Explanations for Latinas high fertility levels have been centered in terms of current or actual fertility, as measured by children ever born (CEB). However, studies of this nature have failed to utilize methods appropriate for evaluating a count variable, such as CEB. Even fewer analyses have incorporated "ideal" fertility as an explanatory factor of actual fertility, particularly in the case of Latinas. In this thesis, multiple Poisson and zero-inflated Poisson regression models are used to assess the impact of independent factors on ideal and actual fertility among Latinas, as compared to white women. In the comparative analyses of ideal and actual fertility (CEB), the independent variables in demographic composition (marital status), socialization factors (mother's CEB and church attendance), socioeconomic and employment status (education and employment) and fertility history and intentions (abortions) are found to be consistently, significantly related to both ideal and actual fertility. More importantly, women have higher intended than actual fertility. The fact that Mexican women have been able to realize their fertility intentions provides a better understanding of the fertility behavior of Latinas. This means that Latinas actually want the larger numbers of children that they are having.

Explanations for Latinas high fertility levels have been centered in terms of current or actual fertility, as measured by children ever born (CEB). However, studies of this nature have failed to utilize methods appropriate for evaluating a count variable, such as CEB. Even fewer analyses have incorporated "ideal" fertility as an explanatory factor of actual fertility, particularly in the case of Latinas. In this thesis, multiple Poisson and zero-inflated Poisson regression models are used to assess the impact of independent factors on ideal and actual fertility among Latinas, as compared to white women. In the comparative analyses of ideal and actual fertility (CEB), the independent variables in demographic composition (marital status), socialization factors (mother's CEB and church attendance), socioeconomic and employment status (education and employment) and fertility history and intentions (abortions) are found to be consistently, significantly related to both ideal and actual fertility. More importantly, women have higher intended than actual fertility. The fact that Mexican women have been able to realize their fertility intentions provides a better understanding of the fertility behavior of Latinas. This means that Latinas actually want the larger numbers of children that they are having.

Low-pressure membrane systems such as Microfiltration (MF) and Ultrafiltration (UF) have been presented as viable option to pre-treatment systems in potable water applications. UF membranes are sporadically backwashed with ultra-filtered water to remove deposited matter from the membrane and restore it. Several factors that may cause permeability and selectivity decrease are involved and numerous procedures are applicable to achieve this objective. Membrane cleaning is the most important step required to maintain the characteristics of the membrane. This research was made with the purpose of investigating the effects of acid cleaning during chemically enhanced backwashing (CEB) on the performance of ultrafiltration (UF) membranes in seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) pretreatment. To accomplish this, the questions made were: Does the acid addition (before or after the alkali CEB) influence the overall CEB cleaning effectiveness on Dow UF membrane? Does the CEB order of alkali (NaOCl) and acid (H2SO4) affect the overall CEB cleaning effectiveness? If yes, which order is better/worse? What is the optimal acid CEB frequency that will ensure the most reliable performance of the UF?. To answer this queries, a series of sequences were carried out with different types of chemical treatments: Only NaOCl, daily NaOCl plus weekly acid, daily NaOCl plus daily acid, and weekly acid plus daily NaOCl. To investigate the consequence of acid by studying the effect of operational data like the trans-pressure membrane, resistance or permeability and support that by the analytical experiments (organic, inorganic and microbial characterization). Microorganisms were removed almost completely at hydraulic cleaning and showed no difference with addition of acid. As a conclusion of the operational data the organic and inorganic chatacterization resulted in the elimination of the first sequence due to the acummulation of fouling over time, which produces that the cleaning increases downtime, productivity diminishes, Increases water cost, shortens membrane lifespan and the frequency of cleaning in place (CIP). The elimination of the third sequence, NaOCl followed by daily acid, resulted in excessive dosing of acid which affects fibers and increases the water cost. The removal of organic carbon and inorganic fractions for the second and third sequence were investigated. The better removal of Iron was in the last sequence with value of 11.52 mg/l due to acid was dose first which target inorganic foulants. The better removal of bio polymers was obtained at the second sequence with a value of 0.95 mg/l owed to the influence of chorine CEB to acid which oxidized biopolymers with higher molecular weight to smaller, then when the acid CEB removed it in a larger amount. While the last sequence was 0.57 mg/l. It can be concluded that second sequence provided a better removal that the last sequence. To support this conclusion, the operational data was compared to the second sequence is operationally sustainable, therefore in this revision the best sequence was the second.

