Denna studie handlar om Celebrity Endorsements, det vill säga samarbeten där kändisar borgar för en produkt eller ett företag i syfte att utbyta värden och förhoppningsvis öka försäljningen. Tidigare forskning inom detta område är fokuserat på vad en kändis kan tillföra företaget. Denna uppsats undersöker fenomenet från andra hållet, det vill säga vad företaget gör för kändisen. Vi vill ta reda på om svenskarna, fotbollsspelaren Zlatan Ibrahimovic samt Robin Carlsson, även känd som popartisten Robyn, genom respektive celebrity endorsement-aktion gällande kampanjen “Made By Sweden” med Volvo, övertar värden från företaget. För att applicera våra resultat på existerande teoretiska ramverk och därigenom kunna besvara våra frågeställningar har vi valt att förhålla oss till tidigare forskning om celebrity endorsement, teorier om hur budskap överförs exempelvis Meaning transfer model, samt marknadsteorier om varumärkesidentitet. Genom tre fokusgruppsintervjuer fick vi av respondenterna fram en image av de två utvalda kändisarna som låg till grund för vår analys. Genom att jämföra intervjupersonernas image med företagets profil kunde vi avgöra huruvida värden hade överförts från företaget till kändisen. Vår studie kom fram till att värden inte överförs från företag till kändis. Värdeord inkodade av företaget fanns inte representerade i den image som våra svarspersoner redovisade gällande de två olika kändisarna. Studien visar dock på att en kändis kan få helt nya värden genom en celebrity endorsement- kampanj. / This study regards Celebrity Endorsements, meaning collaborations where celebrities vouch for a product or a company in order to exchange values and hopefully increase sales. Previous research within this field is focused on what a celebrity can provide for the company. This essay examines the phenomena from the other direction, meaning what the company can provide to the celebrity. We want to find out if the swedes, football player Zlatan Ibrahimovic and Robin Carlsson, also known as the pop artist Robyn, through separate celebrity endorsement actions regarding the campaign “Made by Sweden” by Volvo, assumes values from the company. In order to apply our results on existing theoretical frameworks and thereby enabling ourselves to answer our questions, we have chosen to relate to previous research regarding celebrity endorsements, theories regarding how messages are transmitted, for instance the Meaning transfer model, as well as marketing theories regarding brand identity. Through three focus group interviews, we received an image of the two celebrities from the respondents, making the foundation for our analysis. Through comparing the image created by the respondents with the profile of the company, we could determine whether values had been transmitted from the company to the celebrity. Our study concluded that values are not transmitted from company to celebrity. Values encoded by the company were not represented in the image pictured by our respondents regarding the celebrities. The study does however show that a celebrity may gain new values through a celebrity endorsement action.

Most products are produced by several process steps and have more than one interested quality characteristics. If each step of the process is independent, and the observations taken from the process are also independent then we may use Shewhart control chart at each step. However, in many processes, most production steps are dependent and the observations taken from the process are correlated. In this research, we consider the process has two dependent steps and the observations taken from the process are correlated over time. We construct the individual residual control chart to monitor the previous process and the cause-selecting control chart to monitor the current process. Then simulate all the states occur in the process and present the individual residual control chart and the cause-selecting control chart of the simulations. Furthermore compare the proposed control charts with the Hotelling T2 control chart. At last, we give an example to illustrate how to construct the proposed control From the proposed control charts, we can determine which step of the process is out of control easily. If there is a signal in the individual residual control chart, it means the previous process is out of control. If there is a signal in the cause-selecting control chart, it means the current process is out of control. The Hotelling T2 control chart only indicate the process is out of control but does not detect which step of the process is out of control.

Two existing evaporation two-phase heat transfer models are validated using 526 experimental data points for pure refrigerants and refrigerant mixtures. The Kido et al. (1995) model fails to predict pure refrigerant data sets except their R22 experimental data set. The Cavallini et al. (1999) model successfully predicts the available R22 data sets; however, the model over-predicts the R12 and the R134a data sets. In addition, the Cavallini et al. (1999) mixture model fails to predict the available 155 refrigerant mixture data points. The proposed modified model, based on the Cavallini et al. (1999) model, successfully predicts the experimental data for pure refrigerant and for refrigerant mixtures.

