadas aos transtornos mentais. / In a sample of 997 deceased patients bearing mental disorders, a cri tical statistical analysis of the mortal i ty due to underlying and associated causes of death was undertaken by comparing the causes mentioned in the original death certificates and those registered in the renewed ones which were made up after full review of all available information on these patients by going through such sources as medica! and hospital records besides laboratory examinations, radiological, biopsy, autopsy and other results. The average number of diagnoees per certificate after the aditional information gained by the investigation went up from 2.08 to 4.11; the latter did not vary due do sex or age of the deceased but did according to the speciality of the certifying doctor. The underlying causes of death of the renewed death certificates differed from those of the original ones in 43.13 per cent of the patients. Crosstabulation of all causes of death, both the underlying and associated ones, uncovered the importance of many less frequent causes as underlying in the process of death. The main causes of death, both underlying and associated, of patients whose mental disorders were included in the groups i of Psychosis, Personality Disorders and Other Non-Psychotic Mental Disorders as well as Mental Deficiency were analysed through data obtanined from the renewed death certificates and later compared with those· registered in the original ones. An underestimation of mental disorders as causes of death in the latter was discovered. Such underestimation is partly due to the influence of arrangements in the Internacional Classification of Diseases for the selection of the underlying cause of death. The main associations of diseases were also studied in those cases where the underlying causes of death belonged to groups of causes related to mental disorders.

Introdução: Hipertensão arterial é um dos principais fatores de risco para doença cardiovascular e sua falta de controle pode levar a complicações que contribuem para o aumento da mortalidade. Neste estudo foram analisadas causas de óbitos, somadas à informações clínicas do falecido a fim de fornecer subsídios para identificação da prevalência de hipertensão arterial em óbitos e seus fatores relacionados, utilizando, para tal, o método considerado padrão ouro, que é a autópsia. Objetivo:Analisar a prevalência de hipertensão arterial referida e seus fatores relacionados, em óbitos ocorridos na região metropolitana de São Paulo. Método: Estudo epidemiológico, observacional, transversal, realizado no Laboratório de Fisiopatologia no Envelhecimento, da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, localizado no Serviço de Verificação de Óbitos da Capital. Neste serviço são coletados os casos incluídos no biobanco do Grupo de Estudos do Envelhecimento, através de entrevistas clínicas com informantes do recém falecido. A amostra constou de 356 casos ocorridos entre os anos de 2004 a 2014.Os dados foram extraídos do banco de dados do grupo de estudos, pela seleção das variáveis: sociodemográficas e de identificação; local do óbito; antecedentes patológicos pessoais e familiares; fatores de risco e estilo de vida; uso de medicamentos, capacidade funcional, episódio depressivo maior e classificação socioeconômica. Hipertensão arterial foi definida como autorrelato da doença pelo informante e/ ou uso de medicamento anti-hipertensivo. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade de São Paulo (CAAE 53857116.7.0000.5392) e pelo grupo de estudos no envelhecimento. Foram realizadas análises descritivas de todas as variáveis e as associações bivariadas foram feitas pelo teste Qui-quadrado ou teste Fisher para variáveis categóricas e teste t-student para variáveis quantitativas, considerando estatisticamente significativo valores de p<0,05. Na análise multivariada foram incluídas todas as variáveis com valor p<0,20, utilizando para tal, a regressão logística. Resultados: Pouco mais da metade das pessoas falecidas era do sexo masculino (56,2%) e aposentados (53,7%); a maioria da raça branca (68%) e baixa escolaridade, sendo 19% analfabetos e 62,9% com apenas 1º grau incompleto; a maior parte vivia com companheiros (48%) e da classe econômica C (48,5%) e D (22,1%); a média de idade foi 70,83 (11,54) anos e média total de filhos de 3,65 (3,06). A prevalência de hipertensão foi de 66,2%. A avaliação das atividades básica e instrumental de vida diária revelou que a maioria dos participantes apresentou elevado nível de independência. A prevalência de depressão maior foi de 15,4%. A causa imediata de óbito mais frequente foi o edema pulmonar (31,1%), seguida pelas doenças isquêmicas do coração (25,0%). Porém, quando avaliada a causa básica, a aterosclerose representou a primeira causa de óbito (37,8%), e em segundo lugar a hipertensão arterial (25,6%). Na análise multivariada,verificou-se que as variáveis que mais contribuíram com a hipertensão foram antecedente pessoal de acidente vascular encefálico (OR=5,16; IC=1,98-13,50) e arritmia (OR=5,80; IC=1,26-26,93),seguido de antecedente de doença arterial coronariana (OR=4,18; IC=1,74- 10,03) e menores chances para histórico pessoal de diabetes (OR=2,69; IC=1,45-4,97), Índice de Massa Corporal (OR=1,17; IC=1,10-1,25) e sexo feminino (OR=1,96; IC=1,16-3,31). Conclusões: A prevalência de hipertensão arterial foi elevada e representou a segunda causa básica de óbito mais frequente, associando-se, principalmente, aos antecedentes pessoais de doenças. / Introduction: Hypertension is one of the main risk factors for cardiovascular disease and its lack of control may lead to complications that contribute to the mortality increase. In this study, we analyzed the causes of deaths and the clinical information of the dead person to subsidize the identification of hypertension prevalence in death and its related factors. We used the gold standard method, the autopsy. Objective: To analyze the prevalence of self-rated hypertension and its related factors in deaths in metropolitan area of São Paulo, Brazil. Method: Epidemiological observational, cross-sectional study taken at the Brain Bank of the Brazilian Aging Study Group of University of São Paulo School of Medicine, located in the São Paulo City Autopsy Service. In this service, the data of the cases included in the Brain Bank is collected through clinical interviews with informants of the recently dead person. The sample was composed by 356 cases occurred between 2004 and 2014. Data was extracted from Brazilian Aging Study Group database. The selected variables were sociodemographic; death location; personal and family pathological background; risk factors and life style; drugs use, functional capacity, major depression episode and socioeconomic classification. Hypertension was defined as self-reported disease by the informant, and/or use of antihypertensive drug. The study was approved by The Research Ethics Committee of the School of Nursing of University of São Paulo (CAAE 53857116.7.0000.5392), and also by the Brazilian Aging Study Group. We made descriptive analysis of all the variables. Bivariate associations were made by chi-square test or Fisher test for categorical variables, and t-student test for quantitative variables. Statistical significant values (p<0.05) were considered. In the multivariate analysis we included all the variables (p<0.20) using logistic regression. Results: More than half of the dead people was male (56.2%) and retired (53.7%); the majority was white (68%) and had low education level - 19% were illiterate and 62.9% has not completed the elementary education; the major part of the sample used to live with their spouses (48%), and belonged to the economic class C (48.5%) and D (22.1%); the age average was 70.83 (11.54) years old and the average of number of children was 3.65 (3.06). There was a hypertension prevalence of 66.2%. The evaluation of the basic and instrumental daily living activities revealed that the majority of the participants presented high level of independence. There was a depression prevalence of 15.4%. The most frequent immediate cause of death was lung edema (31.1%) followed by ischemic heart diseases (25.0%). However, when we evaluated the basic cause, the atherosclerosis represented the first death cause (37.8%), and the hypertension was in the second position (25,6%). In the multivariate analysis, we verified that the variables that contributed the most with hypertension were personal background of stroke (OR=5.16; CI=1.98-13.50) and arrhythmia (OR=.,80; CI=1.26-26.93), followed by coronary heart disease background (OR=4.18; CI=1.74-10.03) and less chances for personal history of diabetes (OR=2.69; CI=1,.5-4.97), Body Mass Index (OR=1.17; CI=1.10-1.25) and being female (OR=1.96; CI=1.16-3.31). Conclusions: There was a high prevalence of hypertension, representing the second more frequent basic death cause, mainly when associated to the personal disease background.