<p>In recent years, the Roman Catholic Church in Brazil has attracted a good deal of attention within social scientific and religious circles. Traditionally seen as being synonymous with wealth and privilege, it is now viewed as one of the most politically progressive Churches in Latin America, owing to the position it has adopted in favour of the poor and oppressed. Of particular interest to students of the Church are the comunidades eclesiais de base (basic ecclesial communities) commonly known as CEBs. These predominantly lower-class, often politically oriented lay groups are coming to be seen as the most visible expression of the Brazilian Church's new-found commitment to the masses. To ID()ny, the? CEBs are a renovating force which will have an irreversible impact on both Roman Catholicism and Brazilian society generally.</p> <p>Within the literature, there currently exist two contrasting interpretations of the CEB phenomenon. The first approach, which is rooted in an action-oriented religious current known as Liberation Theology, borrows heavily on Marxian terminology and interprets the groups as a spontaneous expression of the emergent class consciousness of the poor. The second approach, drawing upon the work of Weber and other organizational theorists, stresses the fundamental diversity of the CEBs, and the role which the Church as an institution plays in shaping their basic characteristics and aims.</p> <p>To date, few empirical studies of the Brazilian CEBs have emerged which point conclusively to the validity of one or the other of these approaches. The present study helps remedy this deficiency. Specifically, we seek to test the two theories currently in vogue through an in-depth investigation of a select sample of groups situated in the Archdiocese of Sao Paulo.</p> <p>Briefly stated, the principal finding of the dissertation is that the CEBs are best understood within the context of the institutional perspective. In essence, as opposed to the Liberationist the data demonstrate that the groups are an extremely heterogeneous collectivity, and that their organizational structure and orientation are dependent not upon social location, but the quality of their ties to the Church hierarchy.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T13:48:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Costa de Faria.pdf: 3952660 bytes, checksum: b5b9897052927887bbaac5833f69c526 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-02-25 / The objective of this dissertation is to analyse the relationship betweem popular catholicism, Christian Base Communities (CEB s), and the Social Movement of the Extrativista Reserve of Cazumbá-Iracema (RESEX), in the communities of Cazumbá, Cuidado and Granja located along the Caeté River in Acre. The study includes the rubber plantation world in its macro and micro structures, and seeks to understand the many dimensions of this Extrativista Reserve, verifying how popular Catholicism, official Catholism and Christian base communities funcion together in this setting. Altenative sources of family income are revealing new to maintain a living in the forest for this population of rubber tree workers. This group organizes as much in their social-economic context as in their beliefs, which emphasize the symbolic meanings of theis expressions of life. The study deals with the configuration of a new type of person in the forest, specifically the rubber tree workers in the Amazon region, especially those along the Caeté Ruver in Sena Madureira, a city in the State of Acre. The theoretical point of reference for study is based on the concept of religion as a structural element at the hearf of social movements. / Esta dissertação objetiva analisar as relações entre o catolicismo popular, as comunidades Eclesiais de Base (CEB s) e movimento social na Reserva Extrativista Cazumbá Iracema (RESEX) nas comunidades Cazumbá, Cuidado e Granja, situadas no Rio Caeté (Acre). O trabalho abrange o seringal na sua macro e microestrutura, buscando compreender a multiplicidade da organização da RESEX, verificando como se deu a práxis do catolicismo popular, do catolicismo oficial e das CEB s nesse ambiente. A geração alternativa de renda familiar evidencia novos caminhos para fixar o povo na floresta (seringueiros). Este, organiza-se tanto no âmbito sócio-econômico como nas suas crenças, enfatizando os significados simbólicos das expressões de vida. Trata-se da configuração do novo tipo de ser humano da floresta ou a florestania (seringueiro) na Amazônia, especialmente no Rio Caeté, em Sena Madureira, município do Estado do Acre. O referencial teórico baseia-se na concepção da religião como elemento estruturado e estruturante no seio dos movimentos sociais.