<div>Liquid desiccant air dehumidification (LDAD) is a promising substitute for the conventional dehumidification systems that use mechanical cooling. However, the LDAD system shares a little market because of its high installation cost, carryover problem, and severe corrosion problem caused by the conventional liquid desiccant. The research reported in this thesis aimed to address these challenges by applying membrane technology and ionic liquid desiccants (ILDs) in LDAD. The membrane technology uses semi-permeable materials to separate the air and liquid desiccants, therefore, the solution droplets cannot enter into the air stream to corrode the metal piping and degrade the air quality. The ILDs are synthesized salts in the liquid phase, with a large dehumidification capacity but no corrosion problems. In order to study the applicability and performance of these two technologies, both experimental and modeling investigations were made as follows.</div><div>In the study, experimental researches and existing models on the membrane-based LDAD (MLDAD) was extensively reviewed with respects of the characteristics of liquid desiccants and membranes, the module design, the performance assessment and comparison, as well as the modeling methods for MLDAD.</div><div>A small-scale prototype of the MLDAD was tested by using ILD in controlled conditions to characterize its performance in Oak Ridge National Lab. The preliminary experimental results indicated that the MLDAD was able to dehumidify the air and the ILD could be regenerated at 40 ºC temperature. However, the latent effectiveness is relatively lower compared with conventional LDAD systems, and the current design was prone to leakage, especially under the conditions of high air and solution flow rates.</div><div>To improve the dehumidification performance of our MLDAD prototype, the two-dimensional numerical heat and mass transfer models were developed for both porous and nonporous membranes based on the microstructure of the membrane material. The finite element method was used to solve the equations in MATLAB. The models for porous and nonporous membranes were validated by the experimental data available from literature and our performance test, respectively. The validated models were able to predict the performance of the MLDAD module and conduct parametric studies to identify the optimal material selection, design, and operation of the MLDAD.</div><div><br></div>

Taiwan¡¦s high-tech multinational corporations have two main brand strategies. One is OEM/ODM, and other one is OBM. Different brand strategy will influence the consideration of global arrangement governing the organization network and the global knowledge transfer model. There are five roles building in different meaning in global organization network. And in the knowledge transfer model, there are three different dimensions named knowledge transfer fountain-heading, knowledge transfer interface and knowledge accumulate meaning. According to the administrative department of Hsinchu Science-Based Industrial Park¡¦s meeting for defining the classification of high-tech industries. This research chose four multinational corporations which nationality is Taiwan. These are the computer-related manufacturing industries and the communication-related manufacturing industries. This research concludes some propositions through the interview with top managers of these sample corporations. Positions are as follows: Proposition 1: Different brand strategies will influence the classification of tendency in exploiting advance technology. Proposition 2: Headquarter will play the different roles in global research network according to the different brand strategy. Proposition 3: The subsidiaries of high-tech corporations will have diversity of role playing and different frequency of knowledge transferring according to brand strategies. Proposition 4: The brand strategies will influence types and frequency of knowledge transferring. Proposition 5: Brand strategies will influence the market knowledge¡¦s flowing direction. Proposition 6: In technology knowledge transfer, the low-end and manufacturing skill will duplicate to the manufacture-based plant, and the high-level and advance knowledge will keep in the headquarter. Proposition 7: human being is the most important interface in the knowledge transfer process.