Timaeus 69a6-92c9 is a causal theory of the nature of man. Demigods, created heavenly bodies, take over soul and four elements, structured by a divine, good craftsman, who uses mathematical processes on things of two unlike origins. Imitating their creator, the demigods build man and leave him to run his life. What each individual man ‘takes over’ varies as does his individual and society’s handling of it, resulting in human lives ranging from the god-like to the murkiest low-life. This, through cycles of reincarnation, diversifies fauna bringing life, and extending the influence of reason into every elemental region; in a word it brings the heavens down to earth. Presented as anatomy, physiology, nosology and care of man, this is ancient Greek medical theory in the widest sense, including the use of hypothesis and claims about the soul. It mentions but stops short of addressing social and political levels. As cosmogony it is concerned with a micro-cosmos, but as cosmology with the running of this micro-cosmos within the macro-cosmos and as a part serving its overall being and purpose, as an organ serves and is served by the whole body of which it is an inner part. As a medical theory it brims with debated issues. Has Plato successfully answered the objections against using hypotheses, raised in On Ancient Medicine (Ch. III)? Is Aristotle’s objection to the theory of breathing a challenge to Plato’s analogy of macro- and micro cosmology? Why did Plato, unlike Galen later, chose to include soul in medicine, and to emphasise the elements, rather than the humours? Does movement as a cause of change and the different kinds of movements available for man’s self-care (Ch. V), mirror the intellectual and motivational division of human soul? Is the shaking receptacle a paradigm for vital human self-reflection? Chapter I discusses how introductions to English translations of the Timaeus reflect the old debate on keeping either to the heavens or to earth, to theology or to physics. Chapter II contains an introductory discussion on the Timaeus as a whole, with emphasis on its structure. In chapters III on anatomy, IV on physiology and in V on diseases and care of man, I focus on the structure of the causal account with regard to man as a mixed being. Using other texts purely for contrast and comparison I keep, to the extent possible, to the Timaeus, and mostly to 68e1-92c9. I argue that the transition between demiurgic and lesser gods’ causation at the junction of our main text and the previous lines, later carries over from the demigods to man’s self-care, individually and collectively, and that it mirrors the division of labour between Timaeus, Critias and Hermocrates, as natural philosophers, whereas Socrates, the fourth participant is a philosopher of a different kind along the line of division drawn at 29b. This thesis offers an outline of an argument for re-evaluating the Timaeus on the nature of man, particularly with regard to its formal logical side and its relation to rational persuasion.