[pt] A história, a memória e a teologia, preservada nos versos das canções produzidas pelas Comunidades Eclesiais de Base, são de suma importância para a História Eclesiástica. Os cantos do Cancioneiro Popular das CEBs constituem uma realidade presente na Igreja do Brasil. Era preciso adentrar a história desses cantos, revisitar suas memórias e analisar sua teologia para compreender melhor o valor que a CNBB atribui a estas canções. Esta dissertação objetiva analisar a construção da história, memória e teologia das canções do Cancioneiro Popular das CEBs. Objetiva analisar de maneira histórico-teológico a arte produzida pelos adeptos da Teologia da Libertação. Essas Canções de Esperança são um patrimônio vivo, que trazem em si o legado das lutas, vitórias e derrotas dos que a todo custo tentaram denunciar as injustiças e anunciar que o reino já está entre nós. As canções cebianas trazem em si uma antecipação escatológica de uma realidade já existente, porém, ainda não completada. Nas canções das CEBs são facilmente encontradas traços da Teologia da Práxis e da Teologia da Esperança, por isso, a teologia apresentada nestas canções provocam uma inquietação no homem que por causa de Cristo não se contenta com a realidade dada, deseja contradizê-la. Percebe-se, assim, que a tensão faz parte da vida cristã – apesar da esperança – e que toda a vida do homem está embebida da índole escatológica que deve ser vivida à luz da Esperança maior que se faz realidade já aqui, mas ainda não é aqui. Logo, essas canções fomentam a luta para que a realidade do já seja uma antecipação do ainda não. / [en] The history, memory and theology, preserved in the verses of the songs produced by the Ecclesial Base Communities, are of paramount importance for Ecclesiastical History. The songs of the Popular Songbook of CEBs are a present reality in the Church of Brazil. It was necessary to enter the history of these songs, revisit their memories and analyze their theology to better understand the value that the CNBB attributes to these songs. This dissertation aims to analyze the construction of the history, memory and theology of the songs of the Popular Songbook of CEBs. It aims to analyze in a historical-theological way the art produced by the followers of Liberation Theology. These Songs of Hope are a living heritage that bring in themselves the legacy of the struggles, victories and defeats of those who at all costs tried to denounce injustice and announce that the kingdom is already among us. The Cebian songs bring in themselves an eschatological anticipation of an already existing reality, however, not yet completed. In the songs of CEBs, traces of the Theology of Praxis and Theology of Hope are easily found, so the theology presented in these songs provokes an uneasiness in the man who, because of Christ, is not content with the given reality, wants to contradict it. It is thus perceived that tension is part of the Christian life - in spite of hope - and that the whole life of man is embedded in the eschatological nature that must be lived in the light of the greater Hope that becomes already here, but Not yet is here. Therefore, these songs foment the struggle for the reality of the already to be an anticipation of the not yet.