This dissertation focuses on the global investigation of optically thin cirrus cloud optical thickness (tau) and microphysical properties, such as, effective particle size (D_(eff)) and ice crystal habits (shapes), based on the global satellite observations and fast radiative transfer models (RTMs). In the first part, we develop two computationally efficient RTMs simulating satellite observations under cloudy-sky conditions in the visible/shortwave infrared (VIS/SWIR) and thermal inferred (IR) spectral regions, respectively. To mitigate the computational burden associated with absorption, thermal emission and multiple scattering, we generate pre-computed lookup tables (LUTs) using two rigorous models, i.e., the line-by-line radiative transfer model (LBLRTM) and the discrete ordinates radiative transfer model (DISORT). The second part introduces two methods (i.e., VIS/SWIR- and IR-based methods) to retrieve tau and D_(eff) from satellite observations in corresponding spectral regions of the two RTMs. We discuss the advantages and weakness of the two methods by estimating the impacts from different error sources on the retrievals through sensitivity studies. Finally, we develop a new method to infer the scattering phase functions of optically thin cirrus clouds in a water vapor absorption channel (1.38-µm). We estimate the ice crystal habits and surface structures by comparing the inferred scattering phase functions and numerically simulated phase functions calculated using idealized habits.

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I present in this thesis a fluid flow and heat transfer model for porous media using the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). A computer simulation of this process has been developed and it is written using MATLAB software. The simulation code is based on a two dimensional model, D2Q9. Three physical experiments were designed to prove the simulation model through comparision with numerical results. In the experiments, physical properties of the air flow and the porous media were used as input for the computer model. The study results are not conclusive but show that the LBM model may become a reliable tool for the simulation of natural convection heat transfer in porous media. Simulations leading to improved understanding of the processes of air flow and heat transfer in porous media may be important into improving the efficiency of methods of air heating or cooling by passing air through fragmented rock.

A mathematical model is developed to study the coupled heat and moisture transfer through a fabric system that consists of a single layer of fabric and an air gap. Properties of air and moisture are sensitive to temperature and hence are assumed to be functions of local temperature. Therefore the model is applicable to a broad range of boundary conditions. A numerical scheme is proposed to solve the distributions of temperature and moisture concentration throughout the layers, from which the thermal and evaporative resistances of the fabric system can be evaluated. Experiments are conducted for two particular fabrics using a sweating guarded hotplate, and the data show good agreement with the model predictions. Using this model, the effects of parameters in environmental conditions, air gap and material properties on the thermal and evaporative resistances are studied. This work provides fundamental basis for the optimization of garment fit and material properties to achieve good performance for the clothing system.

The simplified approach of a turbid medium is commonly applied in theory of radiative transfer for vegetation media. Oriented planar model leaves are assumed whose normals are always confined to the upper half space. These orientations are described with the help of so-called leaf normal distribution functions (LNDFs) so that, within the scope of the turbid theory, a radiative transfer equation can be derived in which the so called Ross-Nilson function G occurs explicitly. This function, as introduced by J. Ross, is based on geometrical considerations and is therefore called geometry function, or shortly G-function (GF). To solve the latter equation G must be known. GF is calculated from the LNDF and was originally derived in an explicit and analytical form for strongly simplified LNDFs only. We demonstrated in a previous work that GF can be calculated also for other standard LNDFs. Based on the latter LNDFs we introduce here a generalised trigonometric LNDF and present the respective formula for G. / Die vereinfachte Annahme eines turbiden Mediums findet in der Theorie des Strahlungstransfers für Vegetationsmedien breite Anwendung. Darin werden orientierte ebene Modellblätter angenommen, deren Normalen stets in den oberen Halbraum weisen. Diese Orientierungen werden mittels sogenannter Blattnormalenverteilungen (BNV) beschrieben, so dass sich im Rahmen der turbiden Theorie eine Strahlungstransfergleichung ableiten lässt, in der die sogenannte Ross-Nilson-Funktion G explizit auftritt. Diese von J. Ross eingeführte Funktion basiert auf geometrischen Betrachtungen und wird daher auch Geometriefunktion genannt oder kurz G-Funktion. G muss zur Lösung der vorigen Gleichung bekannt sein. Es leitet sich aus der BNV ab und konnte in expliziter sowie analytischer Form bislang lediglich für stark vereinfachte BNV hergeleitet werden. Wie wir an dieser Stelle in einem früheren Beitrag gezeigt haben, lässt sich G darüber hinaus für andere standardisierte BNV berechnen. Auf letzteren aufbauend führen wir jetzt eine verallgemeinerte trigonometrische BNV ein und präsentieren die entsprechende Formel für G.