Thesis (MPHM. (Curriculum Studies)) -- University of Limpopo, 2019 / The quality of mortality data in South Africa has been questioned because of the high percentage of deaths reported to be due to ill-defined causes. We sought to assess the level of knowledge of doctors on the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) rules for medical certification of cause of death and determine the factors influencing that knowledge. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted across 12 hospitals in Limpopo Province among the five districts stratified by level of care. Doctors completed selfadministered questionnaire, which included the baseline characteristics and questions that tested their theoretical knowledge of the ICD rules of death certification. The outcome, an adequate level of knowledge was set at a score of ≥ 60%. A chi square test was used to determine the factors associated with the outcome. Ethical approval was obtained from Turfloop Research Ethics Committee, University of Limpopo. Results Of the 301 doctors who participated, 50.5% were female, 64% were junior doctors and 13% were specialists. Up to 49% of doctors worked in the two tertiary hospitals. Only 18% of the doctors have ever attended a Continuing Professional Development (CPD) on the topic. The mean overall score on knowledge of medical certification for all the doctors was 59.80% (±11.95) with 53% obtaining at least 60% on the questionnaire. Doctors lacked knowledge on identifying unnatural deaths and discerning the underlying cause of death. Factors associated with the adequate knowledge included years of clinical experience (p=0.01), previous training (p<0.001), awareness of guidelines (p=0.04), comfort level (p=0.01) and rank (p=0.02). Conclusion The study highlighted the need for training of all doctors in the province and identified the knowledge gaps. Interactive capacity-building workshops have been shown to improve knowledge of doctors on medical certification of cause of death in other studies. To improve the quality of mortality data in Limpopo Province, such workshops must be conducted in all hospitals. Key words: death notification, medical certification, cause of death

Cause-related marketing is an emerging area within the marketing discipline, originating in the United States in the 1980s. This thesis defines the term cause-related marketing as a marketing strategy whereby the firm makes a contribution, financial or otherwise, to a nonprofit organisation(s) contingent upon the customer engaging in a revenue providing exchange that satisfies business and individual objectives. This strategy may include additional elements such as sponsorship, sales promotion, co-branding and employee involvement. -- In examining the literature relating to cause-related marketing, a need for further research was identified for a number of reasons. First, there is considerable investment and growth in this strategy both in Australia and overseas. Second, academic and practitioner research have indicated strong consumer support for the concept of cause-related marketing, yet there has been limited evidence to date regarding the effectiveness of this strategy, especially in comparison to other marketing strategies. Finally, in an increasingly challenging business environment, marketing practitioners are seeking to explore new strategies and the efficacy of traditional forms of marketing communications is subject to debate. As such, this thesis explored the following research questions: What is the impact of cause-related marketing on the consumer's response in terms of attitude to the strategy, attitude toward the brand and purchase intention? Do consumers respond more positively toward cause-related marketing than toward sponsorship or sales promotion? To address these questions, an experimental research design incorporating self-administered questionnaires was used. The major finding of this research is that consumers may have a more favourable attitude to cause-related marketing than to either sponsorship or sales promotion, however the brand must be perceived to have a natural association or fit with the cause. Further, cause-related marketing has the ability to engender a more favourable change in attitude to the brand than does sales promotion. This change in attitude is affected by the consumer's attitude to the strategy itself. This study did not, however, demonstrate that exposure to cause-related marketing, sponsorship or sales promotion had a significant effect on purchase intention. Finally, neither gender nor personal values have been shown to influence the above outcomes. The findings of this research have a number of practical implications for the effective use of cause-related marketing.

Most products are produced by several process steps and have more than one interested quality characteristics. If each step of the process is independent, and the observations taken from the process are also independent then we may use Shewhart control chart at each step. However, in many processes, most production steps are dependent and the observations taken from the process are correlated. In this research, we consider the process has two dependent steps and the observations taken from the process are correlated over time. We construct the individual residual control chart to monitor the previous process and the cause-selecting control chart to monitor the current process. Then simulate all the states occur in the process and present the individual residual control chart and the cause-selecting control chart of the simulations. Furthermore compare the proposed control charts with the Hotelling T2 control chart. At last, we give an example to illustrate how to construct the proposed control From the proposed control charts, we can determine which step of the process is out of control easily. If there is a signal in the individual residual control chart, it means the previous process is out of control. If there is a signal in the cause-selecting control chart, it means the current process is out of control. The Hotelling T2 control chart only indicate the process is out of control but does not detect which step of the process is out of control.