Esta tesis explica com mejorar la eficiencia del proceso de ultrafiltración en la desalinización de agua de mar. Esto se consigue optimizando diferentes procesos de limpieza como los contralavados y las limpiezas químicas mejoradas. Para conseguirlo se siguen diferentes estrategias como reducir el número de pasos de los contralavados, reducir la frecuencia de los contralavados, usar salmorra proveniente del concentrado de osmosis y reducir el consumo de químicos. Se propone una nueva metodología para analizar los ciclos de limpieza mediante la modelización del proceso. Diferentes tipos de fibra son analizados mediante su permeabilidad y tolerancia a la suciedad. Se presenta una nueva metodología para prevenir la cloración de las membranas de osmosis inversa causadas por las limpiezas químicas mejoradas que se llevan a cabo aguas arriba. Todos los descubrimientos son validados con datos obtenidos de plantas reales. Estas mejoras aumentan la eficiencia del proceso hasta al 98% y reducen el coste de operación de la ultrafiltración en un 7%. / This thesis gives an overview on how to improve efficiency of the ultrafiltration filtration process in seawater desalination. This is achieved by optimizing different cleaning processes such as the backwash and the chemical enhanced backwash. Key success factors rely on reducing the number of backwash steps, improving the backwash frequency, using reverse osmosis brine for backwashing and reducing the chemical consumption. A new methodology to analyze these cleanings cycles is proposed through modeling the process. Different fibers types are also analyzed according to its permeability and its fouling tolerance. A methodology to prevent reverse osmosis chlorination from upstream chemical enhanced backwash cleaning is presented. All the findings are validated through real plant operating data. The proposed improvements increase the process efficiency to 98% and lead to a 7% cost reduction in the ultrafiltration process.

This report covers a feasibility study for a wind power project in Sri Lanka. Three potential sites for a wind farm are presented, out of which the Ambewela Cattle Farm is chosen as the most suitable. Limitations of a wind farm at the site, due to properties of the electrical grid and logistical issues, are examined and costs related to installing the wind farm are estimated. The maximum capacity of a wind farm is calculated to 45 MW. The payback period of the wind farm is calculated to 4.4 years. Environmental benefits of the wind farm are estimated in terms of avoided CO2-emissions, which are calculated to 76 000 metric tonnes per year. The study concludes that a wind power project at the chosen site should be technically and financially feasible, if a wind turbine that matches certain logistical criteria can be found.

<p></p><p>This report covers a feasibility study for a wind power project in Sri Lanka. Three potential sites for a wind farm are presented, out of which the Ambewela Cattle Farm is chosen as the most suitable. Limitations of a wind farm at the site, due to properties of the electrical grid and logistical issues, are examined and costs related to installing the wind farm are estimated. The maximum capacity of a wind farm is calculated to 45 MW. The payback period of the wind farm is calculated to 4.4 years. Environmental benefits of the wind farm are estimated in terms of avoided CO₂-emissions, which are calculated to 76 000 metric tonnes per year. The study concludes that a wind power project at the chosen site should be technically and financially feasible, if a wind turbine that matches certain logistical criteria can be found.</p><p> </p>

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Economia, Administração e Contabilidade, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Administração, 2015. / Submitted by Ana Cristina Barbosa da Silva (annabds@hotmail.com) on 2015-06-18T17:53:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_LucasAlvesdaNobregaAlbertoDantas.pdf: 1599129 bytes, checksum: 7cec53ed31de440cae491465309a93be (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Raquel Viana(raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2015-06-22T17:48:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_LucasAlvesdaNobregaAlbertoDantas.pdf: 1599129 bytes, checksum: 7cec53ed31de440cae491465309a93be (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-22T17:48:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_LucasAlvesdaNobregaAlbertoDantas.pdf: 1599129 bytes, checksum: 7cec53ed31de440cae491465309a93be (MD5) / Esta pesquisa estuda a interação universidade empresa, a partir da experiência de parceria estabelecida entre a Universidade de Brasília (UnB) e a Companhia Energética de Brasília (CEB), por intermédio da Política de P&D do Setor Elétrico brasileiro. O estudo teve como finalidade avaliar a interação Universidade-Empresa a partir da experiência de cooperação estabelecida entre a UnB e a CEB no âmbito do Programa de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento regulado pela ANEEL. A análise teórica que a conduziu foi fundamentada na abordagem da Hélice Tripla, proposta por Henry Etzkovitz e Loet Leydesdorff (1990), que explica o desenvolvimento científico e tecnológico, em uma economia de base científica, por meio da interação entre governo, universidade e empresa. O estudo é caracterizado, do seu ponto de vista metodológico, pelas etapas de descrição do processo de interação UnB-CEB, mapeamento e caracterização dos seus fatores motivadores, identificação dos principais limitadores, catalizadores e resultados, relacionamento das suas características com a arquitetura institucional da rede de pesquisa de P&D da ANEEL e identificação dos pontos de melhoria do seu processo de gestão. Os dados necessários à realização do trabalho foram obtidos mediante pesquisa documental, entrevista exploratória e aplicação de formulário, por meio de entrevistas individuais, realizadas com os gestores dos projetos na CEB e na UnB. Para a análise de conteúdo foi feita a análise semântica, a partir da análise morfológica e sintática, identificando-se associações e conexões entre os discursos dos entrevistados. Os dados evidenciaram os fatores motivadores na formulação da agenda de pesquisas em ambas as instituições, bem como suas barreiras, facilitadores e resultados envolvidos na interação. Os principais fatores que motivaram a universidade a fazer parcerias com a CEB e vice-versa foram a obrigatoriedade legal e a ampliação das competências individuais e organizacionais enquanto os potencializadores da parceria foram a participação dos agentes de intermediação e a qualificação dos pesquisadores e gestores na UnB e na CEB, respectivamente. A rigidez excessiva da legislação, a elevada burocracia do serviço público e a descontinuidade dos projetos foram citados como as maiores barreiras à interação. Verificou-se que a rede de pesquisa de P&D do setor elétrico limita a participação de empresas terceiras nos projetos desenvolvidos no âmbito do programa. Os principais resultados da parceria envolvem inovações incrementais e pequenas melhorias nos processos de distribuição de energia elétrica. Não foram identificados resultados relevantes em termos de tecnologias passíveis de patenteamento. Por fim, são apresentados subsídios às políticas públicas de inovação tecnológica e diretrizes institucionais e organizacionais, relacionadas à abordagem sistêmica e programática das organizações e do setor elétrico. / This research studies the university-company interaction, from the experience of the partnership stablished between the University of Brasilia (UnB) and the Energy Company of Brasilia (CEB), through the Policy of R&D of the Brazilian Energy Sector. The study aimed to evaluate the university-company interaction through the cooperation experience stablished between UnB and CEB within the Research and Development Program regulated by ANEEL. The theoretical analysis that conducted it was based on the approach of the Triple Helix, proposed by Henry Etzkovitz and Loet Leydesdorff (1990), that explains the scientific and technological development, in a science-based economy, through the interaction between government, university and company. The study is characterized by, in your methodological point of view, by the stages of description of the process of interaction between UnB-CEB, mapping and characterization of its motivational factors, identifying the main limiters, catalysts and results, relationship between its characteristics and the institutional architecture of the research network of ANEEL’s R&D and identifying the points of improvement in its management process. The required data to complete the work were obtained through desk research, exploratory interview and applying the questionnaire, through individual interviews, conducted with project managers in the CEB and in the UnB. A semantic analysis was made to the content analysis, from the morphological and syntactic analysis, identifying associations and connections between the interviewees’s speech. The data revealed the motivational factors in formulating the research agenda in both institutions, as well as their barriers, facilitators and results involved in the interaction. The main factors that motivated the university to partnering with CEB and vice-versa were the legal obligation and the expansion of individual and organizational skills while the enhancers of this partnership were the participation of the intermediary agents and the qualification of researchers and managers at UnB and CEB, respectively. The excessive rigidity of legislation, the high bureaucracy of public service and the project discontinuity were cited as the biggest barriers to the interaction. It was verified that the research network of R&D of the energy sector limits to the participation of third parties in the projects developed within the program. The main results of this partnership involve incremental innovation and small improvements in the distribution process of electric power. Relevant results were identified in terms of patentable technologies. Finally, subsidies are presented to the public policies of technological innovation and institutional and organizational guidelines, related to the systemic and programmatic approach of the organizations and of the energy sector.